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Show PAItJI AND In Ibe MAUDES. HiuU Alum I lultlm-(lo- a m VERY one know that plant requ,r' ur thfir cesses a roust der-- J able amount of wa- '' I...-.-. ter; that they iiwiS suf- - 1 l aml ,lic w 1,0,1 It la not present 111 " to 1 - sufficient quantity. 1 sceniH to lie aer- v!e:-- a DAIRY AND POULTRY. CHAPTERS FOR INTERESTING OUR RURAL READERS. How KiNMtful uri-liaid- s j tlicj plant as food, and ft certainly is required for the solution of other food substances, as well as for maiutaiiiiiig ihe proper physical condition of the 11 tit tissues. there arc few persons who have any adequate idea of the vast amount of water which is absorbed by plants from the soil. Even those whose business is to teach wlim Is called Botany" in the schools rarely know what planta do In this respect; and the same ntay lie said of those whose business la to grow plants, to cultivate them, to manage soil and surroundings so as to obtain tlic best results for the labor bestowed. The facts are remarkable, and may well astonish all who become acquainted with them. Believing that such ac- qualntance may be valuable to some who may here gain an introduction, the writer takes pleasure In performit ing the ceremony. In the first place, may be stated that leaves in the ordi-no nary health state absorb little or water from the air. There has been much difference of opinion upon this not point, and even scientists have sprinkle Gardeners agreed upon it. the leafy portions of plants with water, and say that the revival which takea place in wilting leaves proves at once that the water is absorbed. Not unfrequently the statement is ma"e that field plants (siu-- as maize) revive at night by absorbing through the leaves and Btems tlio dew which is deposited upon them. Certainly wilted plants do recover their fresh and healthful appearance when copiously showered with water, though not a drop reaches tlio roots. Certainly a field of corn In a dry timo presents a apconspicuous enough difference ofafter-noon hot a of middle the in pearance a after and the early morning dewey night. But do these things and others like tlient show that leaves water? A little attention will show that they do not. If the florist will take a plant whose leaves have begun to droop on account of the want of water, and will place it under a glass vessel, he may soon see that, without the addition of water at all, the leaves become plump and assume their proper positions, as when copiously sprinkled. What can be the meaning of this? After a little lime water may be observed condensing upon the Inner surfaces of tlie glass, e in drops. Tbe air within the vessel becomes saturated with moisture from some source, while the drooping leaves are regaining their turgidity. The fact is, that even from these wilted leaves, while in the open air, large quantities of water are escaping. If by any means this amount la checked, the continuous supply from and the roots soon fills the restores their healthful condition. When the plant is showered with water, this is exactly what takes place. It Is true, experiments have proved that leaves may and do absorb water abundantly, when they are Immersed In the fluid, and It is also probably true that some water may be absorbed by wilted leaves Iron drops adhering to their surfaces; but so far as concerns the great and useful supply of water to healthy vegetation, we may unhesitatingly conclude that leaves have nothing to do with its absorption. None of it rentes directly from the air. Atmospheric dew does not gdn entrance to the tissues. The soil furnishes the water, and the roots take it up. There Is no other source uor other organs for the work. If the roots send up as much or more than cL? leaves transpire, the latter con' tinue turgid; if not, they wllL T. J. IJurrilL j iuruirn Ojiaruta Till! Hepartiueut of the farm A to Ibo Cun of Mi Him sod Poultry. Yew Mk F there Is any thing In the signs of the afft-cte- llfe-pr- ! Tbe rou'iigtousursii of the disease not be proved nut II tin1 Julees of 1 diseased live be introduced inio A by im- - or a specific Berm la discovered and separated Imo pure cultures and then introduced iuto a healthy at ink, thus producing the disease, as In done with tuberculosis In animals or the Are blight In the pear. That the disease or condition at liist appears on one or two trees only and tint other trees are later, Is n proof of Dh contagion. for all the tree will die sooner or later, generally within 15 years, unlcs very carefully grown, and many of llicni of what contend appears r be he- - yellows. that the digging out of trees weakened from any caui- whatever, must result in f lie Improved condition of anywhere; that the tree remaining will naturally receive more rare and attention and consequently will improve more rapidly than if the same amount of care were extended oxer a larger number ot trees, blit that this is no proof that contagion existed and has lieeu prevented by this treatment. Tin improvement in the orchards of Michigan since the peach yellows law was enact? I has come, 1 believe, mote from the Increased intelligence and skill ol the growers than from the Influence of ihe law. The orchardists in that section grow their trees more earefully and skillfully than formerly, they u so chemicals Instead of stable manure, plant only on soil well adapted to the growth of the j leach, and fully understand that it does mil pay to grow peaches on weakened trees any ,no,.c thnn lt dols other fruJli un. dcr tbe same conditions, and especially so when young uud vigorous trees an be grown up to fruiting size In three or lour yeaia. These causes alone are sufficient to accouut for ull the improvement reported which could have been brought about by the growers Uieinselvea and nearly all of the expense attending tbe execution of the provision of th9 law saved. Some credit may be given the law for this improvement, but a great principle is involved that should not be violated and many believe such laws unconstitutional because no wrong has been proved. li.