Show ' - - — ' 4ib40104'40 Mwmilir twowwoo86 i4W'ed wak - - -- -- ) F The Salt Lake Tribune 4 Tuesday Octubet 3 P401m 1967 irRwwp0110m4INWrWWW1int 00' f 01101v yoo 41441e Inside Russia: 19171967 - ' "They in his Kremlin office were carefully planned memoirs Only a handful of for that carried For three out a quiet meticulous Investi gation analyzing everything That's why the 20th Party Con gress is so bnportant That Is why every Party Congress singe then has reiterated the fought and We fought years we same 31e f t programdeclaration for iltic party - anniversary reiteratprinci 14 The subject is close to heart Ills own Mikoyan's ntone held a high place on the 50th ed the of Stalin's final tabulation prospective victims the purge t(C- end all purges the one was preparing Just before his death :in - 4 ' :What light Poskrebyshev cast on the final purge has not b4en publicly revealed Most Svetlana's View daughter Svetlana throws doubt on Mit contending that PoskreOliev disappeared from her fattier's entourage before Stalin Tied If this is true the disappearane occurred only in the last days of her father's evidence suggests 111g The nskrehyshev vanslhed from 4talins Allluyeva rage view the day after Stalitil death Indeed most per Moscow assumed he had been shot by Stalin's taits probably within hours Qs in ed his master's IlDnian of 62 devoting herself to literary pursuits was the person who brought Poskreb- survival into the poskStalin years to light She Stalin's former encountered secretary by chance in the idemlin hospital in 1962 'Ills memory was absolutely infallible" she recalled He talted freely of Stalin of Stalin's crimes lie seemed to yshev's have no conscience "He was absolutely the per feet man for Stalin' she said Ite- had been sent to the milli by chance in 1925 as a: young duty officer Stalin found him willing tool Poskiebyshev had been married tei a fine woman a long-tim- - a member of the hid her shot raised a never test '"Stalin party Stalin Poskrebyshev finger in pro- was like a Chinese 0 o d INI s Serebryakova sail "First be said 'Give me year eye' You gave it Then r 'Give said me You your fagave it '!'en 'Give me your son's bedy1 You gave it You remember the fairy story? linally the god said: 'Give me your goldfish' Only then dld his victim turn upon the lit head' ther's A I 1 a I e 4 oskrebyshev I ' 1 1 I 1 1 1 I z ' Mrs Serehryakova was such a believer She spent 20 years in Stalin's camps many of the years in the terrible "I so a or solitary detention prisons In Yaroslavl Si' &al and Verkhneu ralsk She had been twice married before her - arrest first to Grigory Y Sokolnikov first Soviet ambassador to London then later to Leonid P Serebryakov Both were tried In 1937 and perished She believed for years her husbands were guilty It was only after years in prison that the truth gradually began to dawn that none of the thou sands of victims were guilty early as rumors circulated in Moscow that Stalin had caused the death of Mikhail Frunze commander of the Red Army by compelling him to submit against his will to a dangerous medical As 1925 operation In the 1937 purges it was alleged that Henryk Yagoda once Stalin's chief of police had conspired with doctors to take the lives of Maxim Gorky and his on by the use of poison and malpractice of medical The charge mismanagenient lay at the heart of Stalin's last purge A group of Kremlin physicians mostly Jews (including Stalin's personal physician) was with ausing the charged deaths of several party chiefs Including Andrei A Zhdanov Alekand his brother-in-lasandr S Shcherbakov and endangering the lives of several military chiefs by medical me T1S of leader named Leonid V Nikolayev possibly with Stalin's complicity Stalin arrested and executed virtually every important Jiving Bolshevik participant of Thousands the revolution were killed hundreds of thousands were sent into exile and The harshest forced labor penalties