Show 't ' ' ''V' 'V- 1 's’- - Second Second News Section News Section SAID IiAKE CUT UTAH SUNDAY MARCH 18 I BRITISH PEERESS IN WAR CHARITIES j SOLDIERS SECRET PRESS INDIA SHARES BURDEN OF WAR FLAYS TEUTONS 1917 Turkish Empire Falling Into Foe’s Hand's With Loss of Bagdad That She Is Taking Her In PaVt ! in Struggle No Longer Questioned Belgium and France Germans Make Vain at Censorship Ef-for- ts CONTINUOUS IS V FAITH we Delhl'indla March 17—India is daily Paris dered by clandestine newspapers and assuming a greater share of the IN ARTILLERY March 17 —The services ren- bur-den- of ' Troops Independent of Basrah Mesopotamia March 17 —An ' - I e sun-drie- ot Bag-dad-Persi- high-flow- Belief Expressed That Mo rale of Teuton Fighters Is Weakening - army In Mesopotamia may be Immobilized in the rainy season by the mud in the spring by floods In the summer and early autumn by heat With the exception of October and November there is no month in which an army may move With any certainty of a clear week's uninterrupted operations For the last ten days the mud has been holding up carts and pack ant- mala Nevertheless the army trans- -' port taxed to its limit before hag i risen to the new demand By llghten-- j fng loads some sort of mobility has been evoked under conditions in which the elements conspire to clog all movement Early regulation save the unwritten one to use one's common sense Js swept aside for the exigencies of the hour But even while the transport department is combatting one difficulty It must he anticipating others of a different kind While everything Is sodden and mudlogged it must look ahead to the season of floods and to the burning months of May June July August end September the hot Things will go better season this year Theduring climate of Mesopotamia Is no worse than that of the Punjab and troops would be as fit on the Tigris as on the Indus If they had the same protection from the heat and a fair proportion of the comforts available in India Last summer on account of the inadequate river transport these compensations were not to be had but now with Increased facilities the position is changed Improved Tentage This year there will be a great improvement in tentage with the substitution of European pattern 18x16 feet for the small single fly expeditionary tents of last year Preparations are In hand for the provision of Ice plants at all the big stations on the lines of communication soda water factories calculated to turn out so much per head per day frozen meat storehouses and barges vegetable gardens of 3000 acres each grass farms to save transport chicken farms dairy farms provision for sterilized milk a more systematized arrangement for the purchase of fresh meat and local produce and various labor and transport saving apparatus More hut shelters with matt will be provided All these roofing should help in maintaining the things health and comfort of the troops although of course no possible transport arrangements can bring in material to eliminate the toll of the sun or to make the men as comfortable here as in canton ments The shade of trees and strong shelter of walls and roofs to keep out heat must always be wanting in a country which produces neither wood nor stone and has no buildd bricks ing material except and that In unsatisfactory quantities and qualities Through all the cycles of its civilizations the country can never have possessed a paved road The British army now holds over 300 miles of this Inhospitable country The army Is dependent mainly on river The number of steamers transport available has been increased but the difficulties are still great The vessel which can be adapted to all the vagaries of the Tigris is hard to find Different types of craft are serviceable at different seasons and in different sections of the river From the end of March to the beginning of July there is flood water and a steamer has to make head against a five-kncurrent In the autumn the channel is only five feet deep and no craft drawing more than four feet six Inches is of use The channel is constantly changing and its sharp twists and turns complicate navigation At first the use of the Tigris as a line of communication was limited to the number of vessels which could be got through the Narrows where for there is no way of vessels fort' miles each other In the low water passing season The congestion here has been removed by the completion of the railway Dialects Numerous The dialects in common use at Basrah are said to be over forty In number The most popular is Arabic but it is not the Arabic of Egypt or Morocco it is a distinct tongue with which the Egyptian or Moroccan experiences the greatest difficulty Then there Is Persian with variations known as Nejd Persian and Basrah-Persia- n Turkish is frequently heard while Armenian and Chaldean are tha languages of the native Christian population Kurdish is used by another section of the Inhabitants while Hindustani is the language of the Indian troops forming part of the British forces It is obvious that In such a situation hundreds of Interpreters are needed A small squad of them Is attached to every office and almost every offficer Some of them were obtained in Egypt some from India others from Aden and the remainder were recruited locally Those from India have in most cases acquired their knowledge