Show THE MAGAZINE SECTION SAM? HEBALD-BBPUbUCA- N TjATTFI MAGAZINE SECTION CITY UTAH SUNDAY MAY 27 191V C0MPAR RTF’S Tonnage Doesn’t Tell the Whole Story as U S Ships Have Always Led in Big Guns BY THOMAS G FROTHINGHAM the U S" S Pennsylvania' As will be seen this ship is the developed de- sign of the Michigan with three' guns in each turrent instead of two It is probably safe to say that this ship and her sister ship the Arizona are the most powerful battleships y in the world The nearest approach would be the Japanese battleships of the Fu-S-o The Japanese ships class while closely imitating ours in armament followed our earlier design of the Arkansas in which the twelve guns are carried in six turrets instead of four This arrangement of turrets in the Japanese battleships has made neces sary a longer hull and armor spread over more turrets —a less powerful fort with less available guns ' toll in one week Diagram of The recent building program of our in a single week is shown by the relative size of amount The sunk submarines enormous German of tonnage by first-lin- e dreadnought battleships is the S S Rockingham : torpedoed 2 310000 tons This figure announced by Chairof the week's total and May ! below:' given n sixty-seveis board of the size of the Rockingham The urld'a weekly to man Denman of the shipping ships equal Com- Spend " knots new tonnage is 38461 or of the amount destroyed Dliplae- Armament pleted In Name ment 12 2106 Member of Military Historical Society of Massachusetts and of the United States Naval Institute States navy fell back in THE Unitedfrom second to third the in place period of foreign' naval increase from 1906 to 1911 Through all these years our navy was restricted to the two battleships a year program Fortunately when making comparisons tonnage does not tell the hole story The United States navy has been the leader in the development of 1912 Arkansas 11000 12 2122 ” battleship of today 1912 Wyoming 26000 the “ 10 210 1912 10 27000 Texas 210 called the “dreadnought” From the 1914 New York 27000 10 205 1916 Nevada 27600 10 2006 first single-turrship the Monitor 1915 27500 12 2106 to the monitors then to the 1918 0lahoma All 06 Pennsylvania 21400 12 21400 12 210 United States steamship Roanoke — 1916 Arisons 22000 12 Idaho 210 these were the three great strides in 22000 12 210 Mississippi Naw Mexico 22000 such ships designed by the United Our lack of battle cruisers does not g States navy in the times now seem the fatal defect so often proof the civil war which led to the plan claimed in the first months of the of big guns in turrets aligned over the war Battle cruisers are ' not now con- keel With the present article are shown sidered equal to the task of standing against battleships The developplans of the U S S Roanoke and up ment of the submarine has lessened IT S S Michigan The design of this the raiding value of the battle cruiser last ship has been imitated by all the which was thought destined to be the navies in their dreadnoughts The deerrant of the seas In conseknight sign of her parent ship the Roanoke the tactical use of battle cruisquence will be of interest because some of such ers a navy as the German or by the foreign navies have reverted to the Japanese against a navy without batfilan of the Roanoke as will be seen tle cruisers seems restricted to the use In the recognized first essentials of of these ships as scout cruisers and sea power the strength of the United screen The authorization of ten scout cruisStates navy is given as follows: of the first line it should be uners UNITED STATES NAVY-- BUILT derstood that our predreadnought batAND BUILDING ' are better than those of other tleships 17 Dreadnoughts consistent policy of makOur navies 21 battleships main thing has given the the gun The United States navy has no ing second-lin- e these battle ships many pt battle cruisers be to a clear title factors in a battle As the object of this article is to of fleets modem give the strength of the navies at UNITED STATES VESSELS BUILDING AND AUTHORIZED corresponding stages of their building Main Displace- programs two of the dreadnoughts Name of ment battleships should be omitted from this list the Tennessee 22300 smoo si is Tennessee and California as th'eir per— California rentage completed is small The three ships of the class of the Mississippi recently launched should be included on this basis as these three ships might be hurried to completion in view of the indicated noncompletion of the building programs of the British and German navies On this page is given the plan of ‘ V--- U-bo- at - ' ' one-eigh-th 12-ln- ch 12-ln- all-big-g- un 14-lo- ch 14-ln14-ln- et 14-lnc- h 14-ln- ch two-turr- et 14-ln- ch 14-ln- 14-ln- ch 14-ln- epoch-makin- Pre-dreadnou- ght No Now 6 6 I On land our energies should be Characteristics not con- centrated on providing munitions and Now 4 Now 5 equipment — on the sea to provide maNow 6 7100 terial is still more urgent Great as '1 Now 7 is the need of more trained men for Now a No 9 our navy our need of scouts is