prominent and to persons close to Stalin politically or personally Few Survivors savage was the purge that virtually no major participants in the events of Nov 7 1917 survived to celebrate the 50th anniversary with the So r exception Molotov of Vyacheslav Stalin's faithful tenant Molotov long ideologifrom the cally estranged said "We Poskrebyshev didn't start using poison until Guns for Greece 1940 or ATIIENS GREECE (AP) — Rep rdword J Derwiesm new chamber of (Rill) Monday urged a horrors No allegation of poi- - resumption of suspended ' wining by Stalin has been military equip- heavy US made in the official ment shipments to Greece process Howev- - of threatening Soviet ell the suspicion of medical the military expansion in has haunted manipulation Middle East Sfelin's career from the ear- Ile said he had come to Athliest timeserns primarily to get a firstLeon Trotsky Stalin's rival hand report of relations the fur power once hinted that United States should have Stalin brought on Lenin's fatal with Greece through the Atillness deliberately by disturblantic Alliance and domestic ing the delicate balance of developments in the country in his Ltnin's health through calcucapacity as a member The daybooks lated of the House Foreign Affairs et Lenin's a- :- 'ries the committee opened up a be-ca- rness - anything "I believed in Stalin" said "My mother was an she old Bolshevik a friend of Lenin a blend of Krupskaya She believed too We thought it was all the fault of my husbands that they had got me mixed up in their dirty dealings" ' 1 4 t A ' -- I- - ' ' '44- - ' — ' - ''' - ' 4:'"' ': ''' : '''J' '' " - ' - r' t ' - t '4'11:' - - July - War is is proud that he active service in the When asked whether would still play a role of 1905 still on cavalry cavalry If World War 111 should come Budomy was appalled "A he asked indi- role?" a n fly "T h e 'role!" DECISIVE gn siege of have fallen with a nearly two million troops the Purgm Blamed answer said Simonov writer lay in 1917 and — the purges that robbed of talent her finest her Sitting the In military di- fumed-oa- k - ' ' 4 " 1 ' ' ) ' ? '' ø 'I' - ' - c'' I '' '4 - ' ' 1 : tOr f ' 4i t "'1' ' - '':::' vr -- '' i -- '''!: ' ' 7:1 1 :' : : room of a graystone Gothic mansion on Kalinin Prospekt once the home of the wealthy Morozov family of ning P:-- : : - - 4:t- - '' - -- :'5''' 2'''' 21 ' - —Novosty from Sovfoto Soviets November 1918 LeatherCongress man at Lenin's right is Yoko Sverdlov jacketed of ' 1941 enny seems The marshal was named command& of the reserve army nine hours before littler attacked When the Germans struck at 3:30 am on June 22 Budenny was in the People's Commissariat of Defense on Frunze Street in Moscow working furiously He had no army no staff no equipment no weapons No one had yet been ordered to build the moat at the Dnieper River The planes still were staked to the ground and 95 per cent of them were destroyed in the first German air strikes 'Georgi Malenkov was my Budcorrunissar" political enny recalled "I told him to get some sleep I would put together a staff We were supposed to leave in the morning for the western districts" advanced Offered Ideas Two Budenny offered two ideas He proposed that a reserve line be thrown up along the Dnieper River running north from Kiev to Riga He suggested that hundreds of thousands of men and women be mobilized to build an antitank barrier on the west bank of the Dnieper turning into a formidable moat that the Germans could not cross ' "P also proposed that we take - the ropes off our planes" Budpnny said He explained that the Soviet aircraft ordinarily were tied down by ropes to prevent a gust of wind from overturning them "I said" the marshal The marshal seemed to be unaware that Stalin had been receiving for months warnings from his intelligence network in Germany from Richard Serge the Soviet spy in the German Embassy in Tokyo (naming the date and time of the Nazi