ofsArablc and Persian from classical works with the n result that their archaic conversations sounds amusing when applied to everyday affairs The Interpreters drawn from Basrah are undoubtedly the most generally useful although not always entirely trustworthy Most of them are natives of Iraq and familiar with numerous lo- -- war and it is becoming less and periodicals in the Invaded districts of up the less' possible to say that she is not Belgium and France in keeping courage of the population and inciplaying her part in the great struggle dentally in making matters aa unThe energies of th- leading officials pleasant as possible for the German of the central Indian governme’nt are governors have aroused interest and enthusiasm in all the countries of the now practically confined to war ques- allies Their action a French senator tions declares will constitute one of the " Within the past few days orders have most glorious pages in the annals of been Issued forbidding any women and journalism children to sail for England except for From very beginning of the war the mast urgent reasons and the gov- it was the manifest that German thorernment is preparing to publish an oughness had foreseen prepared edict that no further Import of food- for the uses to whichandnewspapers stuffs except a few minor essentials be put In the invaded terrifrom England to India shall be al- might tories Newspaper offices were taken lowed over and German staffs once inThe railway service in India has been stalled and as far as the atuninformed curtailed by 700000 train miles per public was concerned It seemed as If month in order to save the wear and the and ‘French newspapers tear on rolling stock Coal economies were Belgian continuing uninterruptedly their are being practiced not only by the publication Observant persons of railways-bu- t by the state by the vice- course 'could note that the grade of roy and by private companies and in- French had suddenly deteriorated an’d dividuals generally The cutting-of- f of taken on a marked German tang and all extravagance in domestic life is that the sentiments expressed with being emphasized and en- regard to the war and to national constantly forced affairs were not those which An excellent example of patriotism might be expectedprecisely from patriotic Belhas just been set by the Clawnpore gians or Frenchmen The mystification did not last long Woolen mills which have turned over to the government £23000 their esti- Newspapers issued secretly by pamated extra war profits besides in- triots were promptly circulated among population and the exact facts vesting their entire reserve fund of the were revealed £200000 in war loan These printThe government's announcement of ed sheets were passed secretly from hand to compulsory military training for all hand and their number multiplied Europeans in India has met with a They told the people of the facts inthem how to act and stifquick response Along the same lines structed is the new department of munitions fened their morale in face of the under Sir Thomas Holland which is domineering Invaders mobilizing the industrial and natural Germans Publish Fake Newspaper resources of the country for the assistDesperate measures were resorted to ance of the mother country A heavy the German authorities to supIncrease in the present output of muni- by press How vain this papers tions and equipment will be shown effort these has been is recognized in the within a few months that the Germans themselves The development of forestry and fact have recently been publishing a prea to attended is by being agriculture tended clandestine newspaper called committee of experts under Sir Claude Le Fouet (The Whip) Hill The Import of automobiles was The best known of all the forbidden and economies month prohibited last is Le Libre Belgique newspapers enin patrol consumption are being (Free Belgium) Its issues are irreguforced rigidly An additional duty of lar average one every five six annas per gallon is to be Imposed days butIt they announces that its publicathe in to assist controlling shortly tion office is an automobile and there petrol question is reason to believe that it has been Meanwhile gifts for war purposes printed In diferent cities The Gercontinue to flow in from all classes of man military police have raided hunconthe population monetary Large received of buildings in a vain attempt tributions have been during dreds to discover the place where it is the past few weeks from several of printed Dozens of persons have been the chiefs The of native the princes on Jailed of being connected suspicion aerodistrict of Gurdaspur have given with its publication and circulation Indore has of the Maharaja planes Senator Hallet was Belgian sent 900 tons of grass and the Maha- The the number he is now a has raised three new among raja of Bikanlr in a German fortress A prisoner camel the Indian for corps noted companies lawyer M Du bar was another he has been sentenced' to eleven years Mile prison a Belgian BY A TROLLEY In woman Journalist Shepens has been sent to Jail for a term of five years Five priests have also been imprisoned for alleged connection with La Libre One of these who got an Belgique eight-yesentence Is said to be a Victim of Unusual Mishap Jesuit The monastery of Saint Michel in Brussels was Was a