Show r "" - wtL L - 4 The Salt LakeTribune 8 Tuesday October N 17 1967 the atomIc researrb center on the Volga River "I tried to get physicists the into a nd biologists program to avoid compartat mentalization although first the physicists were not very enthusiastic" he said - Russia Today: Genetics Research Makes Gains After Suppression t ments Ile knew them well for he is now president of the scientific council on genetic sciences a coordinating panel on which 'various research and public health agencies are represented' Continued from Page I mankihd Soon :after the rrvolution a bureau of eugenics was formed and genealogical studies of the intelligentsia were made in search of material for Improving the breed of man Then famine hit Russia and the emphasis shifted to agriculture A young man named Niko lai I Vavilov was chosen to lead an effort to injprove food production through the development of better strains of crops and livestock DI liepointed a student of Wit- BatesorY in England the ham man who gave genetics its Mime believed that the great food crops — wheat potatoes corn and barley — could be Invigorated if crossbred with strains obtained from regions where those crops originated Ile traveled to all parts of the world He and his colleagues brought home 25000 living samples of wheat Despite these efforts food production by Stalin's new collective farms was &as- trously low The stage was set for a man who made extrava- - was a iii y 1 4 'A k" 1 ! ' " : s t 1 it ittVIt - - ' s 16 '3 1 1 — i e eel 1 I i rp -- ' I - ! - - ) 1 I 4 l --i- -- - 1 A ' I '' k's 0001 - - ' s to - - ' t ‘t I A 1t 1 4 r 1 1( :oort3 00 4 ‘' )1 1 t ' 'i - 1 ' 'i - - ' 1 ' '' t 0 ' ''' ' ' - ' 1 ' 1 '''' i 2 te- ! 1 ' 4t" ' Z ' ' 11 ' s' i ' ' I' "N' 1 4 k — t ' s i a 4 lnd ' 4 t 3 ' k i s ' '''': ' fox-far- ' Tielyayev Ss velopment Shakes of hybrid corn and the establishment of the foundation for Czar of Science animal fodder the USSR faces the problem of catching up in a very short space of time on that which we let Slip" The word began - to get around that the Soviet tInIon's nuclear physicists had helped keep genetics alive by quietly sheltering some of its most able practitioners The great Physicist Igor V Kurchatov (who died in 1960) played a central role In providing the Soviet Union with Its first atomic weapotr Ilis Institute of Theoretical Physics In Moscow was almost sacrosanct as far as government Interference was concerned of production The final deoxyribonucleic acid is the long twisted molecule that carries the hereditary information needed for the continuity of life much as magnetic tape can store an entire television program Apparently the enzymes that Unwind the DNA molecule making it active "know" the DNA native to that cell and do not act on foreign DNA There remains a strong taken step was big ented 2 The existence rational tradition strong empirical plant breeding Farm Crisis agricultural crisis of the 1930s that made the party and government responsive to The 3 extravagant promises dictaexistence of tor cleat to the logic of Lysenko's opponents and powerful will to impose enough a The 4 his without challenge In talking to those in the current mainstream of Soviet science one is reminded at every hand of their awareness of the disastrous sequence of events behind them As early related as 1957 this was If ' ' fe - If -- :! ' t'r0- (t)-c-- 0 tiff I Venerable Opponent One of the more venerable opponents of Lysenkoism had quietly moved into the field He was Vladimir A Engelgardt who in the 1930s pioneered in muscle chemistry His interest has shifted to the 0"''' his sitle was Aleksandr Braunshtein his prize pupil and perhaps the bestAt Y the in knovn biochemist Soviet Union Braunshlein told of his current studies of An B6 chemistry Vitamin enormously complicated — and vital — problem The Vitamin in its various forms joins with more than 60 enzymes to catalyze or stiinulate reactions in the life - process Some of the antibiotics inhibit certain of these reactions and so a understanding of how the molecules twist and turn in their interactions with one another has important medical implications To achieve this understanding Braunshtein is using ultraviolet visible and fluorescence spectra Toured lastitute American specialists who have toured Engelgardt's in- well consider stitute it stanwestern equipped by dards with automatic spectrophotometers ultracentrifuges and other analytical devices Engelgardt said that as with genetics there is a new journal blolekularnaya BioloOa whose first issue came out early in 1967 and an intercouncil has departmental been formed to coordinate research in this field In a crash training program he added a "winter school" is held each January at Dubna 1931 he had in Physics brought about a certain Syn thesis of chemistry find physics emphasizing application of the new discoveries in physics to the construction of theories to account for chemical reaction rates and energy releases including those of It was for such explosions work that he won his Nobel prize "My goal since 1910 has been to achieve! a marriage between biology and chemistry" he said "At first it was slowed