outNow 10 Now 11 Characteristics not determined standing and with every resource of Now 12 American ingenuity we should hasten Now 12 of a fleet of scout cruisFrom the foregoing table it will be the building ' ers' seen that a great increase of the The German Navy ' United States navy has been authorized As this is for future years it Germany became the second naval has nothing to do with this article power of the world in the yean that But the program is here given because succeeded the laying down of the some of its features point out the real dreadnought (1906) This was a time weakness of bur navy —our weakness of great activity in the foreign navies in auxiliaries of the battle fleet draws In 1907 Germany had laid down four attention to the real weakness and dreadnoughts in 1908 four in 1909-1- 0 greatest need of our navy We have five in 1911 four In the same yean absolutely no scouts in the modem the United States navy had been resense of the word— and from the great stricted to the sums given by Congress to the navy policy —and had yielded second dace a large number of these ships should to Germany be built as soon as possible German Navy Built and Building In 'destroyers also we are below the 0 needs of our fleet We have sixty-thr- Dreadnoughts 19 battleships built and building The tactics 7 cruisers Battle deof the battle of Jutland end the As in the case of navy velopment of the torpeda and submarine indicate an increased value for absolutely no German information has these craft A great number should been given out since the start of the be built as soon as possible Many war Concerning the German navy also stories of increased are authorized in the future program sensational — and these should be rushed to com- strength have been' circulated The twenty German dreadnoughts pletion in the known program consist of thirThe shortage of men is too much teen ships and the following new conemphasized in current comment on our which is given with prostruction navy It should be realized that we dates of completion: have a highly trained personnel that posed NAVY— NEW CONSTRUCTION— GERMAN even the second-lin- e snips in reserve DREADNOUGHT TYPE are in being with skeleton crewB — and Com- Speed knots Displace- - Armament that we have unusually intelligent pleted In Nans - ment 220 classes to draw upOn for our war ltl4Groe Knr- 26321 10 10 220 Dint 26280 10 220 1014Marksraf strength Scout cruisers two-battle-sh ips-a-ye- ar ee Pre-dreadnou- ght the-Britis- -- 12-ln- ch 12-ln- ch 12-ln- guns more powerful because of the greater initial velocity it might: be a different problem Analytical Review of Ourt - These twenty German dreadnoughts built and building carry forty-eig130 and when the three Ersatz Worths are completed twenty-fou- r guns This is a formidable total "but from the faulty placing of the turrets as explained a large part of these guns could not be used against an enemy fleet in a broadside V Out of the ninety-si- x guns on the eight ships of the Westfalen and Helgoland classes the maximum use of guns would be sixty-foThe armament of - the completed dreadnoughts in the United States sixty-fonavy is sixty-fowith the addition of thirty-si- x guns when the three ships are completed of the class of the Mississippi recently launched This does not include the sixteen guns of th two ships of the Michigan class although they would undoubted191- 4Kon!s 25382 10 220 1915 Kronprlns 230 ly be in tbe battle fleet and superior 25288 8 1916 T" 28500 8 220 to many of the German dreadnoughts 1916 Erma ta Worth28500 because 220 these two are not carried in 1817 Erma ts Fr’d I 28600 III our list as first-lin- e battleships Every The German battle crulsera In the known build-In- one of these be available would ‘guns program were as followi at the date of the as a broadside as all our ships have battle of Jutland: GERMAN NAVY— BATTLE CRUISERS the turrets aligned over the keel ComSpeed From this comparison tbe reader knots Displace- pleted 270 will see at once that the battle fleet ln ment Name 284 der TxnnlS100 ltl0Von 22 632 191- 3Moltke 393 of the United States navy would be 27 0 able to face the German 191- 58ydllts 24385 dreadnoughts "27 0 191- 41erffllnger 28000 28000 270 181GLotsow The British 191- 6Ersatn Hertha28000 27 0 191- 7ErVicLonUe 28000 The British strength in the recogTo the above must be added the nized first essentials of sea power battle cruiser Salamis building for known to be built and building is as Greece which the Germans took over follows: early in the war British Navy — Ships Built and BuildIn the battle of Jutland the Gering man high seas fleet is given as six' 3S teen dreadnoughts rive battle cruisers Dreadnoughts 31 battleships and six Battle cruisers The German dreadnoughts are Of the thirty-eigdreadnoughts known to be well built and able ships is the the and built following building but in many of them the arrangement in the prolist of recent construction of the turrets hampers the guns dates of the with completion gram battleThe German as- originally planned for each ship: valuable are ships although they HT NAVY— NEW sets to the German navy are not as BRITISH TYPE Rpwd good as the corresponding British Cbm- knot ships and "are far inferior to our pleted 850 ment 8 Name In 220 1914 Gncen Elis 275091 8 battleships of the same date 2S0 1914 warsprlte 27500) 6 Of the German dreadnoughts four 115 Barham 220 17600) 8 775001 1915' Valiant guns thirteen carry carry 1916 Maiara 27504) It 8oirerefgn2j750) guns 1915 guns and three 1915 Royal Oak2S7bOi These last are the ships of the Ersatz 1910 257501 Ilamiillea Resolution 25760) Worth class in the list given and 1910 1916 Kerens 35750) from the evidence of Jutland it is 1917 One 27500) ship Renown 25750) doubtful if all are completed Conse- 1917 1917 Repulse 25750) quently the real comparison should be 1917 Restatance 25750) made with the The dreadnought strength of the and guns Unquestionably these German British fleet in the battle of Jutland 1 1916) is authoritaguns did well against the English (May 135-inc- h h and In view of guns in the tively given at twenty-nin- e battle of Jutland Against our naval this it not only seems improbable that ht 11-in- ch 12-in- ch ur 12-in- ch ur ur 14-in- ch 14-in- ch 12-in- ch h 16-lnc- h h c Pre-dreadnoug- ht- pre-dreadnoug- hts ht pre-dreadnou- ght CONSTRUCTION-DREADNOUG- Displace-Armame- nt -- 15-ln- ch -- 16-in- 16-lnc-h -- 11-in- ch Could Face Kaiser’s Dread 15-in- ch 12-lnc- h '35-inc- and Why U S Sea-Potve- r 15-ln- noughts at the date of the battle Great Britain had made any great additions to tho 'dreadnoughts in her known program but it is unlikely that she has pushed to completion the ships in that pro- gram The following is the list of British' battle cruisers at the time of the battle with dates of completion: Com- - 11-in- ch 12-in- ch 31-Ju- ne 15-inc- 240 240 260 350 385 285 250 260 h 12-ln12-ln- 19CS 1911 1911 1912 Invincible 17250 8 1defatigable 18750 Lion 8 t 28850 Royal 36250 8 mn 135-lnc- h 135-lnc- Near Zealand18S00 8 19200 8 Australia 1913 Queen Mary 27000 8 1914 Tiger 28500 1912 1913 The’ The Austro-Hungari- h 12-ln12-ln- SSO 185-Inc- h 185-lnc- 280 h an navy has no The recent known building program is as follows : n Austro-IIungaria- battle cruisers NAVY— BUILT AND AUSTRO-HUNGARIA- BUILDING Cbm- - pleted In- 191- Name 2Virllui - Displace- ment UnitI20CJ0 19J3Tescttlmff 20010 191- 41rins Kugcn 20010 191- 4Ksent iKtran 20010 11 One ship 24500 111 24500 ship ID One fillip 24500 24500 ship 0e UOne Armament 12 12 12 12 10 10 10 10 13-Inb h h 135-lnc- li 185-tnc185-lnc- b 135 Inch Speed knt 210 210 210 210 210 210 310 219 It is improbable that this program has been carried through to any degree It is much more likely that with German assistance Austria-Hungar- y has been devoting her energies to submarines— and has thus become a factor in the war of destruction now being waged in the Mediterranen The Japanese The strength of the Japanese navy building program is as follows: -- JAPANESE Dreadnourpt NAVY— BUILT AND BUIIJDINO 8 13 4 battleship Bsttle crnlDcm The recent building program w far as known is ns follows: DREADNOUGHTS 12-in- ch 15-in- ch Speed knntn Dleplire- - Armament pleted In Name ment 9 1908 1domitable 17250 8 1900 1flexible 17259 9 Com- - pleted Name Id 1912 Kawachi Displace-Armame- II 12-ln- 14-ln- 30800)12 Settsu 208401 12 1915 Fu-S- 1910 1918 1917 Yamashlro 30600112 306001 12 1912 1918 1914 1914 o lae Hinga Speed knots nt ment 255 h 30800)12 203 220 h 14-in14-in- 80004 BATTLE CRUISERS £7600) 8 Kongo 27500) 8 Hiyci Klriehltna 27600) 8 14-in- h 14-in- ch 229 220 120 264 779 280 289 Haruna 27500) 8 (From tbe April number of tbe Current History Magaxlne published monthly by the New York Times) 1915 14-ln- SALT LAKE GREEK TELLS WHY IDEALS OF HIS NATIVE AND ADOPTED LANDS HARMONIZE By P D POGERS Greek Americanism at this time inspires Americans with more profound appreciation of a heroic people who have come from an ancient country rich in the history and traditions of patriotism and heroism What else could we expect from the sons of Hellas Perhaps the descendants of the unconquerable defenders of Thermopylae and certainly a people who yet live up to the ideals of Achilles the brave the dauntless and the prototype of patriotism and heroism that is sublime and will live forever in his- tory and tradition The Greeks who have come to America to become naturalized citizens and to retain their allegiance to Greece while enjoying the liberty of our free republic seem to be possessed of an Americanism as true as that of any descendant of the revolutionary fathers who fought for eight years for American independence liberty and popular government based unalienable upon tho consent of the governed Tbe Greek understands the meaning of being either a part or parcel of the “land of the free and the home of the brave” They will fight for America They will defend the flag and devoted their lives to the Stare and Stripes the red white and blue the emblem of freedom for manhood the liberty of the citizens and the independence of the American union united states