Parisian Cartman recently searched from garret to cellar on suspicion of hiding tha editorial office of the paper Reward for Information 'Paris March 17 —The lassoing of a man with a trolley rope created a senThat the Germans have been comsation In the Rue Vauglrard recently pletely balked in their search is shown Louis Guenard a cartman was pro- by the fact that the reward offered ceeding along the street at the leisure- by the German Governor-Genervon ly pace of the average Parisian driver Blssing for Information regarding the when the trolley of a passing street of printing or publishing the car struck the branch of a shade tree place which two years ago was newspaper the shock gave the trolley rope a cast 25000 francs ($5000) and which last A coil year was Increased to 50000 In the direction of Guenard as deftly was still further increased in thefrancs gripped him aronnd the neck first and securely as could a noose hrown days of 1917 to 75000 francs The audacity of La Libre Belby a cowboy jerked him off his seat and dragged him along until the car gique in publishing a Christmas came to a stop deprived of Its current number last December is regarded by the break in contact when the as having motived this action by the weight of Guenard’s body pulled the governor general special numbeen ber of fifty pagesThe was on trolley down Guenard had dragged about thirty yards but suf- heavy Holland paper and printed contained fered only a slightly twisted neck and numerous photographs of King Albruises bert and the other members of the Belgian royal family as well as illusGAS VICTIMS DECORATED trations of the Battle of the Tser the In which the Belgian army Petrograd March 17— Special dis- great-figtinction marks are to be given to Rus- had Cne distinction of defeating Gersian soldiers "who have been the victims man forces five times more numerous of German gas attacks Officers will at a moment when defeat for the wear a special form of gold and silver allied line in the west might have lace to Indicate this while men In the proved disastrous La Libre Belgique Is published In ranks will get a distinctive ied stripe an elevated literary style and with an occasional flash of humor at the expense of the German chiefs is serious and dignified Its editing shows Births Decrease the hand of experienced journalists and the vigorous rejentless irtiplaoa-bl- e Suicides Increase campaign which it wages against German invaders has stirred the as Result of War the ts latter to Intense bitterness of leading newspapers of Berlin Cologne and Frankfort have 17— The official MILAN March the “outrageous Violently of the municipality of impudence”denounced of the Belgian paper in Milan for the year 1915f just pubattacking the military governors in lished show the effect of the war keeping the population of Belgium in on a large city The population of an attitude of hostility toward GerMilan at the end of 1915 fleas' 670000 many and In preventing It from asAs a result of the war marriages ideas which ihe Gersimilating the for the year decreased from 4500 to mans desire to intricate 2800 births decreased from 318 to Exposes Enemy Fsllseles 182 per 1000 and deaths increased The leading paper in the French Ininfrom 9900 to 10800 Suicides vaded section which carries out a creased 50 per cent to 138 La Libre The city’s consumption of food work similar to that isof ‘La Revue Belgique in' Belgium showed the effect of the war- Dede Hebdomadaire Presse la Francaise crease in consumption of meat (Weekly Review of the French Press) amounted to 58 kilos per persors It publishes the news from the allied deConsumption of fresh fruit side and also gives extracts from the creased 66 kilos and alcoholic bevGerman publications annotating them in erages 207 liters The decrease and pointing out their fallacy Its supplies of meat and fruit was made aim Is not merely to give the people conin an 'the increase' up for by the Invaded section accurate news of grain and vegetables of of sumption to stimulate their courage but also to 2 kilos per person circumvent and offset the efforts of Prices ef foodstuffs in ‘Milan innewscreased during the- first eight the Germans in distributing prepared by themselves with months of war by 20 per cent —a papers a view to mislead the French people very moderate Increase as compared off from communication with with other Italian cities’ Bologna cut own press and their own gov- their for example showing an Increase of of the cherished aims of GovOne 54 per cent for the seme period ernor General yon Bissing has been the separating of the Flemish population - Bad Weather the-larg- — ' British Take Steps to Make I man Army Is Growing Steadily Weaker District Quick Response —— 1918 French Count Declares Ger Order for Compulsory Mili-- Exposes Alleged Fallacies of Kaiser’s Policy in Invaded tary Training Receives ’ RAIN BEFORE OFFERED ECONOMY IS GENERAL REWARDS October and November Are Only Months When Movements Are Unhampered TO BE BEATEN an TMJSr Lady Swaythllng Lady Swaythllng is the wife of the second Baron Swaythllng whom she She is an ardent married in 1898 worker in the ranks of Britain’s large army of women who are caring for the She has three empire’s war victims sons the heir to the title being Hon u Stuart Albert Samuel 1898 Her only born in December 1899 in was born daughter