Show - - - ic Zhe Sunday Morning W ---" Cake Uri hune 5n11 December271942— - ) Don vt qc:) r (-4:mil- '' 1 0 1 ' ‘(L-Ftuu&J NE-- 4 1 j ULA I - - IF - 4- t r -- '6' 1 - ' 40- - ::' ' 't 1 - I ' t- "Al 15 - i ' ' -- ' -" 03- 0- v ) "''''‘ -- -''' - --- 4 - - - ' 1 ' - 44 P ' ' t' : '- k ' I 11 ' - ! ' 14 tI I 1 i i ' t! 1- - t- I 1 to 1 4 - I - is ' - - " :' -- -- - -- j' 1 ' - - - ': ' i - ' - :' - - ' 7 l' r' - ''' i ' ' - I I I - - '"' - 4 t - - i I ‘i ''' 's - ! - jir I - g''t - 0 s t 1 - 1 ' f' ' - - I1 - - ''-- ' :''- - i 1 1 - f 4 1 - i 1 ' ' 4 ' ' 11 ' - t t' - - ' k : ' 1 4 I - 't - - ': 1' 1 t' - - ' lk - -- - ' t'' t ' 'it' - - ' ''- ' ' - 1'”' 1 e-- ' 4 ( ttir - Igs 1° ' 4 : 1 bI 1 44:4- S ':- - lelit ' 4 ''' -- ! r '""'t ' '0- ' - witist )-- - t4 -- 1 v ri tir ' ti - S761t - 1 ' - ' ' 1 I ' - - ' - ' r 1 ' Pi ' ' - 4 i Ik t I” ' i i - ' I 1 '''' '' ' 4 '- - ' IP ' 1' A -- I ' ' -- s 4 "'''' '4"i 6mm - ---? ' 7 ' ' r t '' : ' ' - L'' "1 s - v- I 4 - - - 4 '1 ' p ' ''- - t 14 :4 ( k J - - 'r ' r- 4 -- - 1 t 44 I411:e - - vr avo : - ' 44:11 '‘'' -- - : - - - ' A ' ' 144 A1 ' 4i 'ir ::'-t--- - r1 - -- - e ' - 1A t' -- 4 doemon r 441 :' - - '''' at ' ' ' ' egg ''''' '' r - rr y 4 ''10 7' ' r4 r''k-- t - e ' - ' --1" ' z 4 -1 ' '' " k 46‘ 1k3 -' ft' At tti- t -A - - a t it :" '- ' i- a6 ' - ' ' ' if : :i ' ' 14 ' -- :t t '11' : I' ' ' ' ' ' " ' I: ' ' -- - ' - i ' :- t lb ' ”' f $ ' '' ---- 1 I' c u ' ikt: 1 1 ' el 3 -0 ''- '- - - to-- 144 1 ' g6e it "Skunk Oil" It infected the coun I blackened tarnished white houses painted tr) sIde In fact one merchant eVell filed charges for damages to a consignment of bacon and flour which had lain for two days nearby this "smelly stuff" And what's more he won the suit! 'Yet little did this mercantile proprietor dream back in 1885 that a half century later would find this very same "skunk oil" the background of one of America's foremost industries giving employment to thousands providing a payroll of millions and yielding a retwork of industrial developments reaching into the billions The story of sulphur which metal sometimes is referred to as brimstone reads almost fictional A few years ago this product was generally regarded as a nuisance and rightly so too Didn't it continually keep intruding just when a bonanza oil gusher seemed assured? But it is another story today! True- that malodorous smell is still present but who would scoff over a little unsavory whiff for a mere $45- 000000 direct annual revenue? With approximately two million tons of this "rotten egg" stuff extracted yearly there is easily 100 million tons yet available And when these known sources are completely played out indication'" already point to other assured untapped sulphur mines It is the Island City of Galveston which holds title as the "World's Largest Sulphur Port" Here may be seen trainload after trainload of this gleaming yellow mineral lying about waiting to be shipped into the holds of huge ocean liners or to be sent directly to eastern or western industrial or manufacturing markets The State of Texas provides 90 per cent of the world's elemental sulphur While the World War upset much of the export business America's consumption is in itself a netwtyrk of vast and extensive operations -- in the Navy—on the homefront—sulphur is doing its bit to win the war Just recently came the astounding discovery of the therapeutic value of sulfanilamide revolutionizing the entire medical outlook with respect to chemotherapy Hore too one does not need to probe f r to detect therein the sulphuric cor Ppound A world withot sulphur? Virtually impossible! With ut this mineral we would have no g