and its forty-nin- e Everywhere all over America the Greek spirit is the same It is one of patriotism and loyalty And daring the war of the Balkan allies against Turkey many of the Greek reservists hastened across the broad Atlantic and fought for their native Greece Some of them died in battle and we have here veterans who bear the scare of battle with their ancient enemy and oppressor the unspeakable Turk Daniel Webster champion of the cause of the Greeks in their war of independence said: “I ask you to regard Greece not as she exists in history triumphant over time and tyranny and ignorance but as she is now contending against fearful odds for being anti for the common privilege of human nature” I ask you Greeks here today to regard your fatherland not' as she was three years ago victorious after two successful wars under the leadership of that great soldier Constantine I but as she is today torn by internal strife overrun by friends and enemies alike starving and in great agony —a martyr among nations This is the an niversary of your independence It was hardly won after five hundred years of the bravest most patient struggle Today one man keeps it for you still straggling against fearful odds With him your independence as a people rests without him it is gone sucked down into the vortex of the great European struggle where Belgium Serbia Montenegro and Roumania were lost What King Constantine has had nearest his heart always has been to avoid if possible ward could cut Bulgaria in two close without any understanding as to cothe way to Constantinople so that the operation with Roumania or any guarGreeks could then march on Constanti- antee as to the integrity of Greece He nople and thus probably end the whole refused to do it but still kept his offer open to join the allies on the terms European war The allied powers made no reply he had laid down principally a guarThe conquest of Roumania by the antee of the integrity of Greece Germans and Bulgarians began and It was not until November 19—that ftuse moved rapidly In the of this an answer was finally received that Kang Constantine renewed his offer the entente would not accept Greece as twice as I have said Still there was an ally except on condition that Veni-zelno reply ' Finally on September 30 be returned to power Now I in he received an unofficial reply advis- ask you who is the that irreparable disaster to conserve ing him to declare war on Bulgaria fact : the king who offered a practical that independence you celebrate this day He never has been pro-Germ- os pro-Germ- an an — and without k he has been his patience his tact his foresight there might well have been no Greece today whose independence you could celebrate I do not know who these people are who say that King Constantine is But I know that they do qot even know him— they do not know him even as well as you do who served under him you reservists Even I have the honor to know him better than they I have talked with him many times and I know that his heart is with those who fight for the independence of the small nations — with the allies I know that on six separate occasions he sought to join with the allies in their war for the defense of small nations Why this offer has not been accepted is a question which only the allied diplomatists can answer But I know that true to his triist of keeping the Greece your arms have conquered intact he has made it a condition of every offer to join the allies that the integrity of Greece be guaranteed — every foot of soil under the Greek flag to remain under the Greek flag He has not been willing to sell out any part of Greece Perhaps it is for that reason they say he is As late as last September King Constantine offered to join the' allies again On September 1 he told the British minister in' Athens so On September 13 he telegraphed his brother T R H Princes George Nicholas and Andrew who were then in Paris Petrograd and London respectively to give his royal word that Greece would-join the allies in a war on Bulgaria— if the entente would guarantee the integrity of Greece - On September 18 Minister Prime Caloguyeropoulos made a formal offer to the'' entente government to the same effect ' King Constantine had spoken first three jdays after Romnania’s entry into the war His idea was that' of the splendid soldier he is— that Roumania marching southward and Greece north military plan by which Bulgaria could Koumbaros —and every man of you attention with tears streaming down be crushed Constantinople taken Ger- who has fought under his command their faces I saw the blue and white many cut off from Turkey and the know that that is so He does not flag lowered and rolled up I saw Adwar probably ended long ago? Or snap who is prime minister of miral Ipitis with the portrait of King whoever it was who prevented the ac- care a — Greece he is ready to work with any Constantine which had hung in the conon offer this except ceptance of dition that Venizelos or any other one man the Greek people elect What he wardroom of each vessel underneath