-a- li or tha Kuil and Yields Tliereur Horticulture, Ylli,ultur and ' yellow. b can- WATTERS OF INTEREST AGRICULTURISTS. Cubic :ime way a says I.ivu Indicator, they certainly warrant the conclusion that the cattle business is undergoing a very general and revival. genuine From tin: standpoint of the breeder the prospects are Letter than they have been for years, nor Is tbe meourage-meentirely in prospect, merely, since the sales that are taking place from week to week show a steady aud continuous stiffening of prhes with a very marked Increase in demand. All the beef breeds are bringing good figures for cattle of both scxe and ull ages. Market eattle of good quality aud finish ate also doing well for their feeders, while the cheap Bluff without breeding or capacity for taking a finish are lotting about as much money for their owners as usual. The market conditions all declare with renew ed emphasis that there is a profit In good cattle and little or none in scrub Tho raugc outlook Is very promising, losses during the winter having beeu kept fairly low, and while linu-- s Stock tt should he abundant, all sttnhlanee vulture hock or stiff feathering should be avoided. Sheep In I ran re. Latest official reports give France are sheep. of which rams. S.GUl.lO wethers, S,G0li,U77 ewes, S.GDU.GOU yearlings wethers and ewes and 4,i)GS,G33 are lambs. It would seem from the above that the French jko pie have not gone daft on baby mutton, but have a very wholesome respect for big, well fed wethers, which furnish a large part of tbe mutton fur tbe fastidious French taste. And SLrange us lt may seem to many good Americans, who think Merino mutton unfit for the table, the Ilambouillet Merino furnishes the choice cuts for the inoMt exclusive tables and daintiest palates in til this laud of accomplished cooks and good livers. llrrrilliiK Moppeil. Jersey rattle must remember that the new rule about bred in pasture" says that don't go, hhs Home and Farm. If you want to register a calf that was horn nine mou'.hs after May 1, J8:7, you nuts; give lue exact day of Hails are no longer allowed to run with tho cows iu the pasture provided you wa it to register the talves. This will he a derided hardship to those who have ow:, pastured ul a distance and to poor men who work away from the cows it will lie so hard to tell jusi when they need the hull. This uew rule will break up one very Imd practice that I have seen two instance of lately that Is, running an old bull and a young one together in the field with the cows. The rule, of course. Is to attribute all the services to the old bull. Citn-lri- Breeds.- nt plek-ups- ." - of Drululug Swamps. The Rural New Yorker has publishing a series of articles on reclaiming swHntp lands, written by liodginan. In one of the articles ha says that most ot these swamps ara simply basins having an Impervlou subsoil which holds the surface water which falls or drains into them. Some were once lakes and ponds which have gradually filled up with decaying vegetable matter. We have," he says, plenty of them now in all stages of the process. Sometimes the surface of a lake has grown over with vegetation, making a soil several feet thick under which the water still remains, furnishing the conditions from which are caused the sink holes" which have caused so much trouble and expense in buililing railroads and highways over them. Others were caused by the leaves damming the water courses, thus flooding the surrounding country. There are hundreds of old beaver darns within a days ride of my residence, and it Is wonderful to whatj au extent they hive modified the to--' pography of the country. 1 think that it is sure to say that, in the townshlnp in wlik-- I reside, there are 1,U0U acres of swamp land made so by the work of beavers. Every natural water course1 had ita series of dams, iu consequence, of which we have a series of swamps or marshes, each one level of Itself, and at a different level from Itxtalgh-oo- r, like the steps of an Immense stairway. It Is a little remarkable that there is, almost without exception, a natural outlet from these basins where the water has, evidently, flowed at some lime, even though the water surface in the basin Is now far below the oullfcL In general, these natural outlets may he utilized for the purpose of drainage. gome of our swamps have several different outlets, any or all of which may be used." Hi for Khrrp 1aitura. Rape can be grown with success as far north as Central New York. It i used principally as a crop to furnish pasturage for sheep. It belongs to the Crucirerae family, and resembles the mustards. The only variety which does well in this locality Is the Dwarf Essex. This Is a biennial variety, and is much more valuable than the anJleuswal of Kmnll Fruit l'luts. nual varieties, Plant the seed on ferlands about July 1, Will it pay to continue strawberry tile, in drills about thirty inches apart, beds more than one year? That deand at the rate of one to one and