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Show Friday, March THE OGDEN POST CENSUS TAKING ABSURD AFFAIR IN 17TB CENTURY 17th Century Cities Were Proud of Their Size; English Statistician Was Attacked for Calling London Largest in World; Realty Association Tells of Taking Census in 1686 Back in August, 1686, Sir William Petty, Fellow of the Royal Society, writing in London, asserted his city to be the largest in the world. He even went farther and declared that London was then bigger than Paris and Rouen, or Paris and Rome put together. These statements were contained in several essays addressed to James II, then king of England, who made the reports public. Then the fun began! There rose up in Rome, one M. Auzout, ready to defend hia city against such calumny. He charged Sir William with boasting and said that the Londoner had swelled his figures by counting in several outlying parishes not contiguous to the fi $ : city. M. Auzout wrote some pretty violent letters to various people in England and even went ao far aa to say that the city of Rey in Persia was then "far bigger than London." now lie Did It Thus, Sir William, who was an : ' t i i. J 5 M ': W ' f t 1, ' 1? v ,.. 7 i , H v f I .' -- v , V ' r .' n i.- w IA1 - i ' ?v :;j : 7. f f w ? V ? t kv? . ' s r 7 , 5 i ' I J f' i. .V " i, 8COTT WATSON Drawing by Ray Walters. 1T1I1N the next few weeka rTTTT an army of 100,000 men and women will bo visit inf every borne In the United States and asking a series of questions which every one of os most an swer, or have answered for us. Those questions are the following: Name and address, sex, color or race, age, single, married, widowed or dl vorced ; relationship to head of family ; home owned or rented, free or mortgaged; literacy, place of birth and that of parents ; citizenship, ability to speak English, whether em ployed and trade or profession, wheth er veteran of any American war. But lest you should feel that the. asking of these questions Is a meddle some Interference In your private at fairs, let It be stated at once thut the man or woman who calls at jour home and asks you these questions Is a census enumerator, engaged In the huge task of taking the 15th decennial census of population In the United States, In accordance with Article 1 of the Constitution of the United States, that you are required by law to give true answers to the questlous and that there Is no real reason whatsoever why you should not answer them. For you have this assurance from Dr. William VL Steunrt, chief of the bureau of the census, in regard to It : "No citizen need hesitate to answer the questions asked by the enumerators. The facts, so fur as the Individual Is concerned, will be safe In the hands of the government and will never be disclosed. No one need have the slightest fear that his personal or business secrets will ever be disclosed to friend or foe. The oath of the enumerator requires that he shall keep secret the answers to queries. If he docs not, he 1s guilty of a crime, and If detected there Is not the slightest doubt as to what will happen. The law will be Invoked and enforced to By ELMO W Y7 the limit" f7 The 1030 census will be the greatest "counting of noses In the history of the world. When It Is completed Uncle Sam will know Just how many more children he has than he had In 1920. As to what the population of the United States will be, Doctor Stcuart says: It will be more than V ' . 1 . 4 i ' 121,000,000 We are cer- and less than 123,000,000. tain as to this, because we know that the population of the continental United States Is now Increasing at the rate of about 1,400,000 persons each year, or, to put It another way, at the approximate rate of one person every These totals are twenty seconds. made up of the annual excess of births over deaths, which amounts to about 1,130,000, and the excess of Immigration over emigration, which gives us an additional 240,000 each year. The 1930 census will show that our people are thirty times as many as were In the country In 1790 and nearly twice as many as in 1800, or only forty years ago. "History records no instance In which population has so rapidly Increased as has been the case In the United States. Neither Is It of record that the Increase In population has anywhere else been accomplished by . so great an Improvement In tbo comof (be people genfort and erally. "In 1790 there were 4.5 persona for each square mile of what was then the United Slates.' The 1930 census, I believe, will show forty people to each square mile, or nearly ten times more than at the time of the first census. In 1790 there were six cities In the United States with more than 8,000 Inhabitants. Then the cities were responsible for only S per cent of the population ; America In those days was truly agricultural. In 1920 the cities with more than 8,000 Inhabitants numbered 924 and their population was 41 per cent of the national total. Add to these the little towus and villages of less than 8,000 people and we find that In 1920 the urbun population was a little more than hklf the total for the Union." In accomplishing the huge task which faces Uncle Sam's army of census enumerators, they will visit not only 80,000,000 homes but also more than 2,000,000 stores, almost 200,000 manufacturing plants, and In addition they wilt compile data concerning 0,000,000 farms, 14,000 mines and quarries, 100,000 irrigation and drainage projects. The