man be named prime minister of does care about is that Greece shall his arm descend last into tbe waiting lose no jot of the territory that was boat as the sailors who had known vicGreece tory on them left their vessels It They say that King Constantine is won by five hundred years of strugtothe celebrate was a cad business But that night day you trying to establish an autocratic rule gle ending his doubled and four the sailors of the fleet came to the in Greece It is “not true I am a day years ago by and arms victorious Every American legation to tell the Amerdemocrat myself and I tell you that I jour he has made statement act of ican minister about it and they came know no sincerer democrat than the every his as king of the Hellenes has been to my hotel to tell me another Amer-ira-h in accord with this one principle minister about it— poor devils pro-Gree- pro-Germa- pro-Germ- as constitutional monarch of they had to tell somebody even the Greek people he is sworn to up- though they knew that we could do which hold little for them I may say with authority that if you Americans of Greek extraction would follow the desire of your late commander Constantine L constitutional commander in chief of the Greek army you may best do so by helping your new country in fighting on the side of the allies I shall not recall to you that in Greece’s hour of need in the black years of the war for independence the United States came to the aid of your forefathers as Mr Vlastos has so eloquently told you This is our hour of need Will you men of Hellenic blood help us f No one knows any better than I what splendid fighters you men down there with the medals with their blue ribbons on your breasts are I have seen you at it Well we in America need just such trained fighters as you to help us train ourselves King Constantine was the champion of ' preparedness in Greece It was he Who created years ahead and built up the victorious armies of 1912 and 1913 We have been backward in this here in'this country but you men know the value of it Help ife to catch up with you by joining the land and naval forces of the United States so that you who know what war is—and God knows you do know&-ca- n help to train fellow of this councountrymen your great deal for us and for yourselves as well in joining our army of de- Well now we Americans come to you — and you can do a It is for this reason that I feel that n an try who do not Great crowd gathered' around the George Washington statue on the Place d’lene Paris listening to address being made by an orator who paid great homage and honortothe United States The above pictured incident was "perhaps the most impressive of the episodes marking France’s celebration of America’s entry into the war The 'American ambassador participated in the ceremonies which were also honored by the presence of liigh French officials America’s lining up with the entente allies was the occasion for a tremendous spontaneous outburst of enthusiasm' throughout France and especially in Paris where Americans and their works’ are known and appreciated v' ' v - ‘ - mocracy You will be at home there for the Greek army is an army of democracy too from its commander in chief the king 'down to the lowest man in the ranks I saw the king the 16th of October when he reviewed the1 sailors of the Greek fleet after the fleet had been taken away A great crowd had gathered about tbe exercise field to see the review And when- - the ceremony was over the Koumbaros straight out into the crowd with guard or a policeman or anyone safe among his own people Aqd the crowd gathered around bim and touched his horse his stirrups lii j person And he called to men he kew as he might call to several of you filing them "by name as one soldier to another when both soldiers hadl bet-comrades on the field of battlo It n ' was a wonderful sight- - Not a sovereign in the whole world has dared do such a thing since the days of Napoleon — for not a sovereign in the world has been so beloved by all his people You Greeks here in America who admire and look up to him as the splendid and successful soldier that he has proven himself — why listen to talk of going to Saloniki to join an army that though it has been there for trci years and a’ half has never yet been in a position to do anything of military value? You will serve exactly the same' end fight for the same principles and carry out the real profound sincere ideal of the Greek king and the Greek people if you will join this other democratic army as democratic as your own the arnn of tbe United There is nothing new to a good many of you about an American battleship You have two in the Greek navy —the Lemmos and the Kilkis I was on the Lemnos when the light flotilla which had borne a message of freedom to tbe two million Greeks under Turkish rule was taken from the Greek navy the 10th of last October I saw the men called toStates! gether on the quarter deck I heard1 Zito ho Basil eu s Konstantinos! Zito the order of the day of Admiral Dam-ianVead to them as they stood at He Hellasl os |