Show 1 11 I 1 1 1 um Z I 1 I 1 11 I 1 1 if it I 1 concentration I 1 camps ii I 1 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 a 1 U 1 5 1 1 1 I 1 fa 1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 turn turned ed men into brutes i I 1 11 1 I 1 I 1 4 I 1 1 1 prisoners who survived cruelties Cruel ties eventually 1141 I 1 tr adopted ways of their I 1 6 3 sadistic Guard guardians lans 1 11 4 I 1 I 1 I 1 1 14 I 1 by 1 11 11 I 1 1 0 news analyst and commentator I 1 I 1 1 this 18 1 the th second article on oil postwar germany explaining how the nan nam 1 I 1 planned tenor 1 methodically applied to the older germans german has ha produced a of mind amod amoni the antl NAZI nari which vastly complicates american rule role ot 0 ner germany many I 1 service union trust t il washington I 1 D 0 in ny my preceding column I 1 de 6 ft scribed ascribed the state slate ot of mind of the mid dle die aged german who had h ad been I 1 antinazi anti nazi or at least had no con 1 sections with the nazi party A study of the he gestapo methods has f revealed that it was planned deft bitely to destroy initiative and andl Y 1 f l vi duality this has greatly campli 4 i caged the work ot of the american administration ot of occupied germany wa 1 As J I 1 said ald the gestapo made use of a definite system of P planned lanned I 1 terror 1 1 it will I 1 realize be somewhat difficult or a person living in a demoi demo I 1 craela era tic coun country try to grasp the extent 1 I I 1 to which suc such h methods could be aps plied piled first wo we must realize that a totalitarian government Is tho the absolute I 1 k antithesis of a democracy in a 11 t democracy the individual Is the I 1 PI unit the state exists fa for r the In divid I 1 fl J iral under nazi nail fascist totalitarian 1 ism it is not enough to say that the individual exists for the state the ibo individual as a concept does not s 1 1 exist at all the fascist conception of the state said mussolini la Is all jil outside of it no human h or spiritual values can exist t Is 11 it was 10 1 0 first arst task of the nazis I 1 I 1 to destroy dt stroy this concept of 4 individuality I 1 vi tho the terror was a part ol of the method employed 1 1 1 pur poja was to break 1 will to resist I 1 bruno bettelheim Bettel Dettel helm author ot of my 1 fife innabi in nazi concentration camps to the purpose ot of the camps T t nd achievement of this purpose I 1 oy y the gestapo from his own expert ai n inces he says that among the aline aims vire ere these 1 1 to break the prisoners prisoner sas as inda t I 1 I 1 and convert them into docile f 1 11 masses from which no individual or i I 1 roup net act of resistance could arise 2 to spread terror among the tha test eat c ot of the population popl atlon by 1 a using the prisoners as aa hos hoc 4 tw I 1 t tk v b demonstrating to them what happened to those who oppose I 1 1 I nail rulers i 8 S to provide gestapo members 4 with a training ground so they could a lose all attitudes and I 1 emotions I 1 b learn the most effective I 1 ways of breaking civilian resistance si 4 to provide a laboratory in which the gestapo could study the effectiveness of torture minimum nourishment and medical care aa and I 1 ad normal rinal activities plus hard labor I 1 I 1 the general purpose of course I 1 avii va to create a civilian population 1 of maximum benefit 0 the nazi 1 I 1 irate the authora author x study of prisoners prison ets conducted under the camp regime 1 I supplemented by a careful self 1 analysis lends leads him to believe that 1 1 the camp treatment resulted in I 1 death or an adaptation to io amp life the prisoner finally le ac apted hla his position and even eyan come came to lo imitate the gestapo in manner I 1 I 1 ind and conduct I 1 1 i this seems a logical progression I 1 I 1 I 1 when we know that the gestapo I 1 themselves in their training were I 1 to tortures almost equal to 4 aho thoda inflicted on the prisoners 1 one of the gestapo games the au an 0 elthor thor relates was for two iwo of them to lo stand up and beat each other the one who stood the longest I 1 won von old prisoners who were thor ft i hughly changed were ere said si rid te tc in k bulge in the same sport among I 1 themselves nj m t ir Z wany many were killed or were suicides 51 I 1 bettelheim Bettel Bettelli helm elm describes the three q h I 1 staged through which the prison yv t aj I 1 pre rs passed the first is 13 the arrest 1 le Is transportation to the tamp amp which Is the hardest to beer bear A 