reuson for this Is that the 15th decennial census will be not only a count of population but also a comprehensive study of the commerce and Industry of the nation, Including, for the first time, a census of distribution. In the last named It Is hoped that there will be fouud at least some of the reasons for-aestimated annual loss of In the process of placing commodities in the hands of the ultimate consumer. "The 1930 census," says Doctor Steuart, "Is going to be, we hope and believe, the most nearly perfect tabulation of population, business and other basic facts ever taken In history. I say this with the fact in mind that nearly 3,000 years have passed since the first census was made when King David set out to number the people of Israel and Judah. It took him nine months and twenty days to do the Job, and among the things he found out was that there were In Israel and In Judah about 1,300,000 'valiant men that drew the sword.' "The first census of the United States was taken 139 years ago. The United States was first among the countries to make a regular periodical enumeration of Its inhabitants a part of the fundamental law. "The first American census, taken In 1790; was very limited In scope and was directed by the United States marshals. They were allowed thirteen months on the job, and wheu the totala were added up our population was about 4,000,000. That census related solely to population. The name of the head of the family was taken, together with the number of persons In each family, classified as free or slave. The whites, who were free, were classified as "free whites," as male or female, and the free whites males ns over or under sixteen years of age. That was about &ll there was to It The marshals who supervised the 1790 count numbered only 17, the enumerators 630, and you will appre- well-bein- g n 2&vzzzzdrrir.&ti&ir date what the latter figure means when you are told that the enumer- ators who will take the 1930 census will be an army of more than 100,000. "Since the 1790 census the nations of the world have been gradually developing methods and machinery that speed up the counting of heads and the accumulation of a vast amount of data regarding economic, social, educational and other conditions. Here the United States the development has probably been more far reaching than in any other country. Consequently the director of the census Is now by law required to enumerate In the space of one month more than 129,000,090 people and at the same time obtain very extensive Information about 6,090,090 farms, 14,000 mines, 100,000 Irrigation and drainage projects, the facts of employment and unemployment affecting millions of people, and also the trade, profession or particular kind of work dime by every person of working age in the nation. Quite a job for four weeks, Is It not? Yet It can and will be completed In the allotted thirty days." With the exception of a comparatively few, when the vast total is considered, the original records of every family enumerated in the 1790 and subsequent census are on file In tbp census bureau, according to Mr. Steuart. The missing records have been lost or destroyed by accident However, file on John Hancock has been preserved and his family was reported as being made up of "two white males over sixteen years of age, three white females and seven other free persons, not white." It Is presumed the seven free persons listed as "not white" were negro servants. In the taking of the I860 census, each person was for the first time asked to give the value of his or her real and personal property. The records for Illinois show that Abraham Lincoln's family comprised Mr. Lincoln, his wife, his three sons snd a boy, fourteen years old. named Thlllp DinkelL Sir. IJncoln said he was worth 817,009, of which 83,009 was the value of his real estate, the remainder being personal property. In the same census James Buchanan listed his household as consisting of himself, Ids niece, Miss Harriet Lane, and eleven employees and servants, all of the latter being of foreign birth. The system of Individual enumeration, was adopted at the census of 1S50. and at the same time a number of new classifications were added Illiteracy, school attendance, occupation, place of birth, age, etc. In " emi- nent writer on "Political Arithmetic," feeling hia reputation attacked, penned five essays, addressed again to King James, in which he reiterated hia earlier statements and set down his methods of arriving at hia comparative figures on population. On the eve of the new U. S. census taking, it is interesting to read how Sir William Petty computed populations in the seventeenth century, aaya the National Association of Real Estate Boards in the seventieth of ita series of stories for the public. Census Interests Realtors Census taking is interesting to real estate men because a new census reveals facts on increased populations and the growth of cities, both being factors that greatly influence realty values. And while looking forward to the new figures for this country, the real estate association did a little research to ascertain the importance of city growth in some older eras. Sir William waited only six months to answer the implication that he didnt know his business; and in February, 16S7, the five essays were published in book form and translated into several languages. The association quotes from one of the first editions of