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Show LiST QTHE CHIEF HERESIES Various . Teaching That Have Been Con-; Con-; demned by the Councils. (From t he. 1'ree man's Journal.) 1. The Arians, founded by Arius, an ambitious priest of Alexandria, who denied the divinity o". Our -'Lord, -and 'said that he was not born of the. Father, but made by him: lhat he was not equal to, but inferior to. the Father. These heretics wt condemned at the Council of Nice, a town in Bitb-ynia, Bitb-ynia, A. 1). .'125, under Ppo St. Sylvester I. The-. Nicene Creed was drawn up at this council. .2.' The' Manicheansr who taught that Our Lord did not take to himself a real body, but only the appearance of a body, something similar to what the angels assumed when they visited holy persons, as mentioned, in the Scriptures. They also said that they were two Gods, a good one and a bad one. These hersies commenced about A. D. 2S0, and were finally condemned in the fourth Lateran council bv Pope Innocent'IIL. A'. J). 12.13. 3. The Macedonians, founded by Macedonians, who had usurped the See of Constantinople. He denied the Godhead of-the Holy Ghost, and said that he was only a creation like the angels, but of a higher order. This heresy was condemned at the First Council of Constantinople, A. D. 3S1, under il'ope'St. IJamasus I. 4. The Pelagians, founded by Pelagius, a native na-tive of Britain. He denied the existence of original sin in the soul of man.nd taught that without the aid of grace man is perfectly able to fulfill the law of.Qod. This heresy as condemned at a council of African bishops held at Carthage. A. Ti. 41(5. the decisions of the council being confirmed by Pope, St. Innocent I. ' 5. The Nestorians. founded by Nestorius, bisliot? of Constantinople. . Jhl taught that there were two separate persons in 03r;Lord, one the Son of God and the other the Sou pf Man, and that the Blessed Virgin was not Mot lie of God, but only of the man ' Christ. .This Lev ,v condemned at the council. :of'pln;su:'A..''lil'undef Pope StCelestifie I. " The latter part of the "Hail Mary" was added "Holy Mary. Mother of God." etc. C. The Eutychians, founded by Eutyches, who taught that there -wa. only one nature, the divine, in Our Lord. He said that at the moment of the incarnation the hitman nature was absorbed by or changed, into the Divine. This hei"esy was condemned con-demned at the Council of Chalcedon, A. D. 451, under un-der Pope St. Leo the Great. 7. The Semi-Pelagians taught that the beginning begin-ning of faith -and the first desire of virtue came from the powers of man alone, unassisted, by divine grace. They also said that the grace of final perseverance per-severance can be merited by our own efforts, ai 1 i not a. free gift of God. This heresy was first-taught first-taught by some priests of Marseilles. It was condemned con-demned at the second council of Orange, A. D. 529, the decrees of the council being confirmed by Pope Boniface IL .- S. The Monothelitcs said that Jesus Christ had no separate human will, but only a divine one. Thev were condemned at the third council of Constantinople, Constanti-nople, A. D. (iSO, under Pope St. Agatho. 0. The Iconoclasts, or breakers of holy images, rejected the use of holy images and pictures, ano the practice of paying them due respect. They were condemned at the second council of Nice, A. D. 787, under Pope Adrian I. 10. The Greek heresy and schism was commenced com-menced by Photius, who, though not a priest, too' unjust possession of the See of Constantinople. This schism was consummated in A. D. 1054 by Michael Mi-chael Cerularius. who broke entirely away from the. supremacy of the Popes and established what is. called the "Greek church." The G recks say that the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Father alone, instead in-stead of from the Father and the Son. as taught by the Catholic church from the beginning. Pljotiu-' was deposed and condemned at the fourth council of Constantinople, A. D. 870, under Pope Adrian II., and St. Ignatius was restored to his see. 11. Heresy of Berengarius, who was Archdeacon of Angers. He said that the Body and Blood of Our Lord are not really presenfTn the Holy Eucharist, Eucha-rist, but only in figure. He was condemned at Rome, A. D. 1078., 12. The Albigenses taught that there were two Gods and two Christs; they condemned marriage, denied all the sacraments and the resurrection of the body. 13. The Waldenscs taught that it was a heinous-sin heinous-sin for a magistrate to condemn to death for anv crime; that it was a mortal 6in to take an oath, and that the clergy became reprobates by holding one farthing's worth of .property. The Albigenses "and Waldenses were condemned at the third Lateral4 council, under Pope Alevander III., A. D. 1179. 14. Heresy of Wickliff. He taught that the Pope is not the visible head of. the church; that bishops have not pre-eminence over simple priests; that all ecclesiastical powersvare either forfeited o' are in abeyance during mortal sin; that man i bound to sin; that God approves of sin; that confession con-fession is quite useless, and that temporal prince should 'cut off the head of &ny ecclesiastic who sinned, sin-ned, etc. These doctrines were, after the death, of Wickliff, preached by Johrl IIuss and his followers in the town and villages of Bohemia. Condemned at the counci l of Constancle, A. D. 1414. 15. Heresy of Luther.' I Luther was a monk of the Order of St. .Augustirje and professor in th University of Wittenburg.i Pride and jealousy induced in-duced him to attack the alneient faith and invent a new creed. Pope Leo X.,, having granted a plenary plen-ary indulgence, Luther wan annoyed that the commission com-mission to preach it was g ven to the Dominicans, and not to his own order. I Ee then attacked the doctrine doc-trine of indulgence itself. He 'also, .taught that faith ''I ' alone saved mankind; that the sacrifice of the mas is an abomination; that there is no necessity fo confession, abstinence, fasting or any mortification whatever. He said that priests might marry; h denied the supremacy of the Pope: he wrote against Purgatory, free will and almost every article of Christian belief. 1(5. Calvin, who is regarded as second only to Luther, was the founder of Presbyterianism. His chief stronghold was Geneva. lie taught, among other things, that God created men, on purpose to damn the greater number of them;'that God is th author of all and that man has no free-will. H denounced not only the Pope, ' but bishops and priests also. At the Council of Trent, held from 1545 to 1563. A. D., the heresies of Luther, Calvin and others were condemned.. The "Creed of Pope Pius IV." is grounded on the decisions-of this council. 17. The Jansenists. so called after their leader, Jansenius, bishop of Ypres, in Flanders. He maintained main-tained that man was not free, that it was impossible impossi-ble to keep some of God's commandments; that all good work of unbelievers are sin; that God will punish us for not practicing virtues which are not in our power; that our Lord died only to save a few privileged souls, and not the whole human race. Two illustrious French bishops. Bossliet and Fene-lon, Fene-lon, defended the truth against these false doctrines. Christopher de Beaumont, archbishop of Paris (1740-1781), was also a great champion of the tnu faith, and by hiv virtues and exertions did much to put down this heresy, which had already been condemned con-demned by P. Urban VIII., A. D. 1G42, and bv P. Clement XL, A. D. 1705. |