by the difficulties of the time — the Lysenko problem 116wever five years ago (in 1962) I was able to form a of biophysics new division biochemistry and physiologiwithin cally active compounds the academy" - — (AP) Wik r HEARING Wit h all WHI R' paying out tiont and ther not give you The Plinio n IIJULIDRN 110B ' f 07 -- 3 yithy have the tables turned raist311411w— — I so completely? What has te' 1 sti:wed freedom of inquiry to ( TEN sioNsi you r Sqviet genetics and biology? A ALL DAYALL Niamt'144444 number of those involved in tension headache' "Noryst" due to turnabout told their everyday problems need stronger madi-- I tiff' Inataedd cation than ordinary rettkethem stories to this correspondent take clammily tab- provet6gpatuolk bubinin Is Installed as head tit:1'n "1":"rin rsTirie oC a new institute of general sedtivacalming golieties The tempqrary guar-to"I of his newinsatute bareKt r 13ra year old is in a suburb of do:::17:11s7t80171171 RELAX 11 0 li - 1 Mokow His conference table was hlaped i with current issues of the: American Journal Science aril other American European and Soviet magazines Ile tleked off the recent develop I '- 'i A Ili) ' l I ' Ii work site 10"1"arr 4 Duir' tmtaRf shetitutea IVanaaa-- a- zr' ' 1 1 'I At k a) 4 - - I t — ' - ' - :- - - : 773TODAY 4876216 ' —" - - - ' t' ' ' - 1 i4 ' t t ! 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The Communist party newspaper Trybuna Ludu has bemoaned & growing consumption of alcohol in Poland and said drinking is responsible for many of the 7000 cases a year In which parents are sentenced for mistreatment of their children It said about 60 per cent of the sentences are suspended ' 1 (ronvright) Bemoan Liquor Use WARSAW ) Full ot Energy Semenov at 71 was full of energy and humor In found log the Institute of Chemical 4- 1)seow - Pupil -- a 4 INiblitnnIM k Ni' -e 44r-"7- - "1'4"t Prize research ar e2O4WO ar e2OUW i1 IN1110 : low - engineering heredity Lysenko's manipulation of the environment but by Ingeniously controlled mutations It was obvious to Tamm that Soviet science was in danger of being hopelessly left behind nature ti - A visit to Semenov's department in the Academy of Setences and to various Moscow institutes showed many signs of the Soviet race to catch up e with the West in genetics molecular biology and biochemistry Semenov explained that the 'academy of sciences a giant organization that lowers over Soviet science was now diviinto three d(lions one of which dealing with chemistry and biology was under his direction Another deals with the physical and mathematical sciences and the third is concerned with the social sciences :-"--4- 0Pa5 tk0--- ! possibil- accurately of its the i istry 14 ptIT & 4i ' of by ity the which more I I New Scientist that a new brand added lie of scientist was appearing on the scene — a sort of renais- sance man in the scientific sense grounded in many fields: physics chemistry biology statistics A major source of such talis the new hysical institute near Moscow by a group of scientists including leading Kapitsa and Nikolai N Semenov a nOVP1 laureate in chem- - ii 41 J loomed nucleic acids (such as DNA) and their role in genetics About 1558 (which seems to have been a critical turning point) It was decided to form an institute of radiational and physical - chemical biology with Engelgardt as director This cumbersome title served as a camouflage for the real 'thrust of the work there A visit Os institute found him overflowing with enthusiastii despite his n years Ile explained that at his request the name of his establishment had been changed to the Institute of Molecular Biology ' "10441--r"44----- 0 - : there now by - 1 the US It was evident that by analysis of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) western scientists were zeroing in on the cherolcal mechanism of heredity The prospects for genetics for biology for the future of mankind were awesome for not a of In of the Kurchatov Inof exciting new in Britain and partment stitute he told developments 1948 Aleksandr N Nesmeyanov pl!in a conference was organized then president of the Acadeb the academy of agriculturmy of Sciences when he said: al sciences to assess the rival "We roust frankly state that claims of the geneticists and our biology had been acquit- the followers of Lysenko Ing the bad habit of solving ' The geneticists leaned over debated scientific problems backward to compromise and through the pressuring and appease their opponents but visible during cell division Hereditary Changes suppression of scientific oppo they were doomed Lysenko Since radiation such as that " VS 4 I waited until' the end to 411 4 t 4674111 from or radioactive !Wit v c40 4e0" 4 announce that Stalin had off' 0 1" 4 materials can cause heredidi 41' 0°' -4 i 4 I icially endorsed his theories 4- 1!'"0: 'p there was some -tary changes Agif'40 Some of the geneticists rose to the conduct of genetic Pk: '''''''I '4'4 d'st'41 it 4 and recanted as Galileo had logic F'' 3 1 research at the Institute A 4 done before the inquisition :NI in the 1950s there was ill f J 0 Thus s Nr:: 7 0 4I onsoot The academy of sciences pub- - a tr I