this book, making no changes except that of transposing the medieval letter f " used in place of s. Death Rate limes Burials The authority on "Political Arithmetic checked his figures in three krays: lie ascertained the number of dwellings in the various cities studied and the number of families and people living in each dwelling. Second, he used the number of burials "in health ful times" and compared the number of people who lived to the number who died, by multiplying the death rate by the burials. But plagues and pestilence entered into his calculations for some years, for instance in 1665, 98,000 people died of the plague in London, according to Sir Williams au Lhority "Grant." Thus different methods were used for the plague , . years. Sir William had set the population of London at 695,718 in the first essay; and in spite of many rough guesses and absurd conclusions in obtaining the population figures in three different ways, he was able, at least on paper, to obtain practically the same figures by each method. Thus he says: Sixty Thousand Houses "Proofs that the number of people in the 134 Parishes of the London Bills of Mortality, without reference to other Cities, is about 696 thousand, . 1 creases in houses in two other European cities, took an average of their to increase, applied this same average his low figure for London, and emerged with one hundred and fifteen thousand houses. As to the number of Heads in each Family, I stick to Grants observaof his fifth Edition, That tions In Tradesmen of London Families, there be eight Heads, one with anothabove er, in Families of higher Rank, acnearer five, in the poorer ten, and had I cording to which proportions, upon another occasion pitch d the medium of Heads in all the Families of England to be six and Bigger Families Then fracHowever, a little matter of a who tion did not bother Sir William, considand man was a really eminent ered a pioneer in the science of comHe generously parative statistics. from his avdiscarded the persons in erage of and says: a family "But quitting the Fraction in this case, I agree with Monsieur Auzout for six (in a family). "To conclude," continues the writer, in "the Houses of London being all 115,845; I multiplied the same by six, which produced 695,076 for the number of the People. . The second way. I found that the each years 1C84 and 1685, being next wonother, and both healthful, did viz., derfully agree in their Burials,Anno. 1634, they were 23,202, and 16S5, 23,222, the Medium (average) thereof is 2,212; Moreover that the and Christings, .1684, were 14,702,wherewere 1685 14,730, Anno. those fore I multiplied the Medium of Burials, 23,212, by 30 supposing that one dies out of 30 at London, which made the number of People 696,360 Souls. He Measured the Ground After taking some dirty digs at Paris by declaring that its population could not be nearly as great as London's because so many more people died there every year than died in London, Sir William got in some good real estate propaganda for London by saying it was a much more healthful place in which to live. . "The air is more wholesome Scarce two of sixteen die out of the worst hospitals at London, but at Paris above two out of fifteen (die) The oat of the best (hospitals). far Paris at Air is of the intemperies one-thir- d. one-thi- rd " greater than at London. The authority on "Political Arith- 7. 19a rids Motion Pictures Valuable in Tick Eradication Work Motion pictures produced by the r S. department of agriculture aid u. ricultural education and help to nv ulate public cooperation in campain, against disease and insect pests. Reports to the department on fa films, "Mollie of Pine Grove Vat" aM "Southern Cattle Yesterday and To. Day used in the tick eradication caa. paign, have emphasized the effectb. ness of this form of appeal, says r W, Warburton, director of extenoi work of the department Federal and state employees havi requested repeatedly, "Give ui the pictures while we are building vik and organizing dipping beats," later have reported, "The motion pie. tures make a big change among fie. tions opposed to cattle dipping anl hare helped in getting all of the cr, tie to the dipping vats." In the intensive campaign last y ear workers used two motion picture out fits to show the films in isolated rnnl communities. The coming of fret government movies was an event both to the people and to the aa putting on the performance. In oat instance, the road over the mounttii was so rough that it took seven houn to get the U. S. D. A. movie trod the nine miles to the village. Ths showmen had to use a mule where the road was too steep and too rough fat a car. When the road was filled with large atones and stumps ao high fat .the rear housing of the car would not clear them, the men ran the or up to the stump, jacked up the mr Till it cleared and then pushed i was not invited to remain, but wu speeded on his way with a shower of stones. The film, MbUie of Pine Gran Vat," arouses the sympathy of the women and the sporting blood of tin men as shown by an incident reported to the department. The audience va composed of skeptical farmers, tired women, and eager children. In ok scene the farmers two children cu not have milk because the ticky cow doesnt give enough. Two women became audibly sorry for the poor At the same show tm darlings. prosperous looking men manifested special interest in the scene in whkk two opponents of dipping start out from a country store to dynamite t dipping vat. Inspectors get word ri the plot and start out to catch them A lively race follows. One spectator showed his excitement when he exclaimed, "The dynamiters will sure get caught. 