Show ' ’ “S THE SALT LAKE TRIBUNE SUNDAY MORNING 4 JUNE 0 1937 X t “DON’T WORRY Confident That He MOMMA!” Would Pass-he!!Tr- IeaEt Ordered by Horner of Illinois Joseph Rappaport Tried to Encourage His Mother with This Big Hug and Kiss He Was Electrocuted Governor Shortly Afterward WALKED THE “LAST MILE’’ Joseph Rappaport Chicago Rabbi’s Son Above Convicted of Killing a Government Informer Photographed as He Smoked a Cigar Just Before He Submitted to the “Lie DetectoE’Test Which Blasted His Last Hope for a Sixth Reprieve ' Governor Horner ' By Fred Henry of Illinois Above Granted Rappaport Five ReTemporary He Menagh Stipprieves ulated He Would Grant a Sixth If the Prisoner Passed the any comparatively new device which is pressed LIKE the service of scientific crime detection the psychogalvanometer — "lie detector” — has its champions and its critics There are those who claim its findings are worthless and unreliable And there are those like Governor Henry Horner of Illinois who have great faith in the Instrument’s efficiency So great is the division of opinion among the country’s foremost criminologists that the findings of the “lie detector’’ in specific cases have not yet been made legal in any state in THE “LIE DETECTOR’S’’ STORY — The Fine Line Above Is a Record of Rappaport’s “Truth Test’’ Given Breathing During the Cell The Bottom Line Is a Him in His Death-Hous- e Record of His Heart Action His Failure to Pass the Test Is Indicated Where' the Heart Action LlneSwiogs ' Upward as Shown Last-Minu- te age similar to those used by physicians in taking one’s blood pressure That was to register his emotional reaction All in readiness the psychologist switched on the "lie detector" which in appearance Is very much like a small portable radio It is featured however by a strip of chart paper which moves slowly along beneath two inked needles One of the needles vacillates to indicate the regularity or otherwise of the subject's breathing The other one records the emotional stability of the subject’s heart action In the psychogalvanometer — there are various other r types of ‘‘lie de- tec ting"— machines the In“heart action” dication Is th most Imp o r t a n t of the two While the subject can often control and regulate bis tive leniency to her brother for a sixth time Horner pondered the problem deeply and at great length The a possibly innocent man ernor Horner granted a temporary-e-prlevthoughts' a matter of an hour or two bebeing sent to his death is not a pleasfore Rappaport was scheduled to have ant thought for any executive whose final word is law been executed The doomed man’s exe“Well i’ll tell you" he finally said cution date was postponed for another t to the pleading young woman “I am few weeks a great believer In the lie detector If Confident and smiling Rappaport your brother takes the test before continued to' declare his innocence of midnight and It shows he was telling the crime for which he had been con- the truth aS along I might be influvicted Governor Horner granted still a second reprieve Not only that— he enced to grint even a Bixth reprieve” Informed! of the plan Rappaport granted also a third a fourth and a still smiling a confident fifth each of them Issued but a brief smile agreed readily to the “lie time before the prisoner’s scheduled " ' “' faef electrocution will show” he said “that I am “It So It happened that Rappaport was telling the truth” still smiling and confident when he was So they moved the police' psycho- for his execution the made being ready - galvanometerfinto Rappaport’s cell In sixth time Members of bis family “death row” and prepared to give him however were not so confldent'on this the “truth test” It was less than an occasion' For Governor Horner had before he was due to walk the hour left the city for an official business “last rnlle” to the waiting and readied trip to New YorkClty He didn’t reelectric chair A prominent psycholoturn until the eve of Rappaport’s gist skilled In the operation of the scheduled doom' instrument silently adjusted the equip- Miss Rose Rappaport pretty young - ment while grim-face- d police officials sister of the prisoner met the Govlooked on ernor as he alighted from his train in First the device that was to regisChicago Horner consented to receive ter Rappaport’s breathing was made her later at a hotel where he listened fast around his chest And then on to her tearful plea to extend execu- - each arm was fastened a rubber band- - breathing heart action is a reflex over which a human being has no control The theory is that when a person lies deliberately his heart will speed up no matter what he does to remain normal and placid On the surface Rappaport was calm as he submitted to the test in his cell He ceased smiling only long enough to answer the questions that were put to him by the psychologist The