Show I. I Two Common C Cereals reals By 1 M. M J. J Abbey University of Utah T HE two most common cereals of L Lp l the United States are arc wheat and p corn E Every e child d should be bo thoroughly thoroughly thoroughly thor thor- f familiar with these cereals In Inmany Inmany many of tho the school gardens of tho the state they will be found growing owing The following outline is given as ns a guide for teachers and others who ma may be i. i interested in the growing of these cereals I WHEAT wheat Wheat hAS hns b been en grown crown from the earliest times In fact the tho history of ot Its ROCS goes back beyond records t Where It originated Is is' is not known It ItIs Is thou thought ht that It was first grown around tho the Mediterranean sea sen It has always been used as ns a food It was wai brought to America by the tho early tt act act- tiers and has hns attained a n. wide tion I t Is according to color as while and ond red f. f n according ceo riling riling- to softness as hard hart and soft sott according to chaff as as bearded or free p according to tho the season when nhen It Is la sown own us as winter and spring according to tho tame nomo 03 as durum or macaroni and common wheat The last one mentioned r f 1 Includes those kinds which are aro hard bard to tot t classify There are upward of ot 1000 I known varieties of ot wheat The Tho Scotch t.- t. fife blue atom and varieties are oro beet beat adapted to tho state of ot Utah f Tho The is making rapid strides find and may become one of tho tiro t 10 leading lending va varieties a I grown In the northwest I Production Wheat ranks third in alue t of ot the tho crops grown In the United The following states produce most mOlt Minnesota tho the Dakotas Ohio laMas Kansas Nebraska California Iowa and andr r 1 The total production for the tho year ear 1907 1901 was bushels Tho The following foreign countries tries lead In the 1 production of wheat Russia Austria Austria- Hungary France Argentine and Oar Gor- GerI I many India India also aleo produces no small email I amount Climate and nd It Cultivation It Is n In a wide range of ot climate This fia 18 m mode made e possible b by tho fact that In InDart Dart art of ot the tho country vh where re winter Inter wheat cannot be bo grown spring sp wheat takes It Its place ploce It adapts It Itself elt readily to different climates which accounts I Ifor for Sor tho the large number of ot varieties i I i jerown It IB Is not advisable to bring vai va- va l. l from states where the climate climatee la e very mild to a lL state tate where the r range of of temperature la is so great as it la In Ina ina 11 a state like North Dakota However It twIll gradually gradual become acclimated Theres There lie s not enough enough snowfall In this state to raise winter wheat successfully I The soil should b bo be plowed In the fall to conserve moisture In the spring It should be bo thoroughly harrowed to pro- pro duo a soil mulch Clay loam IB is the tho best kind of at soil The subsoil should be firm to retain t tho moisture which Is Ia needed Jat later r In the tho season ason If It the soil eoll Is too wet in the tho sprint after It Jt is planted and nd while the wh wheat nt la is getting get Ret getting ting Its R the roots will not go 10 down sufficiently to reach the under moisture From tho to six pecks Per perl aero acre should be bo sown The Tho s seed cd should t be bo with the utmost caro full care full plump bright kernels free treo from tram weed seed and smut Plant with a n drill two Incites Inches deep dep A bushel of or wheat wel weighs hs sixty pounds The Plant When When the young plant comes through the ground round it has hns one stem stein and three roots root If It the tho weather eath eathOr er Or Is cool and there In la sufficient moisture moisture moisture moist moist- ure It Il will stool or send lend out branches br These TheRe branches soon attain tho the same size she as ns the first stem and thus taus several heads of at wheat will be bo produced from ono one kernel Tho Tiro stems arc aro hollow which aids In rigidity At tho the different nodes nodell loaves leaves aro are found These are an- parallel veined which would bf be one Indication that the plant plan t belonged to tho the grass ru I Itam tam family 11 The Thc flower Is ed within a a. chaff which prevents cross crons t tion The The- roots arc are fibrous and go 10 godown godown down to a of ot three feet ret Wheat Is le very hard upon the soil roll taking moro