attack) from now 83 years old "was that Stalin believed in nobody except Hitler He believed in Hitler He thought he could outmaneuver Hitler It was a question of psychology" It was five days after the outbreak of war before Maisky then in London got a message from Moscow Stalin certain that all was lost locked himself in his study and refused to give any orders Stalin said "Budto know what he thinks should be done Let's put him in charge" Commanded Reserves "Well" wigs but had arrested some of those sending in such reports on charges of treason "We were asked to give our ideas of what to do in the emergency" Budenny said The new fortifications being built on the western frontiers were not finished The old defense lines had been half demolished to equip the new Some troops had been ordered to move westward but were still far away Stalin had been so fearful of provoking action by Hitler that he forbade his armies to move up to positions and banned firing at German reconnaissance planes - experienced pollIndustrial leaders tical and ''1 71' ' Costly Victory Stalin's "psychology" cost Russia dearly The disaster made the Japanese surprise of the United States at Pearl Harb or look like a child's game The Soviet Union won the war But it remained the disaster of a century' The cost of Stalin's victory dwarfed the losses of Napoleon's invasion in 1812 and the burning of Moscow Only the Mongol incursions of the 13th Century cost Rucsia so much Could history repeat itself? Russians in 1967 said firmly that this could not happen Could a new Stalin arise? Most "That Is why we had the 20th Party Congress" one prom inent Soviet official said To end the possibility of another like that of Stalin" -tragedy Some others were not so sure They felt that the poem of Ye v g en y Yevtushenko warning his country to "stand guard" over Stalin's grave lest his spirit slip out and again haunt the Kremlin still had Disarray In Moscow The haphazard orders to Budenny were typical of the disarray in Moscow at the moment bl - IIItler's' ' P r e - Minister Winston attack As late as 6 am and from Churchill 7 am Sumner two or three hours Wells undersecretary of after German planes tanks state from the Soviet ambasand artillery had begun their sador in London Ivan M assault Stalin seemed incapable to believe that war had Maisky from military commanders on the Western begun Ile still refused to give clear-cu- t Fronts from naval and air orders to the Soviet patrols in the Baltic the Arc- recalled "let's untie the armed forces tic and the Black Sea and not planes and put our pilots on a "The tragedy of it" said state of alert" former Ambassador Maisky only bad ignored the warn The 1938 : ' - stands In front of Lenin at Russ Ignored Warnings Germans need not have penetrated to the suburbs of Moscow Russia elan weekend need need loss of not '4 ' " i - 12 adopted son in the 900-da- y 1300000 civilian lives not have occurred Kiev the Lenin which cost Leningrad r :": ' - f ' ' ' t7371:''--'': i6- v 21-2- 2 war the Georg' Lorgaehev-Elizare- Budenny recalled Stalin summoned a meeting of the Politburo to which he invited some military leaders The possibility had arisen Stalin told them that Hitler might attack Russia either on the night of June (as he did) or during the of the disasters of the in the opinion of Marshal Budenny could have been averted had appropriate steps been taken in time had the country not moved into the final hours firmly believing would not occur Ile was that 4 '41 mvo June war confident ' '' I '::-- 6"' la 1 V''1C 401 '4 44 '' ! 'r- ''' '''''' '- - 4 ''' ' !loscow Budermy began to talk about how World War II started about how the Germans achieved such tactical surprise on June V 1941 "I don't believe Stalin could have been surprised by Hitler's attack" the marshal said musingly But the story he told for the first time of the last hours before the war was one of confusion and unreadiness Late on Saturday afternoon e Russo-Japanes- : N41 of the '''' ' i - mm II in ?' 