Samuel-Montag- ENGLAND TO RESTORE NEGLECMTERWAYS Four Thousand Miles of Canals Will Be Made Fit for Traffic London March i 7 —Inland waterway advocates in the United States will be interested in the promised revival of that means of transportation In this country It was brought about here by the action of the government in announcing its intention to taking control of "such of the nonrailway owned canals as are required for essential traffic” The government already has control of the railway-owne- d canals England has 4000 miles of neglected Inland waterways They fell Into disuse because of cheaper and quicker transportation by rail But now that the railroads are raising freight rates more than 50 per cent there is growing feeling especially among manufacturers in the big industrial centers for development of the waterways system It is pointed out that in Germany It has been possible to transport from Cologne freight more cheaply Frankfort and Manheim to London a than from Birmingham milea distance of little more than 100 The answer here is that this Is due to Germany’s development of her inland waterways The whole Inland waterways question promises to be one of the afterwar problems in this country CROSS CHANNEL ON ICE —InGothenburg Sweden March 17island habitants of the Little Styrso this city had a surprise relying off a visit from eight cently In the form ofwho ' came from horseback riders lee on It was the first the Gothenburg years visit of the kind in twenty-fiv- e the trip Later an automobile also made For the first time in twenty-tw- o a years sleigh it Is possible to drive with from Saltholmen to the Dons Island cal dialects too numerous to even have too a name These native interpreters than weather to the Are less susceptible men from outside and therefore the time spent In illness proportion of their small Is or But the native Mesopotamian has the American many of the failings of to prolonged negro He Is inclined when he has earned spells of laziness Is cona few shillings he disincline! toovertinue his labors at times he is come with a longing for the delights of his own fireside and at such times he simply drops tools and goes home The fact that lie has contracted to give his services for a fixed period he regards as quite unimportant Such an event aa the date picking season is as irresistible an attraction for him as the odor of cooking chicken or catfish for the Mississippi negro The pay of the interpreter varies according to his ability and reliability is always a lucrabut the appointment native can earn tive one A first-claas much as $75 a month which is a d fortune to the native in Mesopotamia The cream of the Interpreters are attached to general headquarters' slightly less valuable men get jobs 'at corps or Individual headquarters while the ranlt and file are distributed along the lines of communication Many of the ' native interpreters brought from Egypt are fairly well 'educated and highly qualified men In some cases they have had a college education on western lines and many of them have traveled widely semi-illne- ss ss fair-size- - 1 - - New York March XT— Count For-tsni- er de la Rochette who as a mom her of the French army corpse was the 'horizontalVERTICAL L1NL SHADING SHOWS LINE: SHAWN accompanying map shows not the proportion of the Turkish empire now occupied by invaders but also the direction from which the three attacks now going on are operating From the southwest the British advancing from Egypt over the Sinai desert are at the borders of Palestine — if Indeed they are not already well on the road to Jerusalem the official reports having been ambiguous The British army in Mesopotamia is already in possession of Bagdad Bagdad in point of continous history is one of the oldest and at one time was the greatest wealthiest and most splendid city in the world But its period of greatness passed six centuries ago and only in the few years before the present war was its commercial revival beginning Bagdad stands on both banks of the Tigris which flowing directlyi through the city 275 yards wide deep and swift is crossed only by pontoon bridges which frequently are carried away in flood timet During the spring floods the entire alluvial plain around the city is under water Opposite Bagdad the Euphrates approaches nearest the miles Tigris being only twenty-fiv- e further west The whole Mesopotamian plain (ancient Babylonia) Is naturally one of the most fertile regions in the world but owing to the dry climate requires irrigation for development In the many wars of conquest among Turks THE al ht Cprre-sponden- - ' - - - - - -- - Vj RU63JANS Tartars and Persians which followed the downfall of the caliphate of Bagdad the old Irrigation system fell Into ruin and ten years ago most of the country was little better than desert varied by swamp and lagoon along the river banksi The German development scheme of which the first step was the construcrailtion of the Gonstantinople-Bagda- d way also Included a new and complete irrigation project ofonthemodern whole lines for the redemption Babylonian plain The war interrupted this in its early stages Bagdad in its great days under and his predecesHaroun sors had a population of more than 2000000 and was the religious and political capital of Islam then the dominant religion in most of the civilized world besides being the center of a commerce extending from Spain Be-to a and the East Indies fore the war its population was estimated at a little over 100000 ft is located not only at Strategically steam of head the navigation on the slab at the intersection of Tigris but caravan routes leading into important Persia across Arabia to Syria and up the Tigris to Armenia and the Black sea Its population consists largely of Arabs who are Shiah Moslems and nota overfriendly to the Turks with of Persians nearly 30000 sprinkling Jews and 6000 or 8000 Chaldean or Christians Al-Rasc- Indd-Chln- Xes-torl- an TURKS’ SACRED PLACES hs en re-maka- ble DAY’S PAYTOWAR FUND IN HANDS!’ INFIDELS’ Hope to Raise Millions for Loss of Bagdad Event of Tremendous Significance Army by Novel Collecto Mohammedans tion Plan LASS® ar MtCD Vy &R1TI5H TERRITORY HELD guest of the governors of the stock exchange last week and received the freedom of the floor an unusual honor to visitors expressed supreme confidence yesterday that the spring and summer months would witness a great victory for the entente forces on the western battle front The count is a lieutenant In the Sevw enteenth infantry regiment He arrived in New York about a week ago on a twenty-on- e days land furlough at the expiration of which he said he would take the first steamer hack to France and rejoin his regiment “Somewhere at the front” Count de la Rochettes regiment was a part of the French army which in last December launched the two great attacks against the Germans at Verdun recapturing three-fourtof the territory which had taken several months for the Germans to win last and summer The count was spring with the army at Verdun for sixty-sevdays but his regiment was recently transferred to another part of the western front "I am sure and the entire French army Is sure that we are going to give Germany a good licking this year" said the count with a smile rNever since the outbreak of the war there been auch confidence in the French army and I might eay among all the French people The success at Verdun had a great stimulating effect all over France but apart from that our array system boa been eo thoroughly perfected In the past year that we know exactly what we can do The French and the English armies on the western front are fighting now in the most We thoroughly scientific manner know to the minutest fraction Just what each gun will do General Xlvelle the new commander in chief la a soldier As you know he planned the great drivee at Verdun long before the retirement of General Joffw He is a practical artilleryman and it was chiefly the scientific preparation of the French artillery that won the victory Every gun had been so perfectly tested that we knew exactly how every shot would tell and the front line of the Germans was literally pounded to pieces "From the letters and military orders taken from prisoners captured at Verdun we ascertained beyond question that a feeling of discouragement Is permeating the German army That has only been apparent In the last few months The discipline of the German army is no longer what it vu We know that from the military orders found on the officers issued from the German army staff Insisting that the discipline of the soldiers In the trenches must be maintained at the highest le point Letters from their friends at home give indications of this discouragement due to the hardships from the war Many of the letters tell of the scarcity of food some of them going eo far as to tell the soldiers that if they come home on furlough they must bring their food with them as there is none to spare Since the food scarcity has become so keen the German army has adopted the plan of picking out special squads of men to launch their attacks These men are well fed and are relieved from service in the trenches They are the only German troops I believe who are thoroughly well fed “There has been no real scarcity of food yet in the FVench army la true we are conserving our supplyIt but when I left France the soldiers at the front were still receiving half a pound of meat a day and a quart of light wine in addition to vegetables and salads It is upon the women of Franc tht the army depends for its supply of vegetables Hundreds ofgreat women are working all day in the fields Just back of the fighting line and children help Back of the Verdun front I saw one day a woman working in the field surrounded by twelve children all doing what they could There has been no lack of bread and it is so good that where the French and English are close together the English soldiers invariably try to buy or trade something for the French bread” Both the French and the English armies the count said have enormous stocks of munitions and the English have been able to keep up a constant bombardment of the German lines through the winter which is forcing them to give way steadily on the western fronL Berlin March 17 — It !s proposed to observe throughout Germany a national day on which all the wages and profits earned shall be Invested in the new war loan while Field Marshal von Rindenburg shall designate the use to be made of the sum thus collected The idea originated with the actors Wilhelm Berthold announced some days ago that it had been suggested that all theatres devote one day to the purpose The idea was that all