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Show FOREIGN AFFAIRS During tlie first bIx months of the year tlie guerrilla warfare between the British forces In Ireland and tbe Irish "republicans" continued unabated. Murders by the Blnn Felncrs nnd reprisals re-prisals by tho British were of almost dally occurrence. Tho Irish wero especially espe-cially exasperated by tho execution of a number of prisoners convicted of complicity In the killing of soldiers. The appointment of Lord Talbot, leading lead-ing British ltomtin Catholic, as lord lieutenant of Ireland, failed of Its effect. ef-fect. On Uay 25 the Sinn Felncrs burned the Dublin custom house, and on Juno SO they re-elected ICamonn de Valern president of thd "Irish republic." repub-lic." Meanwhile tho new government of northern Ireland was organized, with Sir James Crutg ns premier, nnd on June 22 King George went ucross to open tho Ulster parliament. Do Valern on July 0 accepted the Invitation of Premier Lloyd George to n confcrcnco In Loudon, and truce wns announced. Then begun tlw 6erlea of negotiations that lasted through the remainder of tho year. Offers nnd counter-offers were made, nud finally Britain. proffered prof-fered Ireland full status as a dominion -within the empire, to be known as tho I Irish Free State. A treaty to this effect was ratified by tlie British parliament par-liament nnd submitted to dali elrcniin. Ulster was net consulted, but wns given the option of becoming a part of tlie Irish Frco state or retaining her status. Angrily she chose the latter. Charles, cx-emperor of Austria-Hungary, made two futile efforts to regain tho Hungarian tin one. On March 2T ho appeared In Hungnry without forces and claimed the crown, but Itegent IlorUiy refused to step aside. Czechoslovakia, Czecho-slovakia, Jugo-Slnrtn nnd Itumnnln mobilized to frustrate the coup and t'ie nllled council of ambassadors warned Hungary thnt tlie restoration of the llapsburg reglmo would not be tolerated. toler-ated. So Charles returned to his place of refuue. in Switzerland. But he was not through, for on October 21 ho and his wife, Zltn, went by airplane to Hungnry and rallied- a considerable number of supporters who proclaimed Charles king. Again tlie "little entente" en-tente" prepared for action, hut Ilegcnt llorthy led his army out of Budnpent nnd defeated the Carllsts In a real battle. bat-tle. The former emperor and empress wero taken prisoner, as were a number of prominent Hungarian nobles. The allien decreed that Charles must he exiled, and In November he nnd Zlta were taken to Fnnchnl. Madeira. Itussta's year was ono of flghtmg, famine and efforts to resume relations with other nations. The soviet government gov-ernment held Its own against repeated revolts, which Inclndcd risings of the worklngmen of Moscow, of pens-ants pens-ants under Antonov, and an Invasion of the Ukraine by Petlurn, which for a time threatened to be sacccssful. Failure of the crops bronght a" terrible famtuo In tho Volga region. Many thousands starved to death and even tlie American relief administration, which took charge of the situation, could only partially check the disaster. In seeking to break through the ring of Isolation surrounding It, the Moscow government gradually receded from Its communistic principles. It sought the aid of foreign capital, and on August 0 it abandoned state ownership of all but a few of tbe largest Industries. Treaties were made with the Baltic states and with Turkey, and tempting tempt-ing offers ef concessions were held out to other nations. In a notable pronouncement on October 21 Premier Lenin admitted the economic defeat of communism. Old King Peter of Serbia died In Belgrade on August 17, and four days later his son Alexander was proclaimed pro-claimed king of Jugo-Slavla. lie was reluctant to Icavo Paris, however, and It Was not until November 0 that he went to Belgrade and assumed his crown. Portugal was upset by several sev-eral revolutionary movements toward tho close of the year. On August 10 the ministry was overthrown by a military mili-tary coup and several cabinet members, mem-bers, Including Premier Granjo, wero assassinated. A few days later a plot of tlie royalists was uncovered, and In 'November Carvnlho, Mesqulta led a revolt. re-volt. Because of these disorders and of tho spread of bolshevlsm the powers pow-ers began consideration of a plan for Intervention. Spain had robels. also the tribesmen of Morocco. Against them sho maintained a wearying nnd expensive warfare for months. And while on the subject of rebellion, mention men-tion must be made of (ho revolt of the Moplnhs on the Malabar coast of India, which caused the British government gov-ernment much annoyance and not a few Jives. Thcro Were communist outbreaks In Germany In March, and on August 20 Mnthlas Erzbcrger, tlie German statesman states-man who signed the treaty of Versailles, Ver-sailles, was assassinated. Doctor Wlrth, who became chancellor on May 10, resigned re-signed with tf.tt cabinet on October 22, but wns persuaded to remain In office and form a new ministry. In November Novem-ber there were riots In many German cities duo to the high prices of food. Tho chauvinistic element In Japan was active, especially after tlie Washington Wash-ington conference opened, and on November No-vember 8 Premier Hnrn was assassinated. assassi-nated. Viscount Tnkahasht succeeded him. The emperor of Japan suffered n complete mental and physical breakdown break-down some time last year, and Crown Prince Hlrohlto was made regent on November 25. Ho had lately returned from a tou'r of Europe. |