mono nitrogen en than thai almost any other crop I It has been estimated that It requires require i i forty pounds of nitrogen fifteen pounds I 1 of ot phosphoric acid and twenty five pounds of ot potash to produce twenty twenty- five bushels of wheat of ot Rust Runt and smut aro arc the tho two common diseases Rust Ia Is I Isa isa a parasite plant which eats Into tho the stem taking the nourishment which the plant n needs eds In maturing the tho kernel Consult a text-book text on botany as to tho the history of ot rust Thorn Thoro Is no remedy rem rem- remedy edy for rust Smut Is IE also abo n fungous plant It affects the tho berr berry rather than the stem Tho TIle remedy reme Is to apply a solution of ot formaldehyde to the seed before pI planting One pint of ot 40 JJ per r cent formaldehyde e to forty five gal gal- galI I I Ions of water should bo bl sprayed over th the seN seed and to c dry y I qU do lIO we rind inu n a market mar mar- ket hot for most mon of the wheat grown rown In this state Is It good farming to raise nothing but wheat heat upon a n farm 1 Why hy Why Wh not How Now dOM does the tho number o of or bushels per aero acre grown today compare with v. the number grown gro ten years eara ago Explain Is Ie It wood policy to burn bum straw Ex Ex- Ex- Ex plain What hat do we mean by Minnesota ota grades Which variety of ot wheat makes the best flour tour Explain the process of at I bread Tenting Take h Tak t. Take a 11 quart of ot wheat from different rent parts of ot the tho bin binand binand binand and weigh It Remove nemo o all aU dirt wf weed d i peed seed half halt kernel kernels and other foreign matter rol Weigh h. h again and subtract from the tho total weight What per por cent centor of or this i wheat what Is IA puro pure Select Sr-lect one hundred grains from another another another an- an an an- other quart of wheat Take Talo others as ns they are not choo choosing the best Place these between blotting paper In a ft room the tho temperature is not lower than 80 degrees Fahrenheit Count the tho number of ot kernels that donot do donot donot not germinate What conclusion do you ou reach CORN Corn Corn tor Corn was first found growing growIng growing grow grow- ing In America Mexico is 15 probably Its native homo home The early settlers to this I country mention that It was growing I In various arlous parts of or North America The i I i Indians know knew Its value alue and raised It i extensively Kernels are ArC found burled buried with the mummies of ot Mexico There Thero Thoro are six races of corn dent corn dent flint flint po pop sugar augar soft and pod corn The Tho ones one that wo We are aro mo most moat t Interested In are ore dent and ond flint races racer Tho two g get Al t their names from the dent In the kernel and the tho hardness ss of or the kernel Some varieties of dent corn ar are arc Golden dent North Dakota No 00 10 Pride of the tho North orth Northwestern Northwest Northwest- ern era dent Minnesota Ith King anti and tho the various arloUs vari arl ous our white h dents dente Each Ench state has its Ut own varieties I t. t o. o various names are aro given varieties of or corn that are arc closely related depending upon the locality Some Somo varieties of or flint corn RIO are Tri Tri- Mercer 01 creer Longfellow Wills Will's Dakota Dakota Da Da- kota kot and Gehu Other varieties aro arc grown n but bUl not so 50 extensively ly The Tho flint varieties seem to be bo tho the best adapted to Utah They ripen earlier and seem to withstand the climate better better bet bet- ter than tho the dent varieties Thc Tho Production Tho United States Stales produces produces pro pro- I duces about bushels The n ern average e j yield per por aero acre Is twenty four bushels It also produces three fourths of ot the worlds world's crop c The following states produce tho the largest part Illinois Nebraska Iowa Kansas Kana In Indiana In- In diana Ohio hlo and Missouri Tho growing growth corn In In n the tho northwest Is making rapid strides The tune Is past when It was considered impossible to raise corn Inthis Inthis in this section of the country Other countries raising corn are Austria Austria- Hungary Mexico and Russia Climate rind COra Corn as has been said Is 19 of ot tropical origin It requires a n longer lonser season than most of or ortho tho the othor cereals cerol A warm season eason with plenty of or mol moisture lure Is necessary to n good yield A cold summer will set setback It back back and may y