Show F GERONiMO fa-GERONiMO 1 ii G SURRENDERS OUR INDIAN WARS END i WATSON SCOTT ELMO f this thus month ago Y years P Indian wars came to an anOn lit at September 4 1886 4 I S On the Apache for for- orto or- or Rendered surrendered to Gen N Nel- Nel el- el surrender and that q ISe close dose of a bitter conr con- con ked the the red and white whites between r which had been carried earned on s for more than centuries and a half away back in in had bad begun when ben Chief lyre E h hand and his Powhatan warn warn- warn warn- a had bad attacked the little set set- 1 in in Vir Vir- lot h ent of J Jamestown r fd arl EH FN NELSON A. A MILES MI I t I t la a and killed a number of his I 4 plants ts tm was th the first L he great chieftains who tried our ten tem the tide lide of white inva- inva t i of this country He was wase e followed by others in the thee thet s a t e futile effort King Philip tried it and andu u killed in the trying as tan had been Dr iliac tiac the Ottawa sought to th jit it by a confederation of ofa of a Its es and failed Little Turtle idab Miami dreamed the dream Pontiac until it was shat shat- led d under the thundering jofs Is ft of Mad Anthony ynes yoe's dragoons at the Battle Fallen Timbers Tecumseh Shawnee also attempted to toBy toy By y the tribesmen to a coned con con- ltd ed resistance t t tb the hated g daces but his attempt went way ay of Pontiacs Pontiac's and Little ties Osceola the Seminole ck i Hawk the Sauk and Sit Sit- g Bull and Crazy Horse of r Sioux strove mightily to tod d the land of their fathers the invaders but ut they I failed jo o years the white man mana manthe a the Indian made var war on pother bother and then made pe peace ce l n en one or the other broke td hand and the whole sorry busi bust I of treachery and revenge Slaughter of the innocent as asI i I li lias as the guilty was taken up In all aU the Indian tribes who CI to resist American at at- ts to civilize them them- none l up p a longer or more des had lad d learned to distrust the Span Span- lards ards three centuries earlier Son of a Chief At abo about t the time the first collision col col- ision between the Americans and the Apaches took place a APache warrior named was living near the headwaters of the Gila river in Arizona was the son of Chief Maco of the but since he had married a Bedon Bedon- kohe cohe Apache woman and joined her tribe he lost his right to rule as hereditary chief of the To them was born a son who would become the most famous of f all Apache leaders even though hough he was never recognized as hereditary chief He was given the name of kl Go-kl Go yeh Go yeh or Go yath lay which means The Yawner but in the future his ils would be a name of fear in the he Southwest Southwest Geronimo Some imaginative writers have declared de de- Glared that Geronimo means Devil Saint but the fact is that hat it is only the Spanish for Jerome and was applied to this his Apache as a nickname by the Mexicans However it was easy enough to believe that Devil Saint and Apache Devil were synonymous terms when Geronimo at the height of his career was the scourge of New Mexico Arizona and parts of Old Mexico Good Reason to Hate lIate There is no doubt but that an unprovoked attack upon Geronimo's Geronimos Geronimos Geronimo's Gero Gero- Geronimos Geronimo's nimo's people by the Mexicans gave ave him ample cause to hate the men of that nation Whether or not he was equally justified in his hatred for the Americans Is more questionable Certainly the unjustified murder of Man Man- gus-Colorado gus who became chief of the Apaches after the death of Chief Maco and the indignities suffered by Cochise chief of the Chiricahua Chiricahua hua Apaches were not calculated calculated cal cal- to endear Americans either military or civilian to any Indian o of f that tribe At any rate Geronimo seems to have been an apt pupil of Cochise in the theart theart theart art of hating the white men and in the art of making war on them he added a few ideas of his own to those which his predecessors predecessors predecessors pre pre- had contributed In 1876 as a result of depredations depredations depredations depre depre- committed in the state of Sonora Mexico w which hie h brought strong complaints from the Mexican government the United States authorities decided to remove the the term commonly used for both the and the real Chi from the reservation which they occupied on the southern frontier to San Carlos Arizona Geronimo who was then coming into prominence as asa asa asa a war leader immediately fled fied to Mexico Later when he returned returned re reo re- re turned with his band to Ojo Caliente N. N M. M he was was arrested by John P P. P Clum the Apache agent at San Carlos and taken back to that reservation There Geronimo and his people people people peo peo- settled down as peaceful tillers tillers till till- tillers ers of the soil and so long as Clum was their agent they caused no trouble But when he I resigned and his hand was no longer guiding the Apaches discontent discontent dis dis- dis content sprang up The failure of the government to help them ir irrigate irrigate ire ir- their lands aggravated the trouble and resulted in Geronimo's Geronimos Geronimos Geronimo's Gero- Gero nimo's jumping the reservation and leading a raid into Sonora again Then followed the cam cam- I t 3 f I p r w v k N h 4 f h. h g PRISONERS OF OP WAR ON THEIR WAY TO FLORIDA J II I the a Front t row Row T Third 1 Fro From the tin Left Is or Natchez Left Zd II ae ero On he o. o and In the Same Row Fourth From ate struggle against that he of blessing than t the h e leI of Bathe the Southwest The far back wars B with them began beBan hens as 1835 l when the el ey of an American I trader o 5 of inexcusable of Killing ApaC by bythe a the their P party y of Apaches es st t the he Americans tribesmen Just ac at to they dist dis- dis of 83 1832 against the Apaches under the leadership of Gen George A. A Crook which i ended in the capture of Geronimo's Geronimos Geronimos Geronimo's Geranimo's Gero- Gero nimo's band in the Sierra Madre mountains and their return to San Carlos once more For the next two years the remained quietly at San Carlos but in 1884 1684 trouble A l r ra I a 4 i G C Y t tk k h he e z it tT t. t GERONIMO WAR LEADER LEACER OF THE TilE APACHES arose when the authorities