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Show ——— HERALD -~-REPUBLICAN MAGAZINE SECTION FOUR. SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, THEATERS SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 1909. PAGES 1 TO 4. Aue MACHINE EXPLAINED BY ASIWDENT OF AVIATION + HAT makes an aeroplane fiy? What holds {t up in the alr? How does it rise or fall, turn to left or right at 6 will of the operator? — ‘ Of the millfons of Americans who have become intensely interested tn the wondeful achievemonts of the Wright brothers, and who have marveled at the success of M. Bleriot In flying across the English channel, perhaps few have a clear conception of the mechanical principles on which these daring aviators have bullt thelr machines. All aeroplanes, whether of the Wright biplane, or the Bleriot monoplane type, have four mechanical necessities that must be complied with before they can fiy. They must be sustained in the air and propelled through it. They also require a balancing device and a steering mechanism, To meet these requirements these machines are built, in the first place, around either one or two central surfaces commonly referred to as planes although, strictly speaking, these surfaces etructei more along the lines of a parabola plane. They are equipped with gasoline engines, similar to those used in automobiles, only lighter, and these engines, by turning circular propellers exactly like those used on steamships, supply the motive power for the machines. Next in importance to the functions of sustenance and propulsion is the balancing device, and next to this in the mechanical necessities of an acroplane ranks the steering mechanism -_— ote * < Essential r Im ferent Features the various methods of Common > : shins to All. types of roplanes there are 4ifcana taxctibn. Dut there are certair ; Vertical Planes Assist Big 170 four each pounds The Wright engir cylir rs, placed cy jer is consists of Around ape a hollow ORE OICHT TTAACHING ve OU OBSER TER PLANES CONCAVE jacket. The g in ause the linders to melt or irst the adjoining ja from the jackets other end of this y a [7D AT THE length, essential features common to all. Each type must meet the requirements named above, and in the present development of the aeropiane the manner of doing this Goes not vary greatly in the different machines. The general outlines of the Wright aeroplane aro well known. They conaist of two long, parallel surfaces mac chine called planes In the Wright flying the “planes "' do not fit thls description, because if you look up at them, as the machine files over your head, you observe that the under surfaces of the two so-calle looking much as human ribs plenes are concave, Planes Flesibilty fastened rigidly operator of the or bend the postal card by Means of nee W eee edge, these Balancing. position spruce, es perpendicularly struts, Instead = -¥ WORE LSS ‘ we Re Net ET FIT PL DRIP 5 Bx LIFALS, HAY OF tiv0 ” STIAL TALE FNOS % BITWEIN is a small ct less than Propellers Like Electric Fan Blades. The propellers themselves are eight feet in diamet er closely resemble the blades of an ordinary electri ai Q eac propeller has two blades instead The on electric fans. ean cone ae ae and point, widest their at wide foot a blades are about working is engine the when force such with whirl distan a at off hat your blow will that they smoothly behind directly stand you if feet over a@ hundred of them The Wright machine has a capacity of two pasengine, the of side the on being the ‘baate sengers, aits The operator the center of the aeroplane nearest his causing thus the engine, from farthest in the seat passecond Tho that of the engine to balance welght the on {s placed which seat the other senger occupies of levers, operating The machine of the line center of the reach there are three, are placed in easy which six inches is th in yumMp lo Fall. Time Civen Not Machine {is flying the aeroplane that when it is seen Thus pressure wind constant is a fore alr, the through when asked Wright, Wilbur side under its against ‘that it staid up bereplied what kept the machine up to fall,” and that {s about as it didn’t have time cause Stop the engine good an explanation as could be given. tumble to the earth, but as long ag and the filer would It runs fall it cannot wind the against it ts pushed ice thin over skater ao ike alr the along on they are The lifting power of the planes depends, ; ne th which with — the and area their upon f oO secretary former Langley, P. S. Prof. driven a ee who at Washington, institution Smithsontan *s aa machines, flying the plane principle to to apply . 6 an planes to relation with formulas several out lifting power contrivance, @ huge constructing by this did He with gO round, of a merry the order on something aviator bo, in addiBofore an aeroplane can fly there must a give heretofore parts of combination the to tion acIn the French machines the start int starting device. fitted to the lower wheels by having bicycle complished that the wheels these it is on part of the frame, and it is deWhen the ground. it is on when rests filer to a stretch of level sired to start, the acroplane is taken mathe is started, the engine after then, and ground it gains suffion the ground until {gs shoved along e prothe aid of its own itself by to itt neaateas om pellers / This pump sends it in a series of ‘fl utte feet long, ¢ tube ing at haps an eighth of an inch thicl at composes t walls of thin, s that the r, when pumy s spread out in thin pressure thas is now bearing heavily against the under side of the main planes, Mfts gradually higher and higher. Now it Is that the great principles of aeroplane construction, the supporting force and the balancing device, come into play. » An understanding of what holds an aeroplane in the air can best be reached by going back to the old familiar kite. A kite is kept elevated by running with it against it. against to blow or by allowing the wind wind, the other, the kite filles two forces work against each When welsbt of the one, the force of the wind, the other, the with tho It 1s conn the same with an aelve ae kite. Se cf waiting for the kg ager that Instead exception itself against the win it, the seconiaus oS against chains being twisted, so that it runs in a line sian to a figure eight The effect of this is to turn the propellers in opposite er whirling 4 Wright Flyer Started with W right. 