1 lie ko says the last la Is prison life kiter a period of transition during I 1 chich unless the prisoner either re I 1 lists physically and Is murdered or resists introspectively and commits dulcide lul pul clde cide he Is gradually cli changed singed I 1 atil he reaches the old prisoner tage stage then his previous nature Is I 1 1 I 1 his individuality lost in ft nd ind hla his subjection complete 1 the initial shock was devastating f I 1 specially to a german accustomed as he was to processes logically controlled by law and order to be de priced suddenly of ones civil with no recourse came as a severe blow to the prisoners mentality the transportation to the cam cabrie and the Initiation into it frequently Is the first experience of physical and psychological torture which the prisoner has ever experienced corporal punishment says bettel helm describing his own observe ob serva a alons consisted of whipping kicking slapping intermingled with oh 0 and wounding with the bayonet then there were tortures the 1 obvious I alou goal of which was extreme tl ech exhaustion 4 for instance lie he says ith the prisoners were forced to stare for lifers hours into glaring lights to kneel for hours and so on from time to time a prisoner got killed no prisoner was permitted to take care of his or or an others wounds the purpose of the tortures was to break the resistance thrice of the prisoners andio and to assure the guard that they were 0 really superior to them many w were ere killed in this process but those who lived according to the author were conditioned to the I 1 point where what wedmore follo beatings more indignities it little atle food exposure and brutally h hard ard borit work was not as bad as the initial experience for the re rest st it was a slow but sure process of degeneration of body mind and soul one thing which has surprised the americans in occupied germany Is the tendency of the german people to deny that they knew the extent of the atrocities which were perpetrated in the camps or to appear to ignore their existence this Is a result of a planned effect of the camp dread fear hung over everyone according to statements concern ing conditions in germany as early as 1030 most of the germans who hadt hadl commit committed tid actual of tenses I 1 tho the nazi regime C had already I 1 been imprisoned murdered or had died in the cam camps ps then the nazis found it necessary to go out and arrest members of various groups indiscriminately say a few lawyers a tow tew doctors a few from ane one organization or another tills this was dons done as a threat against that whole particular group tho the effect on a group was somewhat the same though in lna a lesser d degree eg ree as the effect on a family the effect on the fa families i of the prisoners of course was marked at firsta first a great deal of money was spent in lin attempting to get the prisoner released the gestapo always replied that it was tho the prisoners own fault that ho he was imprisoned then members of tho the family began to fand it hard to get jobs children had trouble nt at school poor rollof relief was denied always the thel terror hung over them the friends and relatives of a prisoner were considered suspects pacts so the influence of the camp reached out over the whole group As the nazi regime became more harsh and especially latterly when world resentment increased against it even before the carmany war many more germans passive before be became carne openly dissatisfied and critical it was wai impossible to imprison th them emall all without interfering with mhd functioning of the count rys economy then group arrests increased people in lots of a hundred or so from one profession or trade or affiliated fil filia ted body would be jal jailed led thus the effect of the tha terror was multiplied this was the manner in which the entire population oatlie of the coun country was enchained I 1 general mcclure recognizes how crushing has peen been the effect of planned terror buti but I 1 doubt inthe if the general public has any realization of its magnitude we shall often havo have to go far out of our way says the tha general to help certain individuals m divi duals who have not had an easy life these last 12 years and more men whose broken spirits may well need our support and guidance to return to the ways of active personal democratic initiative it took centuries to develop human dignity but it took only a tow few months la in a nazi concentration camp to destroy it I 1 |