attempted attempted at at- tempted to stop the Apache practice practice tice of making a strong intoxicant As a result Geronimo Geronimo Geranimo Gero Gero- nimo and or Natchez son of Cochise and hereditary chief of the Chiricahua again decamped from San Carlos and started a reign of red terror in southern Arizona and New Mexico Mex ico leo and in Sonora and Chihuahua Mexico Again General Crook marched against the hostiles with instructions to capture or destroy them A Hard liard Campaign After a long and difficult campaign cam cam- campaign campaign over the blazing deserts of the Southwest and among the rocky fastnesses of the mountains mountains moun moun- a truce was arranged in March 1886 followed by a conference conference con con- ference at which the terms of surrender of the Apaches were agreed upon But before it could be concluded Geronimo and fled with their followers into the Sierra Madres Worn out by his exertions and feeling keenly the implied criticism by his superiors of his failure to conquer Geronimos Geronimo's warriors Crook asked to be relieved of his command in that depart depart- ment mente His successor was Gen Nelson A. A Miles who as colonel of the Fifth infantry had made a brilliant brilliant bril bril- record as an Indian fighter against the tribes of the southern plains in 75 1874 the thc Sioux and in 1870 1876 77 Chief Josephs Joseph's Nez Perces in 1877 and the Bannocks in 1878 Arriving at Fort Bowie in April Miles prepared for an energetic cam cam- Spearhead of the campaign was a detachment of cavalry infantry and Indian scouts commanded com com- commanded bv by Cant Capt Henry W. W Law Law- u ton of the F Fourth cavalry the cavalry the I same Lawton who became a general and lost his life during i ithe the Philippine insurrection 13 years later Lawtons Lawton's pursuit of the Apaches was one of the most brilliant feats in the history of the American army He lie and his men stuck to the trail with the persistence of bloodhounds Their dogged pursuit plus the Indians' Indians knowledge that they were in constant danger of attack attack attack at at- tack by other troops operating against them gradually wore down even the tireless Apaches Among these troops were detachments detach detach- menu ments of the Sixth cavalry one of whose officers was Charles B. B Gatewood a West WestPoint WestPoint WestPoint Point graduate in 1877 who had distinguished himself during the Apache campaign of 84 1883 and had won the friendship and respect re reo respect of Geronimos Geronimo's warriors while they were on the San Carlos reservation during the next two years In July 1886 Miles believing that Geronimo and were about ready to give up the struggle struggle gle Ele decided to send a message to them them demanding their surrender surrender sur sur- render and stipulating certain terms under which it would be accepted The task of getting this message to the Apache leaders was entrusted to Gate- Gate wood With two friendly iri a. a huas hugs Martine Marline and teah Ka-teah or Kayitah to act as scouts George as interpreter and several other civilians as packers and couriers Gatewood started on his mission For a military escort he was to call some of the commanders upon then in the field and Miles instructed instructed instructed in in- him not to go near the with fewer than 25 soldiers sol sol- hostiles diers as his escort However I none of the detachments Gatewood Gate Gate- wood encountered could spare 25 men so he pushed en sea n without this military backing Eventually Gatewood established established established contact with Lawtons Lawton's column column col col- and late in August he learned that Geronimo was near Fronteras Leaving Lawtons Lawton's command Gatewood pushed on rapidly and reached Fronteras where he found a detachment of cavalrymen under the command of Lieutenant Wilder Taking ten men from this detachment as asan asan asan an escort Gatewood followed the fresh Apache trail Near the big bend of the river in Sonora Martine Marline and located Geronimos Geronimo's camp which they entered and delivered Miles' Miles ultimatum A Daring Darin Venture Geronimo sent back word that he wanted to talk with Gatewood and added his assurance that their friend the lieutenant would be safe in cording coming to a conference Even so it was a risky business But unmindful of this danger Gatewood proceeded with the negotiations His Ills understanding of the Apache character and his diplomatic handling of the situation situation situ situ- resulted finally in Geronimos Geronimo's Geronimos Geronimos Geronimo's Geroni mos mo's agreeing to meet Miles in Skeleton canyon in Arizona and surrender on condition that the Indians should be allowed to retain retain re reo tain their arms while marching to the meeting with Miles and and that Gatewood should pany Gatewood agreed to this subject to Lawtons Lawton's approval IThe The next day the march for forthe forthe forthe the border started Several times during that march the Indians became suspicious of the good faith of the Americans and had it not been for the presence of Gatewood there is a strong possibility that Geronimo and would have slipped sUpped away with their warriors once more I I t r. r 4 U N I C. C B. B GATEWOOD I But after 11 days the whole party arrived in Skeleton canyon cany canyon can can- y yon n where Miles met them He confirmed the terms of the surrender surrender surrender sur sur- render just as they had been delivered to Geronimo by Gatewood Gatewood Gate Gate- wood whom the Indian leader complimented highly for having told him the exact truth There Thereon on September 6 1886 Geronimo surrendered for the last time The captive Apaches were sent to Florida and characteristic characteristic character- character Islic of the stupid blundering of officialdom in handling the Indian problem the two faithful Indian scouts Martine and Ka Ka- Ka- Ka teah who had helped Gatewood bring about the surrender of the hostiles were sent along with them as prisoners of war wart warl After a few years in Florida the Apaches were removed to Alabama Alabama Ala Ala- bama and finally settled on a reservation near lo Fort ort Sill Oklahoma Oklahoma Okla homa where Geronimo after many vain voin att attempts to have his people returned to Arizona died on February 17 C 0 w. w rn P lr |