the box office receipts of that day should go to the fund in question and that every actor actress and stage hand should permit a deduction for that day from his or her salary for the same purpose Since this production has been made manufacturers and merchants have also become interested and it is now the observance of planned to extend “National Day” to all Industrial and mercantile branches and in fact to all classes and callings so that all Germany may give the proceeds of its work on that day Financial authorities estimate that the money thus raised will amount to many millions of marks so-call- ed above-mention- ed of Belgium from the French or Walloon portion and the enticing of the former to a friendly alliance with the Germans The turning of the Univerinto a purely Flemish sity of Ghent institution was one of the efforts put forth in this connection That It has failed completely is attributed largely to the exceedingly energetic campaign waged by the clandestine Flemish newspaper De Vlaamsche Leeuw (The This paper Is doing Flemish Lion) for the Flemish what La Libre Belgique does for the Walloons or Belgians of French tongue It is a surprising tribute to the energy and ability of the editors of this Flemish organ that despite the extraordinary vigilance of the German police it is able to publish recent news not only from France and England but also from Russia and the United States Another of the forbidden Belgian newspapers Is La Patrie (The Mother Country) which announces Itself as "an uncensored newspaper which appears as where and when it can” It is not on the same elevated literary plane- as La Libre Belgique it is of a more popular Journalistic- - type and its language is occasionally more vigorous than polite but it is recognized as - an "organs d’actlon" an action newspaper of extraordinary merit La Verite (Truth) is smaller than L’Echo being of only sixteen pages on a page four inches deep by two inches wide but into those dimensions it compresses news satire and bitter assaults on the invaders Even a comic weekly is among the - clandestine periodicals It is called Motus and is of eight-pag- e size with line illustrations Boston March 17 — "The capture of Bagdad by the English has tremendous religious and moral significance to the Mohammedans of Turkey" says Dr James I Barton foreign secretary of the American board of commissioners for foreign missions in a statement issued today in response to requests for his opinion as an expert in Turk- ish affairs "The Turks have lost their sacred shrines Mecca and Medina to the Arabs and now the seat of the Caliphate for 500 years and the tombs of their great caliphs are In the hands of the ’infidels’ " the statement reads “The Turks have never dreamed that dissolution of the empire could commence at that end They have regarded Bagdad and the holy cities as the last Turkish strongholds to which they of the west could flee from Constantinople and their western possessions passed from their hands "There is evidence that this will mark the beginning of a withdrawal of Turkish forces from the northern line of defense Private advices show that preparations to that end were in contemplation six weeks ago It is impossible to rush supplies and reinforcements to the Bagdad region as the single line of railroad from Constantinople lacks yet some 150 miles from reaching Bagdad and could easily be cut in the vicinity of Merslne and Alexanderetta The Turkish forces opagainst the erating inarethe northeast from one to two hundred Russians miles beyond the rail head at Angora “The American committee for Armenian and Syrian relief is already arranging to send a relief committee to Bagdad from eastern Arabia” JAPANESE TO SEND MESSAGE TO ENTENTE Toklo March 17 —The representative headed by organization Japanese Prince Tokugawa which will send a special commission to the entente countries to express sympathy and friendship has issued a call for public subscription throughout the Japanese empire It says: "Even without counting the dead the injured the sick the orphans the widows and other sufWhile ferers1 number many millions people Japan has joined sothefarallies the of Japan living away have not ’ of the war miseries the experienced but the heart of the Japanese public la saddened at the thought of the difficulties and miseries of the entente forces at the front We request contributions from the entire Japanese public to be distributed by our commission during its visit to Europe” TOBACCO TICKETS IN TRIESTE ' Berlin March 17 — There is' such a scarcity of tobacco in Trieste thatit tickhas been decided to issue tobacco ets None will be allowed to women -- - poe-sib- long-drawn-o- ut RIVAL OF NICOTINE Substitute Dieeovered for Tobacco In- troduced In New Zealand Christchurch Nek Zealand March IT — H E Wild of the Shackleton Ross sea party which has just arrived here from the Antarctic is credited his comrades with the invention of by a successful substitute for tobacco which they used for several months after the very limited supply in tlielr stores waa exhausted Wild’s substitute was a blending of tea coffee sawdust seaweed and a few species of herbs which he named “Hut Roint Mixture” It was smoked by every man in the party after a series of unsatisfactory experiments with smoking onions shredded potatoes and tea leaver |