one- -j pends much on the condition of the bed half pounds per acre. Cultivate as at the close of the fruiting season. If I soon as the rows can be followed. the ground is rich, the rows well filled Rape is recommended as a pasture for out, the crop light, and urnrly free from grass and weeds, it will then ususheep and lambs. When sown at the time mentioned it Is usually ready for ally pay to continue one, two or more pasturing by September 15. It is not years. If, however, plants are exrecommended as a feed for dairy cattle, hausted by a large yield, and grass and as lt is said to taint tbe milk. Sheep weeds have been allowed to grow, it and swine do specially well on 1L They will be more work to place old beds should not, however, be turned Into a in condition than to prepare new ones. rape field until after having been well If to be discontinued, plow at once and FAIR OF BUFF COCHINS. fed. If turned in and allowed to gorge sow some late crop for feed or fertilthemselves with the green food, bloatity. To renew old beds, mow off plants. burn rows as reduce ing is likely to result The pasturing As soon over, dry Ihe number to he marketed will be which Is taking great liberties with the ran continue from about September 15 to six or eight inches in width with ihnrt, the quality is such as to afford rights of the Jersey Cattle club, to Bay to November 15. At the time of year spade or cultivator, llemove all weeds, competition of a pretty active kind for nothing of the chances of giving a whirh rape matures It would be diffievery particle of grass, apply a liberal good native cattle iu July, when the purchaser the wrong pedigree. Such cult to cure It for fodder and lt can ue dressing of fine manure, cullivate and range season opens. The feed condirecklessness in breeding is absolutely recommended only as a as same with plant mast new beds. tions on the ranges will Ik quite favorkeep clean criminal, and yet I have seen two men valuable for fail pasturage of sheep or one of the is benehere great Bight able, and the rather limited number who stand well with their neighbors twine. If corn grows well In your secfits of keeping new beds perfectly clean, that will run on them will have a tenguilty of this act within tho past tion, you cannot Improve upon that lt saves a large amount of Libor when dency to send them to market in very month. You must get up your bulls as a fodder crop. L. A. C. In Rural beds are continued more than one superior condition. The range cattle- and build stalls for them with a small beds Old a berries produce little men have been for tho past two or lot or paddock attached. This is the year. earlier, aud second year is often better three years paying large and Increas- sensible way to breed, anyway, so that than the first, when treated in this ing attention to their breeding. They you know when the row la due, and you Well Bred Sheep. In establishing a small flock of sheep pure bred shoep manner. dont anything as loo good for can feed, dry her off and generally han- ran now lie got so reasonable in price regard of The bearing caneH raspberries and tuem, and it would surprise most read- dle her with some Intelligence. Bethat tho difference in the cost between blackberries should be removed im- ers If did but know how large has sides, every man ought to use a bull they mediately after fruiting. Cut out all been the number of car loads of pure that is so good that neighbors for pure bred registered sheep and grade small weak cai.es, leaving only five or bred bulls that have gone West this miles around will send their cows to or common sheep Is but trilling as compared with the many advantages a six in the hili. The removal of old season, This policy is having a very him, for a fee, of course, from ranging no canes leaves hiding pluce for worm decided effect upon the cattle that will $1 to fa; in some instances a great pure bred flock has over tho others. A pure bred sheep Is always as good or hug, or eggs for same. IL also al- come from the ranges this season, and, deal higher, and to pay the as a enough grade for the drover or butcher, lows the free circulation of air and as each season passes, the impress of cost of keeping the bull. You want and an extra good, well bred sheep will the sun penetrates the center of the pure blood will become stronger, so your bull la hand for this work, so In bush, making canes strong and vigor- that in the future, in all years when everyone will not turn la to him and always command an extra price. In used sires tbe flock every event, acy a ous with good development of fruit they have feed on their ranges; they neglect to pay. should bo some of the pure breeds of buds for the following season. The may be expected to be strong competisheep, of which there are so many to. removal and burning of all dead, weak tors with the market cattle grown on Calling I bn Chlekrna. select from, lt Is the little extra care and surplus growth is the best pre- the farms. calls chuck, chuck, and attention to breeding and feedlugi In the England ventive against disease. In berry or coop, coop, prevail; In Virginia, coo-c- h that makes the profit. Ex. Standard Yarlrtlr of Chlckrna. growing, remember that good work for In Pennsylvania, pee, pee. e, two seasons is necessary. First, the Cochins. The four Cochin classes call is widely employed, beThis latter Farm Improvements. It seems not; with breeders. most Important, to grow, develop and are very popular They difficult to draw the line in this from ing very reported