soline tires oil—in no automobiles or fact there would airplanes The iron and steel industry which make possible bridges and skyscrapers railroads and ships of steel lean heavily upon sulphur The newspaper we read the stationery we write upon the wrapping C B A WIPI1 744-ko - '4 ' 6 '' - ' '' i '' '4 4 klk 401 414 ' ' - ' 0 - " : ' A- -4 4 - VIN Ike " Pa uneoftiondattd f final ion t- - 1 ) i 1 1 I 042: :J I L1:1 14 Barrett Caprock I mneleillill linanium illiliallim OMIIIMMIO dons 01111EMI Onettionni 1 1 1 : :: I I SULPHUR today plays a role in at 'LI least 32000 different items In fact It is the life the blood the very heart of the world's present pulsating drama otdelense and priorities In the Army paper around our bundles—all these require the use of sulphur in their The paper and pulp manufacture uses approximately 16 alone industry per cent of the total sulphur output Paint and varnish for our houses dyes for our clothing artificial leather rayon fabrics movie films efrigerants for our electric iceboxes soap safetyglass—all these and sctires of other items enjoy sulphur compounds Even firecrackers would be unknown without it To the laboratories of medical science sulphur has brought its magic too In grandma's day sulphur and molasses was a favorite tonic in the springtime Today modern medicine has found sulphur increasingly important in combating scores of diseases Even the savory cherries on ice cream sundaes have quite probably Sulbeen under sulphur treatment is in dioxide used canning and phur preserving to prevent the growth of minute organisms which might spoil the product and render it dangerous for human consumption It also leads an attack on the insect pests which Infest mushrooms and other Sulphurous acid is used to restore the flavor of wines es so - sulphur Searing ca prod --1 NOM Tr 1- nomonnom loomonimismo 111111111 1111MMD 8 giOnit MEM minm am elognme se IENNENI MENIIIMMINI 0ow IMII OMEN ammoung EmEnowno Barren AAPPidr" 11J irrormoss ammo ono IMIENEMEIMINI 0 I numm 0 NIMMONS allmo 3771411ESim5L--- Se IEDm7Em - WELL operating under the Frasch process SULPHUR r' t ' 01 1 It - r 1 1 1: 1 5"71‘ 11 ci i r1 : -t4- I :--i - 4 - :: 1 --' - ' ' ' '"" ' I::' ''' '!7: 11'''' ' ' ' ' V '' '7'': 4'"- -' -- - Pt1 ' - ''''':1:7"''orit-7- I - 1 '''''''-- ' ?"1 a gushers: but Just as valuable today These sulphur wells were once the headache of oil drillers In Texas fields NO OIL - Irv4- F! SrV11t mrpIvir Tof"" r-- ? W''''''''''''''''''11"9-- '' "tkrljia - 0 : I ' ' : ' :! story of sulphur with its feats of yellow magic dates from prehis- THE toric times when those early ancestors who lived so comfortably in caves and jungles first stumbled upon this wonder-worker Ancient writings recall that it was used at least 20 centuries before the Christian era by pagan priests in weird ceremonials The Greeks called it "Thelon" the Romans "sulfur" Many centuries agomen were eating sulphur in the springtime to purify their blood and burning sulphur to cast out evil spirits from their bodies Its bright almost ethereal blue flame and pungent odor gave it an importance in temple sacrifices and purification rites About the same time but more practically it was used as a bleaching agent for linen and cotton Thus down through the ages sulphur has intrigued and benefited mankind It was used in the early manufacture of artificial jewelry imglint to the bauparting a gold-lik- e bles of courtesans of the Middle Ages Alchemists struggled to convert baser metals into gold with it Its inflammable nature baffled students of early' physics Its curious odor when burned puzzled scientists - who continually debated its properties The first commercial sulphur ever produced came from the mountainous ' :1 4 k : : :!! :7 TA4111 1' 31 ' 1 -- 1 I '':''''''''''' ' 1 - 43 L3 k f : i: F 4 l3 : - 1- 4:: - i 4: 4 4 l ': l''''' - t— '1 : 1 t'''' '''ior r 1 ' 1 :: ' - - L ! k1 i: ' :' 1 : 1 3 4 7 '2 "4A - e- - ' ' : ' ' 1 i 4 ' i '''1 "!ro i i ' ' ' : I sarPl!