department of genet- loot ' ' lishNI a letter to Stalin pledg- - les large 1 Ilit r'N': r'! in the Kurchatov Institute : it ' '1 log to abolish the institutes and a laboratory of radiation i 4 N' ''' '44zzt N 4 doing work in classical ge- genetics was quietly organi i'1 '"I 4 kt netics including the one where i7ed 'v1 Dubinin at the Insti- '':'klr'o 40t'4 1titct i iI f It tute by was working Dubinin ‘i 41('''2711( of the ki''V 14kal of Biophysics 41164Z promised to purge from the Academy of Sciences In 1K)S A —vIr " 0ii field of biology all those It was this k k 44111141r which l laboratory nento heretical P (Meting 0 evolved into the full fledged N s :11 eN 1 b v:14' ty I 4 ' 1 I 7- Lysenko views —Institute that he now heads — o ii ali:11 Alts1 (f0 I Fits snugly 'N an Institute that Itself has a :':: The Low Point — 1 Nkadir !" (1o7en laboratories devoted to 34 ANY Bathtub !6 ) in such as point evolutionary 1 !!!!A problems !! 4 Sqviet biology Today the sitT fir r uation has altered completely t t4TI7 "tI:( 1' q"o4 Dithinin and his colleagues !PI !!! ::: '!' !! is 0 i 4 it ""1111116)1 V are on ton Lysenko Li living ciI ' In- ' near relative obscurity I t I s - this freedom that dominated the Kapishniks The included participants such figures as Igor E Tamm and LPN D Landau both Nobel laureates in physics Tamm gave a lecture about 1956 that added fuel to the fire Speaking in the biology de- only rhetorical his more by backers has generated strains that have short thick stems making them resistant to wind yet have good baking qualities At the Institute there Is a laboratory of polyploidy a field that was anathema to because It the Lysenkoists was firmlyerooted In classical genetics Polyploidy is the occurrence of plants (and in some cases animals) whose cells have unusual multiples of a baste number of chronic) some The latter are the bundles of genetic material Or It was Shackles Off three years ago when Lysenko was ousted as head of the old Institute of Genetics Could it happen again could another man of passionate arrogant and Intolerant views Impose his will on science In the Soviet Union? To assess this possibility one must examine the causes of the past episode A number of factors were involved: 1 The Ideological attraction of Lvsenko's ideas as pres- Best Dosage lie cited wheat for which the best dosage lies between 5000 and 10000 roentgens Treatment with such dosages Twisted Molecule DNA Freedom Dominated Soviet science has largely shaken off the shackles of the althnueh Lysenkoism al enimine In another sophisticated line of research David M Goldfarb is investigating the manner in which bacterial cells protect themselves against incorrect genetic information that might be infiltrated into them by foreign DNA of sdspokesman for freedom entifl c discussion- - the near future scientists would decipher the manner in which genetic information wrapped up in the nuclecs of the cell actually controls de- ' Ci Despite the rise of Lysenko ai :a virtual czar of science Mere was a move within the Soviet academy of sciences Beier World War H to create JO institute that would revive claSsical genetics It was to bri headed by a man named Dubinin whose Nlico lal P work in cytogenetics had ' ilii ' 1 t' food production but by this tine Lysenko's drive against ge!neties had put Vaviinv In jail' Ile was sent to Siberia where he died in 1943 abroad was blocked and in ‘ - 10 The sugar beet normally nents the use of disparaging has 18 chromosomes (n I at and other unscientific kinds occurring in pairs one means All this has had a negset contributed by each par- ative effect on the developent plant) But by treatment ment of a number of branches with a chemical colehicine it of biological science in is possible to produce plants general it must be stated that that have four of each kind o n e--s ided evaluation and instead of two that is 36 attempts at arriving at offiare cial evaluations in science by chromosomes These "tetrapiolds" By crossing a majority of votes or more them with ordinary sugar vocal behavior are not beets it is possible to obtain fruitful' an odd strain — a "triploid" Candor Common — with three of each chromosome type: that is with a Such candor is now comtotal of 27 monplace One is left with the Dramatic Results impressiont that the Soviet establishment has learned its Such a strain according to IPSS011 and that a recurrence his and Belyayev colleagues of suppressive tyranny in the has been developed with dramatic results Sugar product- physical or biological sciences is unlikely ion per acre they say is 15 with than cent Closely linked to the nf'W higher per 1reets new genetic research has been the The ordinary strain has been in use for explosive growth of molecular three years and is now grow- biology As with genetics this revival had its birth in the ing on many farms in southconcern of Soviet nuclear ern regions of the T'Srt with the deplorable Belyayev has been inter- physicists ested in the fact that female state of biology The situation was a fresilver foxes on fur farms have several periods of heat in a quent subject of discussion at year whereas ill foxes have the weekly seminars