1-' t'' '1 day last summer Marshal Stmyon M Budenny — veteran of six wars and long an intimate of Stalin was asked about the Soviet disasters in World War At 81 Budenny his broad chest covered with eight rows the first military medals won ''' 7 '::7:!:-?'- al- of the 75000 Red officers were arrested One bright : g ' :'"2"--- '''''' J:' i ' --' - d or shot '01 A '' 4 1:'- 1 I - every division commander half the regimental commanders members of military councils and chiefs of to political work One-thir- Army ' - :' :' 'V i ::: t k '"'"-'--- to " 47 1' ' ' i4 ! '' ' -- I 0 l' 40ct4 -- V'' '' -- II t I 44 '- 'I ''04 i t 4 s ''"':-- '' - IL - 7 "'A : ' -- - - ‘ tr A -r - '':'' r ' :'" ' ' 4''i : ''- ' r ! ''' -- - - a one-hal- f ' ' is f - - 'ii ? ' - Soviet marshals including the commander in chief Marshal Mikhail N Tukhachevsky every officer who commanded two of the military district four fleet commanders every '' T ! e AVP"'Ar: ff! the 1930s Of 1966 delto the 17th Soviet Party Congress In 1934 1108 were arrested Of 139 monbers of the Central Committee 98 were arrested The toll' In the Red Army was three commander — " -' r '''' a"--I-- i decirnated his politindustrial establish- corps -5- :4-- 'J' ment in egates army most - -- ' " : r last-minu- - a point (Copyright) Fear Bred Terror Why did it happen? There is a tendency in Russia to blame It on the personality of Stalin the author Leonid Leonov called it Russia's tragedy that she was ruled by a Georgian who was afraid of the nation "' '" '1! 1 V 1''''- N- - - - ''' 1 her ruler Others found in Stalin a deep psychological malaise a chronic paranoia marked by delusions of persecution and conspiracy Some 1 k " 1 - ' ' ' :' ' ' ! - 1 dP -- Lite 4 1 y sh ''4 ' :''' ' ''" ' t t ' 41tap I 's' '' ' '' - i'''' I ' r — '''''' ! writer felt that a pathological condition lay behind Stalin's I ' - i ' ' ' '' - ' 1' - ' - r ' 1 ' ' ' ' ' '' - '' - I I ' 111) 1: 1)1 r Li I - ! ' 1 1 11 1 411 4 rill - — 1 1 - 00 4 7 - - Ehrenburg also speculated that Stalin was lacking in po- Mica! ‘sophisticatkm and was confronted by problems he did not understand In the writ- er's view Stalin's faults were matched by those of Russia — a country lacking in traditions of political action with a cit izenry that had no knowledge 4 - PA0 ) '''r :i2 I lit Ol i ki OZ alb 14 ( i - R ” ell i't $e t i'' - fedi ''t$ p 1 t I mt- i rw A tAt r A A ' - flAl I VA t - 1 '‘u 'i - i ' 4 i ei r-vz i1 mmow - Iff 1100 aqal I I 1 Nty'tkIN11 t xii V' - L 11 1 ' how to counterpose its views at those of authority no practice in the ordinary tools of democracy and no mech- anism In the Soviet system whereby it could make its In- fluence felt Thus when Stalin began to emerge as a tyrant even the political figures close to him had no idea of how to counter his tyranny except possibly by the same means of conof - - filitts:01 e - ' - -- - s -0 ' ' " 10 ' ) f '' -- It 1 T IAN 11:' 1t i Vi 4ijit t I 17)30A ' NeP 't a: - Jik?kNI 11 Rj ) W :1 Ts) kc I e0- I! - lif-- '' mp6at 1 ribila Wi i giroiiitAtkNif D) - o 'A :o ke' — - (i Mt eee i '14 0 : i - z ' - i i " I 1 ' a - Called Unsophisticated It ' 6 e - I conduct spiracy and intrigue that had brought him to power Or so Ehrenburg thought By 1967 the cumulative evi k - : t 1111brA0 - - ' 1 A I icto I '' ow '" l Stalin drove burg recalled out of scientific life into exile and even death the leaders of Soviet genetics Now Ehren- burg noted dryly genes are in fashion again In general the '''-- -- - ' no ' ' : ' t It - - e i tit km - '' ' N ' :' - - 1 It i - I" '''''-- :41 '- ' a ' 1 ' e - pc 4 la11 '-' (1( 0 4 1 tradition of rule by terror and bloodshed Ehrenburg the writer in an Interview shortly before his death in September 1967 sug- gested that the answer might be found In Stalin's genes — that is to say in his heredity Possibly be inherited a tenden cy to paranoia