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Show Hilltop 1O HILLTOP TIMES TIMES February 19, 2015 History From 2 the 1949 Armistice in the Arab-Israeli conflict in the Middle East. Gwendolyn Brooks becomes the first African American to win a Pulitzer Prize, which she receives for her poetry collection "Annie Allen." In Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court rules unanimously against school segregation, overturning its 1896 decision in Plessy v. Ferguson. Chuck Berry records "Maybellene." A true showman, Berry will go on to write numerous rock 'n' roll classics. He is also responsible for one of rock's most recognizable stage moves, the duck walk. Lorraine Hansberry's "A Raisin in the Sun" is the first Broadway play by an African-American playwright. The title comes from the poem "Harlem" by Langston Hughes. Berry Gordy Jr., with an $800 loan from his family, establishes Motown Records in Detroit, Michigan. Motown's distinctive music will play an important role in the racial integration of popular music. For the first time since Reconstruction, the federal government uses the military to uphold African Americans' civil rights when soldiers escort nine students to desegregate a school in Little Rock, Arkansas. Althea Gibson becomes the first African-American tennis player to earn a major title, winning both women's singles and doubles championships at Wimbledon. The 1960s Four African-American college students hold a sit-in to integrate a Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, launching a wave of similar protests across the South. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gives his "I Have a Dream" speech to more than 200,000 people in Washington, D.C. Four African-American girls are killed in the bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama. The bombing elevated worldwide sympathy for the civil rights cause. Sidney Poitier becomes the first Afri- can-American actor to win an Oscar for Best Actor, which he won for his role in "Lilies of the Field." Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African-American Supreme Court justice. His distinctive tenure of service will last 24 years. Shirley Chisholm becomes the first African-American woman to be elected to Congress. She will serve for seven terms. Tennis player Arthur Ashe is the first African American to win the U.S. Open. He wins both the amateur and professional open national championships in the same year. The passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 marks a significant step toward equality for African Americans. With the full engagement of the U.S. in the Vietnam War, African-American service members continue the tradition of serving with distinction. The 1970s Fifteen African-American members of Congress form the Congressional Black Caucus to present a unified African-American voice. Hank Aaron breaks Babe Ruth's record for career home runs. Aaron continues to hold many of baseball's most distinguished records today, including runs batted in (2,297), extra base hits (1,477), total bases (6,856), and most years with 30 or more home runs (15). "The Jeffersons," one of the first sitcoms about an African-American family, premieres. It will run for 10 years, becoming one of television's longest-running and mostwatched sitcoms. Alex Haley receives a special Pulitzer Prize for his novel "Roots," showing the impact of slavery on American society. The miniseries is aired the following year, achieving the highest ratings for a television program. Barbara Jordan of Texas becomes the first African-American woman from the South to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. She will serve three terms. Addie Wyatt becomes the first African-American woman elected International Vice President of a major labor union. In 1975, she and Barbara Jordan become the first African-American women named Person of the Year by Time magazine. The 1980s Michael Jackson, whose legendary career began with Motown Records, publishes the "Thriller" album. It becomes one of the best-selling albums of all time. Alice Walker's novel "The Color Purple" wins the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award. The movie receives 11 Academy Award nominations. Spike Lee's film "She's Gotta Have It" wins him the Best New Director Award at the prestigious Cannes Film Festival. Astronaut Guion "Guy" S. Bluford Jr. becomes the first African American to travel in space, as a mission specialist aboard the space shuttle Challenger. He will ultimately complete four shuttle missions. Earvin "Magic" Johnson leads his team to five National Basketball Association championships. He is named the NBA's Most Valuable Player. Gen. Colin Powell becomes the first African American to be named Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He goes on to serve as Secretary of State. Oprah Winfrey, the first African American to head a major nationally syndicated talk show, founds Harpo Productions. She goes on to produce numerous movies and television shows. The 1990s W. Lincoln Hawkins, Ph.D., wins the National Medal of Technology. During his lifetime, he will secure more than 140 patents and help make universal telephone service available through his work as the first African-American scientist at Bell Labs. Rita Dove is appointed as Poet Laureate and Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress. She becomes the youngest person — and first African American — to receive this highest official honor in American letters. In 1923, the Township of Rosewood was destroyed and an estimated 150 African Americans were murdered by whites. In 1994, the Florida legislature passes the Rosewood Bill, which entitles the survivors to Utah FIRST Tech Challenge Championship $150,000 each in compensation for the massacre. Dr. Jocelyn Elders becomes the first African-American Surgeon General. She is known as an outspoken advocate on various health-related issues. Michael Jordan and the Chicago Bulls win their fifth National Basketball Association championship. One of the most effectively marketed athletes of his generation, he is instrumental in popularizing the NBA worldwide. Tiger Woods becomes the first African American — and the youngest golfer — to win the Masters tournament. He goes on to win 14 major championships. The 2000s Venus Williams wins the singles title at Wimbledon, becoming the first African-American woman to do so since Althea Gibson. She and her sister Serena go on to win three Olympic women's doubles gold medals. Condoleezza Rice is the first African-American woman to serve as U.S. National Security Advisor and the first African-American woman to serve as U.S. Secretary of State. Grant Fuhr — National Hockey League goaltender and the first African American to have his name on the Stanley Cup — becomes the first Why just eat when it could be African American to be inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. Michelle Howard is promoted to Rear Admiral. She goes on to become the first African-American woman to achieve three- and fourstar rank and the first to be named Vice Chief of Naval Operations. Barack Hussein Obama II becomes the 44th president of the United States and the first African American to hold the office. He is later elected to a second term. Barbara Hillary is the first African-American woman to reach the North Pole — at age 75. She goes on to successfully reach the South Pole at age 79. A Night Out? 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