Germany, Spain (as mature strong, healthy canes, vines are second to the Brahma classes In of farm Improvements between matter Bavaria pi), and Bulgaria, pi, Hungary, a but pound and buds for next seasons fruit. Sec- the meat breeds, weighing afford the farmer pleaaurej. those that In Austrian the the Tyrol. province ond, to mature the fruit, which de- lighter than the Light Brahma. Old the term In used those that yield a profit. Th is and combination, thus, breeders of Cochins pends very much on the care and and experienced who is dependent upon his' farmer call the pullele, pul, pul, Pulla, pi, pi; growth of the previous year. Favorable are pronounced in praise of their qualfor support will need to Income occurs some there. In also yearly of parts seasons for fruit are of little avail if ities bs profitable fowls, they being latter class, while be who the are the adopt called poultry with Germany of winter rich, layers the prepat atory work has been neg- hardy, good has sufficient capital to do things with- eggs, and fairly tick, tick; in Prussia, put, put, and out lected. M. A. Thayer. brown, medium-size- d with chickens regard to an immediate financial tuk, tuk (Grimm), good table fowls. The chicks grow young will be able to make more exreturn the latter and an schip, im schip, being under proper Alfalfa. Alfalfa is gradually grow- well and develop rapidly I'earh Yellows. own improvements which may be of tbelr pensive Ration In cry. eastern is most bied the care. The Buff variety Below Is given the Ideas on peach ing in favor in sections farther east of the Cochin class; their soft, mel- Prussia hens are railed with kiuck-sche- more profitable than many financial insemi-ari- d regions, kluck, kluck; also tlppchen, tipp, vestments have proven. Ex. yellows in Farmers' Bulletin No. 17 than the arid and low, buff tone offers an attraction to so is lt where on the relied F. forgovlargely for Smith, Erwin Irof. Grimm record also pi, pi, and tiefi by fanciers that is hard to resisL In coir tlpp. Weinbold Agricultural Education Popular. ernment specialist and perhaps the age. The extension Is proceeding In or tieL reports from Bavaria Buff Cochin, male and female, colleges aud farmers inAgricultural best authority on peach yellows in a safe, conservative way worthy ol are the clear buff, uniform blbcll, bidli; pi, pul, and pul, pul. In stitutes are far more popular than of a deep, rich, been much First has encouragement. prepare the soil, the country: There call is jKiutle; in Holland, In shade throughout except tbe tall, Denmark the were a few years ago. They have in Bohemia, tyoo; In Bulgaria, they speculation respecting the nature of deep and thorough, aud keep down the which should be a deeper buff or kip; kip, their usefulness to such demonstrated Good weeds. are results obtained from this disease. Inasmuch as climate and tirl, tiri. bronze, undercolor same os suran extent that few, If any, intelligent soil do not s?cm able to originate frequent high mowing, leaving tho cutMuck. Muck, by which is generally farmers would be willing to have them but of lighter shade and face plainly communicable malady, and no tings on the ground as a mulch. In shouldcolor, to the skin. In breeding meant vegetable mould, is too poor In abandoned. But while tho merit of extend of tho soil auimal selection or care the bacteria be should parasite fungus, os near as possible to fertility to warrant carrying far or these aids to profitable farming is has been Identified as the cause. At taken not to choose land where the select females shade of buff, as free from much handling. As for mixing lt with more dearly and more generally recpresent peach yellows seems nearest plant will stand with its feet in tha the desired In wing and tall and of stable manures, we would not adviss ognised than ever before, there is a white or dark Hied to that phenomenon In plants water nor where the water comes near as can be. To such such a practice, as the manure without good deal of misapprehension as to the color a even as now Is The rec surface. amount the of seed known as variegation. It cock of deeper shade, the muck is none too efficient. There expense that is Involved la their a mate ognlxed that variegation in many ranges from 13 to 30 pounds per acre, females In wing, and tall is one partial exception to this rule. maintenance Ex. black little some with as as little the first named plants Is a disease manifesting Itself few sowingunless or luster. This When a heap ot manure is fermenting, a buff coppery intending to grow of deep In stunted growth, imperfect assimi- quantity, results in it saves the waste of ammonia to throw If, after giving all the separated millc will good produce and not mating many growers lation, hastened development and fee seed chiefly, can dispose of to your calves, pigs they The small a and heavy leg over the pile cockerels pullets. quantity of vegeble vitality. Moreover, In a number sow as much as 30 pounds. Ex. and poultry, you still have some left, and foot feathering so characteristic of table mould, and this when the heap is of planta, e g. Jasmines and abutllon It back to the cows themselves oq feed constant care be mixed with have the stable turned bust The Bermudas export over 17,000. the breed should this condition is transmissible to brood sows. the to and attention. While the feathering manure. Ex. healthy stocks by budding or grafting 000 pounds of onions annually. ab-ao- well-drain- ed ! A dew-lik- leaf-cel- New-Yorke- r. ls coo-ch- e; j n, cop-pcri- 8h |