-3rNw - - CI? - i 1 77 17 'If - " v44 t 4 - - — i S' IA ''I '" '4 --4 its :- ' k --- - 1114 : ' :"'- t - ::'' i I ' - :' 1 '1tt N ' - 4 r14 'f"':' '4444 5- i 4 - 4 1 I oil t t V ' ' t '''''' - t Id '" bulk of this colorful drama of extracting sulphur is enacted but a few miles from Galveston with the operations of the oldest American sulphur producer at Freeport another the Texas Gulf Sulphur Company at Newgulf and Long Point and still another at Duval Tex Another topnotch producer is located at Grand Ecaille La near New Orleans The spectacle becomes even more gripping with the realization of the importance of this element in the machinations of modern warfare While only 4 per cent is used in the actual making of gunpowder it plays an even more poignant role in the maze of ramifications dealing with wartime It also plays a very important role in dealing with peacetime commodities What wouldn't the warring nations give for this golden treasure? However while elemental or pure sulphur (brimstone) is virtually a Texas monopoly sulphuric acid (which answers the same purpose) can be produced from sources other than natural deposits And when artiby ficially produced as a smelting other ores it is known as pyrites (Every Week Magazine—Printed Intl S A) " ' 1 i ' 4A 1 ' 5"" : '''''''' ' 0- 4 - - ' Vilt 1 : ' :' 4r" - f''' 1- I 'V4' ' '!" i "tg i' I - ' ''- t t i''''''' ::'- - ''''! il ': '' '' 1 I 5 i- - l'awitikVs-- 4 ' 4 4- - ( s' - 44i IP i - 'a-4''1'''''- ''": '""''''''' ''' ''w '--- ' t 3 1 44''' s - I'' — -i 7' ' ' VI-4- etft '" 4 4 - - Z‘ ' A0 0n11440011164:4loti:' I " '' - b'44" 'm ':1 1::' lit ' -- lt ' '' t t - - i'"e A ' S 1 for melting the sulphur The element Is then pumped to the surface and allowed to harden In huge vats before being broken up for shipment Superheated water brought to a temperature of 330 'degrees Fahrenheit is forced down penetrating the sulphur The deposits through 'perforations sulphur melts and runs to the bottom of the well where it is forced by the pressure of the water in the rock formation From this point it is continuously lifted to the surface by air where it is discharged into steamheated vats at relay stations The liquid sulphur is then carried by centrifugal pumps through meters which register the exact amount of sulphur produced It then flows through steamheated lines to the storage bins The production of sulphur by the Frasch process requires larger capital expenditures for plant and equipment than are necessary in foreign countries where sulphur deposits lie nearer to the surface and can be mined as are iron copper and other ores Under the Frasch process operPlants once ations never cease started must keep running to supply the millions of gallons of extremely hot water which are consumed daily Thus tremendous cash investments in plants pipe lines roads barges derricks drilling equipment and supplies are required Once a sulphur plant is built new wells constantly must be drilled new pipe lines laid new equipment purchased for each sulphur well can only remove the sulphur from an area of less than one-ha- lf acre Bleeder wells must also be drilled to facilitate control of the water flow necessary in the mining ' 1 table-delicaci- 0 - - — This method called the Frasch process involved the pumping of large quantities of hot water into the earth