2 forced sheets into and is them thus ae ME zontally machine antetit Be runners sleqiike ea oeone eerof iathe from to the flying machine gets ready to leave for rail the reached tilted upward, and sponding the to he oe on and ccant circle, that weights different at os . , Sought Art. Long the Balancing ee than to do more nothing If an aeropl lane had fillgh artificial of problem the air in j{tself goin remains There ago. centurles solved been have yond ne 80 flyer the balancing of diMficult art the extremely Even birds find ‘ <4 4+ wil) remain on an even keel. ie a : Quit 1t8 to maintain {in the to .iae stability thelr in the alr catch he resultwillthat thea bird ae sways a tight lan ae the the cons, over onSs! ideway goes wind often Ean himself, to steady effort constant I{ke an acrobat on in his filght side © casionally with wing gajing several feet before regaining his balance. of the rail '8 the end Just ofbefore rudder planes are ee the aeroplane, power lifting their determined edges the long, feet undred ropeas ine ibe ee in erneonee planes carry these speeds. trip into the sky to fly the engine ready gets the acroplanist 1 When {e started, the operator takes his seat, the welght 18 at monorail the runs along released, and the aeroplane clip. a tremendous the front To the top of center. OU see ciaties ae planes of their variousattached sizes. witht gl I sangley PpPre of is . a hundrec sixteen a supports which derrick, we The is tied a rope to this weight aaeR Sautehe: and tower, the of at the top & pulley over passes rope overa third pulley through another pulley near {ts base, aeroOto the back and of the monorall, at the far end bar by an L on to the cross It {gs hooked where plane, itself when trigger which automatically releases shaped the at the ee eae Ses aoe ring eee ins 7 ecu a aaking. eee ary ae el beneath monorail of the Back other. post r fastenc aeope be it must tart can machine Wright the Before about rall, called a monorall, placed on @ single wooden zy machin¢e of the the welght long. feet a hundred would if they could be viewed from the inside To speak literally as well as figuratively, these consist of ribs, made of white spruce planes really and spaced about one foot wood, shaped like a parabola apart. The ribs are stretched over tightly with a good comwhen the planes, giving of white muslin, quality the appearance of a sail on a Chinese pleted, something fishing boat The planes are more regular in outline than these sails, inusmuch as they are nearly rectangulnr in shape. Except for the corners, which are roundwhich are shaped like the edge ed, and the rear edges rectangular perfectly be. would they umbrella, of an are uniform in machine Wright the in planes The main and are spaced feet long, six feet wl size, about forty other about Bix feet apart. parallel to eact The tre made s Gckrth etruts, or a row of them along each the planes. The ends of ¢ ail A and Ones. Jerome backw from the nm n planes abont is a wo oa n framework to ré ttached l vertical planes. These ¢ ance een the main other, and are spaced abo edges are at right angles to the r 6o pivoted that their rear e dwen may be m sind from left to right and from right to left, exactly like the r dder 1ese planes, worked in conjunction with the alist in the dual function of turning the aeroide to side and in preserving its balance on the upper side of the lower main plane to one side of its center, is the engine. The > Wright machine is of spe il construction, the brothers themselves, and weighs about OVER Ei 72 IT FLIFS THAT THE TINDER SIDE See LP. ‘Zz and they eliges of the rudc jer planes are tilted Suipward, are turned down when it Is desire to bring the aero§ plano to the earth Perpendicu ween tho two. rudder planes is a small D si ae plane This is used to prevent the Serpe ROS from skidding sideways re % TOORING he rns LW LT. CORLISS BALANCES LTZS WES PLACED fz ee OL ale 7 Pa (Continued alr pag on four.) pright elk: ed, ot between of being -<--—-—---- penn aconmmncn ms Wh, |} ~ to the planes, are hinged, 80 that the machine, by working a lever, can warp big. planes t as) you can warp & holdin t your. thumb and This flexiae y fingers, and then bility in the planes of the ying achine ap 3 be almost greator In the rear edges, the r rigid y means of this ily planes their machine balance brothers Wright the that with planes, main of the in front ten feet About smalier two latter the to parallel edges their planes, called rudder planes. Thess oted along @ horizontal shaft that is supported and bra ed by Ene framework extending out from the matin planes rhese held totwo feet apart. rudder planes are spaced about big planes the in these to similar gether by supports t back ing and are operated in unison by a rod extend big planes @ point near the operator's seat between the : on a le vo) course 1 When the aeroplane ts flying along ie t to parallel exactly are he ld planes rudder the two the front If it is desired to raise the machine, bie ones. ~. - f oF After it Lf y" rt ya ING is cooled it passes know Into the cooling devi surrounding jackets both the cylinders are kept coo and Wate r ) The Wri ght en gine is filted with what is k nown as break ig nition, automatic inlet val make ind a feed arrangement for s aiuisdniaet t he g special va line to the engine has no carburetor and will ae he thirty horse power, velop about - wm from the engine, wr» Exten ding backward above th the lo wer plane, is the level of de of this, and at # on either eight and al counte#! two bie planes, between the point attached the propellers, The which bra € 5 igidby steel rte ter shafts are st wires. lender ide of muiltit 1 counter and on engine shaft Spro ke wheels on Shatts are c¢ onnecte i by automobile chains, one of theae ING } i wee een pean 7 we = a=" ae THE W, PHS DIACA 70 SHOWS WAN 2: ZO SFCORE AN PLA. ee Ss IDK OF 22 ETE THE PLANES ON Z{777VD PRES \SDAE 43 SS. 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