first two or three questions were matter-of-faqueries such as: “Did you have your lunch today?” Or “Did you go to bed last night?” Rappaport answered “Yes” And the-twinked needles pursued an even course over the moving chart paper It was approaching midnight — the hour scheduled for Rappaport’s execution— and the lights dimmed in the cell Intermittently The executioner was sending some powerful crackling experimental volts through the lethal chair — Just to make sure that everything was in working order Rappaport didn't even wince He had been all through that sort of thing before Five times before And there had reprieve always been a Five times had the tearful members of his family come to bid him a last — emotional farewell And then the psychologist bending over the moving chait both eyes ct : e - ' the Union Still it is In wide and almost dally use by law enforcement agencies throughout the nation For' a criminal It has been found will often make a complete confession when confronted by the psychological hazard which is the “He detector” Perhaps the onfy man ever to have” actually gone to the chair as a direct result of a “lie detector’s” verdict la Joseph Rappaport Chicago narcotic peddler and son of a rabbL But he had' already been convicted and sentenced to death In the Illinois electrlo chair by a Judge and Jury for the slaying of Max Dent a government informer — suave' confident and Rappaport elf possessed vigorously proclaimed hla innocence both befqra and after hi a trial Members of his family just -- - ' - r Copyright 1937 A “Lie Detector” Indicated to New York City- Police That Major Green Colored Slayer of Pretty Mrs Mary H Case Above Was Lielng When He Denied the Crime Green Was Convicted' last-minu- te as vigorously pro- -' tested Joe’s inno-- ‘ cence ' And Gov Was the Above “Lie Detector” Perfected by Father Walter G Summers of Fordham University "That Was Used on Colored Major Green in the Case Murder Father Summers Is Shown Experimenting ' with the Veracity of a Fair Subject' ‘ “Truth Test” ' It glued on the inked needles asked: ’ "Did kill Max Dentt”— ' "No ’’you Rappaport replied as calmly as he had answered the Innocuous questions that had preceded The psychologist noticed that the needle which indicated Rappaport’s breathing didn’t vary an lota from Its normal course But when the prisoner had answered "No” the "heart action” Indicator very deSnitely moved upward and out ot line! It meant that Rappaport’s heart action had Increased for Just the fraction of a second It meant ttatHe hmd failed to pass the "truth test!" - One police official hurried to hit office telephone "Rappaport didn’t pass the He detector’ test” he told the cautiously-waitin- g Governor Even strapped In the efectrlc chair Dr William Moulton Marston Prominent Psychologist Shown Demonstrating the Efficacy of His Systotlo Blood Pressure Deception Machine This Was the “Lie Detector” That He Once Offered to Use on the Lindbergh Baby Kldnape) Bnmo Richard Haoptmami Ills Offer Was Declined -— “r Features 7 King Syndicate Ine hood - over his head with ck Rappaport continued to plead his Innocence with his last breath But the “lie detector” had blasted his last hope At 12:12 A M the jail physician pronounced him dead An Instrument similar to that used on Rappaport was brought Into action by New York police after the apprehension of Major Green colored porter who was convicted of slaylng beantiful Mrs Mary H Case Long Island matron In Green’s case the “lie detector" gave even more pronounced Indications of the porter’s guilt than had been anticipated No matter what Its critics say about it the “lie detector” has been responsible for the solving of innumerable crime mysteries Perhaps one of the most Interesting experiments with — this new "mental detective” waa that made on Allen XL Hummel the Chicago man who tried to beat the “truth test” unsuccessfully Arrested on a charge of having stolen 039000 from an armored truck he claimed that ha was not ' Hammel but a real estate man by ' the name of Burt Armstrong After examining him at great length a number of medical experts claimed ‘ ‘ his was a genuine case of dual personality — two men Inside the same ’body But subjected to the "lie detector” test at the hands of an experienced psychologist Hammel failed to bluff the machine even though he knew exactly how It operated The “heart action” Indicator skipped all over the moving chart when ha was confronted with a picture of hla five children and answered “No they are not mine” This so Impressed Hammel that he admitted hla true Identity and that he had been posing as Burt Armstrong-mere- ly in an effort to bluff detectives Had It not been for the “He detector’' he might well have succeeded As It w“js bs waa oonvlcted and sentenoed to a long term In Joliet Penitentiary -- the-bla- -- - 1 A H fv I t i |