sulphur Mountains of thi's vital war metal are waiting to help America win the ' war Sulphur plays an important role in many war products from munitions to healing drugs By ROSELLA H WERLIN KUNK oil" they called 4 t)'' A lettA s Queen" Wildr ' ' ' 1 s' 1 0 — — 1 industry early history America owes thanks for her sulphur production In 1891 he invented the process used today for the extraction of sulphur from our coastal deposits Yet it was not until 1903 that his method became an assured commercial success and not until 1913 did s "Sulphur Texas blossom forth 4 : 1 ' 4 ' v- - ' 4 r - - 0y- ' A ' ei p (ft ' : I"i - ' of her NO SHORTAGE of - -- a great scientist Dr Herman ToFrasch who was prominent in the - - 4 - ' - - - vt '" 411- ' lo r - k ' t :: - ' ' --- -- A4-- 0 - IL " - 1s---'- ' - - Atm - k 4' '''ts1 ' ' - - ' '1 4 it - : -4 : I r A "Alt 4 -- - i‘-- - - ' - 4 - - ' '' t -- t 4 ir ' - 3 - is "' - t'l I! 2 - - :- - 1 - ' ''' I -- 1'-f domes t k - 1 ' 04 4 ' 1 4k 1 ' 1 -- ' ' 1 ' - ' ' r Bringing this sulphur out of the earth was truly a herculean task requiring all the ingenuity man possessed It entailed a gamble unmatched in other industries for there was and still is no way to tell in advance whether sufficient sulphur was available in these individual salt 17 a ' 4 N4 F'C---- "gumbo" — - r - - 4 - - s t: ' : I I i OPI Furthermore unlike sulphur deposits in other countries America's supply of the magic yellow substance was found in locations almost inaccessible to man deep in geological formations called salt domes and beneath swampy bogland known as It ' ' f oil findings ' - 11-- little island of Sicily off the toe of Italy early jn the 15th century But it was not until 1735 following the development of a process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid from elemental sulphur that the nations of the world began to vie for control of the element Realizing the value of sulphur a French company gained control of the Sicilian Brimstone sulphur deposits in 1839 and raised the price of sulphur from $25 to $75 per ton This monopolistic policy naturally proved to be short-live- d for other countries unable to pay such exorbitant prices for so necessary a prodpct at once undertook in earnest the production of their own natural supplies of sulphur or the procurement of a synthetic process Thus came about the discovery that sulphur can be produced from sources other than the natural deposits such as by roasting iron pyrite also called "fool's gold" In 1869 the first sulphur deposit in the United States was discovered in Calcasieu Parish Louisiana Shortly thereafter prospectors for oil along the Gulf Coast of Texas discovered symptoms of its being here But they regarded it as a nuisance in view' of the fact that it interfered with their ' t 4e 4A b lr 3 4 t--- 1 - At 44 - Abbt Ab SULPHUR flows from discharge pipes into vats That white "snow" on the pipes is practically pure sulphur crystals MELTED 1 - - - ' ! ommeoK : 4 ' - '' 44Z414414114 - - 4 - BUILDING A MOUNTAIN of sulphur Distributors are mounted on ' swivels to give an even distribution' of sulphur over the vat THE - !in - — 11 ' SI 1 Lre1 1 :t 4j t t 1 : ri 1 I f I 0414 V itf or I H r g t de:::1 :: i :i' 4 4 " i 1 - -i I:1 '-- : !r " t:: -' ':: :':-- :' : lk :'? t'''' 1104ii ' -- - ' -- ' ‘ : '"' :::-- 6: '::''1 ' ' 10 - - i A'-i' '4 '! '''' ": ':: '' ''''''''' 1 " " '''' ' '''''Ir'7- '' ' 41'?:-a-'' 4i - - by-prod- 'N BLOWING SULPHUR into a barge increased American demand War ha s reduced exports but 90 per cent of raw sulphur Texas has a 1 Er - 1I i pxrmvpptgEovtotr-rAawelltppgotSfftWef-f- a1 - - 01i01sroP‘1fertWf11“004rE - - – 0 - |