known a s because only one Ile had found Pvt "kapishniks" dence of a genetic relations- Peter Kapitsa was their cenhip between multinle periods tral figure Kapitsa had been Foxes one of the most brilliant puof heat and docility that are docile are the most pils of Ernest Rutherford the the British physicist likely tn be caught In 1934 Kapitsa made a visit least likely to escape or die young in captivity This has to his Soviet homeland and led to a ponulation was told he could not return that has the twin characterist- to England Not until 1966 was ics of docility and multiple he allmved to do so and he promptly returned to Russia periods of heat where he had become a in predicted that i l'''' fNo"46 ‘40- irs—--- 1 ' - Public Criticism The first public criticism of ) Lysenko came in 1952 close to ' 11 I the end of the Stalin era But t it was the death of Lysliko's chief 'Tensor Stalin himself ' ' that turned the tide The next i ' year 1954 the party organ hommunist encouraged free Novosti from Smitoto scientific discussion in A Vladimir muscle chemEngelgardt pioneer It was evident to the new le a d e r Khrushchev that istry in 36's heads SoN let Institute of Radiain a tional and Physical-ChemicBiology He is now cornThe central state sorry their role in genetics probing nucleic acids mittee of the Communist party decreed the Intensive development of hybrid corn genetics space genetics viral practical element in Soviet and this offered to the bolder g e n etics genetic research On a visit to immunogenetics the Institute of Cytology and geneticists a chance to strike and so forth back near Novosibirsk its Genetics Starting rolut Foremost among them was director Dmitri K Belyayev A sampling showed the stressed the economic benefits Dubinin who had been out of research at one laboratory deriving from the work there sight since 1918 In a 1955 article he wrote: much as an American scienhas as Its starting point tist might do in testifying be discoveries reported by RichWork Stoppage fore Congress on behalf of his Kimball at the Oak ard F "T D Lysenko caused the National Laboratory in program Ridge stoppage of work at the critiTennessee Kimball has been Belyayev said it had been cal moment when hybrid corn the manner in which found that contrary to earlier studying began to emerge from the the belief mutations or heredity living cell can sometimes experiments in the fields of caused changes induced by radiation genetic repair damage our Kilkhozes and Sovkhozes radiation In Moscow the are not always predominantly by state and (collective farms harmful In fact with some work is concentrated in repair farms) Now 20 years later the genetic plants there seems to be an after the US using the very processes where or mutation has optimum dosage that pro same methods which were damage been caused by a chemical duces many beneficial mutaworked out in our country tions such as mustard gas or ethylhas achieved the introduction American methods of breeding hybrid corn which was based on classical genetics II!' Ignored evidence that the blight that affertNI potatoes was a virus disease His polin icies produced disasters Intl-le- ' - a new Soviet Siberia Ideological Appeal Lysenko said characteHstics acquired by an organism in its lifetime could be passed on td future generations This h st d ideological appeal Charles Darwin had believed it:and the fathers of communism Marx and Engels had ardent been admirers of Darwin Modern genetics had shown that Darwin was wrong But I4senko contended that genetir's "is merely an amusement like chess or football" and risliculed efforts to seek the basic principles of heredity through studies of the fruit fly work that IAA to several nobel prizes the Lysenko denounced eicited 4' ' ' y : : 1 - t I new laboratories experimental work on mutagenesis a n d radiation chemistry "In the academy of medical sciences there will soon be an institute of human genetics And in Obinsk there is I Ile Timo heads the department of radiation genetics in the new institute of radiohlology" A special source of pride to Dubinin is the institute of CYtology and Genetics that he I eMahlkhed near himself Novosibirsk in the heart of from the II)craine who said be had a rrsothod of treating the SeN1S of winter wheat so that they cOuld be planted In the sprihg and produce a heavy crop This would open vast eastern Mgions in Siberia to produc- tive farming ' 1 '1 4 doing p:1 a n - 1 411 several rant promises Trofim Lysen- ka 11 a matt with detpset Morning eyes and an almost HP to ' ' journal Genclika "It is our first review on genetic questions" he said We began monthly publication' in 190 During the last two years 10 new laboratories have been organized in the Institute of Biological Problems "In the Byelorussian Academy of Sciences at Minsk an institute of genetics was formed a year and a half ago under Turbin who is working on hybrids of corn and wheat In Kiev at the Ukrainian Aeademy of Sciences there Is a 'department of genetics with Tay! lov fervor 4 I' - le—---- 1:- 4 4 k it New Journal Crossbred Strains religious trr 1 Taatral i I k 4 ' ' 1 (1A:)U are'! ar WXVC1PVZ ar CA4VCVAU a - g arCA&VCA4' - - 4 b |