prevent It ripening before the frost comes No variety varlet variety should bo planted that Is not reasonably sure of or maturing twelve days das before tho ordinary ry time for tor frost frost- If H the tho season Beason Is early corn should be planted as soon as ns tho the top lop of or the ground has hns as c dried anI and warmed Wet Wot et soil prevents germination and produces an nn anen une uneven en crop eron Fall plowing Is a best bost In the i i spring the s soil ll should be Le thoroughly stirred This should be bo done dono at nl least a twice planting Plant In hills tort forty Inches apart with three kernels kernels kernels ker ker- nels In a Q hill hUI Tho The numb number or of or kor kernel t a aland will depend upon th the tho quality of theland the theland e land and tho the vitality of ot the seed The cultivation should bo be deep at first becoming becoming be bo- coming more mora shallow as tho the corn becomes be- be be becomes becomes be- be comes larger This will not cut off the roots but will aerate tho the soil son Light soil soft will not take as doop deep cultivation ns as the heavy soils A mulch should bo kept the tho entire season scalon After Atter a heavy rain the top of or tho the soil should b bo be loosened In parts of or tho the state ridging ridging corn Is not a 1 bad practice In the tho hemore more moro arid regions of oC the state where tho the rainfall l ly j le less u It Is nf necessary to conserve all the cute soil soli moisture and ridging should not bo be practiced lh The Itself Nature Nature aturo has wonderfully wonderfully wonderfully won won- made the corn plant Every part of ot Its structure is admirably fitted to do Its work ork To 10 look upon a L quarter quarter quarter ter section of corn Is IN to be Impressed with tho the beauty and dignity of or n agriculture culture cul- cul ture Tho roots aro are of two kinds prop kinds prop roots and multiple primary and fibrous Those lator later go down to a depth of ot four feet foet The stem Is large e at the bottom and tapering toward the tho top It Is made up of ot a n series of or nodes node and internodes Internodes Inter Inter- nodes with vascular fibre bundles huncHes and pith Inside Tho The whole structure lends strength The leaves are long Ions taperIng taper taper- Ing ng and parallel veined The first or main ear Is formed about one half vs w way ay up the stalk It Is la grown rown at the end of ot ofa ofa a CL stalk similar to tho the main stalk The leaves of this secondary stalk form torm th tho outer husks Tho flowers arc are of ot two kinds kinds the the tassel ol Is the tho male flower ortho or ortho ortho tho staminate while the ear ar Is the fe female female female fe- fe male flower lower or part The pollen grains are nrc scattered by the wind and fall upon the tho silks and fertilize the tho female flower Each kernel must mun receive re receive receive re- re a pollen grain before It will ma- ma ma ma- ture Cross takes place Are Aro there thero an any advantages In this method meth mth od Tho The kernel Is rlph rich In starch and Is III made up of or five fl parts the parts the tip part tho the embryo embro hull corneous part nr and ani starchy part There Is always an n even number of rows Corn with deep kernels kernels ker r nels produce the largest yield The Th length of or tho the ear varies from six to twelve inches and tho ho weight of or the tho I grain from eight to sixteen and ono one I half ounces Tho The variety soil soU and season sea soi- son will determine this A bushel nf of shelled corn weighs six fifty poun pounds In tho the ear car a n bushel weighs seventy pounds Seed i tI Select Corn Select the tho variety that you ou feel teel Is the tho best fitted for your lo lo- lo Bo Do sure that the seed planted conforms to the characteristics of this variety The rho time to select seed corn cornIs cornIs seed Is In the fall tall before it Is harvested hat coin ItIs It Itis is necessary to know the size of ot the tho stalk the number of ot oars ears on tho the stalk and on what part of ot tho the stalk tho they thoy grow An ear of ot corn selected for tor seed shou should Id be bo well filled tilled a at l butt but t and tt tip J. J It should b be bA perfectly ripe rows close lose together and the cob firm It should be thoroughly dried and ond placed where no moisture can reach It D Before toro planting It il should be tested as to Its vitality Two varieties should not bo be planted near each other to prevent mixing |