and conspiratcs M I GOP Solon Asks thereabouts" Poskrebyshev's casual ref- erence to "using polson" of ' 1' "j - 4' In World Germany 1 ' I i r a 4 " '' -i- All tors" lieu- was in 1937 or 1938 have been shot" thought it - Must halt it Georg! Lozgachev an adopted son in the Ulyanov (Lenin) family revealed that the purges did not leave Lenin's relatives untouched He himself was exiled to Central Asia tion Mrs I would by ' - '' ! - Serebryalcova ' asked about a friend Poskrebyshev who had vanished Was it possible she asked that he had been poisoned? Poskrebyshev screwed up his face "What year did it happen?" She The tragedy was deepened by the confidence of many victims that Stalin had no part in It that if Stalin only knew what was happening he defeat War '' - — himselfassassinated party never fqr being In jail is to "sit") Berle laughed No he said Ile isn't sitting any more Ile's lying flat on the floor When Poskrebyshev told the too roared with story he laughter Why Stalin's heirs to permitted Poskrebyshev live was not clear It was possibly because of the aid he rendered in untangling Stalin's plots 1 1942 Believed In Stalin Stalin's terror it is now clear began Dec 1 1934 when the Leningrad party leader Sergel M Kirov was now Communist (The Russian phrase "iat" It was learned later that Shatov was arrested in 1937 and died In a labor camp in Lenin Kin Exiled ions prominent II death" to N ' -- doubt that had come causing Russia's - turned oi Stalin lie showed no remorse for the thousands of deaths In which he had a hind He told with relish a story about Lavrenti P Berle the chief of the secret pollee Ohm Posicrebyshev asked Btria whether a certain ' minutes of Lenin's last lucid days recently examined in Moscow lend some support to Trotsky's view Stalin was harsh and vulgar toward Nadezhda Krupskaya Lenin's wile Lenin was violently aroused at a moment when as Stalin knew disturbance to his blood pressure could have fatal results Later on Stalin Is said to have told Krupskaya: "If you don't behave yourelf we will get another widow for Lenin" The most savage manifestat- Showed No Remorse IP surviving Bolshmik Boskrebyshev's revelations raised the possibility that the kill him" Led and r: ' The fact that he had not been arrested in the purges seemed to him significant enough for mention Ile had been called in for questioning he recalled but he was not held In describing the fate of Bill Shatov a leader of the Industrial Workers of the World who became a Bolshevik leader in eastern Siberia Gubelman said that he had not heard of Shatov after 1934 but quickly added "I think he died his own dose Stalin ical and Was Not Arrested one-tim- e Moise I Cube bean Old death her!Galina Serebryakova self a victim of Stalin's persectition and now a handsome 1 — 11 alidents of the period believe Nit the secretary acting at Stidin's orders was personaliy manipulating the strings of thal plot old Bo- lsheviks still live most of them feeble pensioners in rest I homes or hospitals Moisei Izraeievich Cube' 1 r man is one old Bolshevik who survived Ills brother the late Yeme lyan M Yarostavsky for several years headed the party's Control Commission Talking of his youth Gubelman said he had been arrested six times — by the Czarist pollee by the White Russian regimes of eastern Siberia and other enemies of the Communists - principle" noted that the - 4 4-- '' '- dence left little Stalin's purges leadership was in deep retirement writing his post-Stali- n -- ' r---- ()manned From Page One :- 1 N4Ar Sialin's Purges Warp Soviet Life cussion 'N I ' t — lei I 111) 0a- ( 1 1i TIO SOW' u0 i 11 I - lee Ni rt " ) ' I nreo AE 11 I i p s' II - - ? ger y) 8 ( )47 — ' t ' '' I 4 rtXi f ' - e I 0 'aly4 4' 111ill 141 tee ersTrtit ' N IT:MD 61 rtI e to tpi I 011 e eee 0 ONE- ili 2-- 41 - - I' G le4117 ee 11M-- ' tAtli 11111NrIliJ WON orr reeel 'ri 1 - ' t IC ("isLi ! 111 11115D e 1! e ' k ' - l e''' - e - a I - L |