'Never," argued the other, "theyre too smart for that Whereupon the first man was willing to bet ont it and pulled a ten dot lar bill from his pocket. His friend promptly covered it. What happened when the inspectors caught the villains is not recorded. In 1929 these two motion picture! were shown 457 times to a total of 62,503 persona in .Arkansas, Florida Mississippi and Texas. From 1924 te 1929 the pictures were shown in rurel communities 2,429 times to an attendance of 370,778 people. metic" then naeively proceeds to prove that London must have 696 thousand people and Paris only the 488,000 population which he gives it, because Paris is only three and a half miles long and two and a half miles wide, and London is seven miles long and one and a quarter miles "broad." Of course, .Sir William was never to know how many people could be crowded into five square miles. Defends His Suburbs inReplying to the charge that he becluded outlying Parishes" not longing to the city proper in obtaining his figures for London, Sir Petty reports that all hut three of the Parishes in question have been considered a part of London for the past fifty years, confirmed by the Authority of lie admits that the King and City. the Parishes of Islington, Newington, and Hackney might have "the colour but says that even of if these 'parishes were not counted, "London hath more People than Paris and Rouen put together by 114.284, which number is probably more People than any other City of France contains." Thus Sir tVilliam arrived at a total M. Auzout and Sir William appear of 679,000 for the combined populto agree on most of the figures on ations of Paris, Rome and Rouen, u Paris; that is they agree that the against 695,000 for London. number of houses totaled 23,233 in which lived about 80,000 families, and YLO CORN $1.85 that each family had an average of Th. Bmt Enr Huh six members. Sir William "supposes Cbolc Wheat families live in that Dairy each Farisian house, ao on his first Uos Fact calculation hs gives Paris 487,680 peoALBERT W. BELL the . Non-contiguit- y, -- A thrce-and-a-h- alf ple. Sla4 Rome Dublin ...125,000t ... 69,000 48,000 66,000 Bristol Rouen Sti-Mt- movemei inspecto: Packing briefly o ipection. Packing outstandi and doul plant in Salt Lak support f of the re in the mi the meet and Ogdi plant an methods Farm REALTOR Mi . One of of agricu day is t) labor, on crease pi In the productio cent more ly to bet knows m rianta dads, bat pests efficient! turns in of labor nsingmo fertiliz double th The fa better, a: feed pun sverage, t in 1924 not only bis lives! Plant bet feed bett ATT lllS , OGDEN REAL ESTATE Kiesel P Pck to be on entire U wss spei to bring standard Plans and for were ou the Ogd represen of the 0 presidi chamber of the pi that orgi fSeturen fit-ti- e "1. The number of Houses which were burnt (in the year)' 1666, which by authentic Report was 13,200; next what proportion the People who dyed out of those Houses bore to the whole; fM. which I find (in the year) 1686 to be part, but (in the year) to have been 66 thousand, then finding the Burials (in the year) 1666 to be to those of 1686 as three to. four, I pitch upon 88 thousand to be the number of Housings (in the year) James cipsl over. The reward came that evening wha the audience of men, women and children actually cheered the films. The men received eight invitations b spend the night, although a preview speaker on tick eradication not anjj Ogdaa Eight Largest Cities But he generously raises this figure to 491,430 on the next page by apparently assuming that the mortal- AN UNUSUAL OPPORTUNITY ity figures given by M. Auzout for Paris are high. He "allows Paris the same death rate as he uses in to make a good investment. A I London, ie., one out of thirty. Later, apartment house, choicely located without any explanation he drops the close in on the bench on paved street viz., "I know but three ways of finding Paris figures, for his final tables, to This place is strictly modern; has 483,055. Indeed, a few thousand peothe same. rental splendid income; ALL SPE "1. By the Houses, and Families, ple more or less did not seem to worry his CIAL several for of TAXES FULLY PAID-OARE him, and Heads living in each. figures vary by "2. By the number of Burials in a thousand or so in the different; esaccount of ill health, owner h healthful times, and by the propor- says all published at the same time.-Bu- t forced to sell arid will TAKE USED here is his final draft, the 17th tion of those that live to those that h die. Century tabulation for what Sir Wil- CAR AS PART PAYMENT. We ow3. By tho number of those that liam. Petty called "The Eight Eminent this property listed at $6500, but ner is die of the Plsgue in Pestilential years, Cities of Christendom: willing to make a LARGE SALondon in proportion to those that scape. 695,718 CRIFICE. Will also consider lot Paris 488,055 "The First Way. To know the numhome. This will not last loW cheap Amsterdam 187,350 ber of Houses, I used three methods, see better it now. Venice .134,000 viz., but The if Ir.du1 ing incressec termowri meeting associetii iesa Pn Ogden, Charles which fo Miller, host T wss serv CO-213- Johnstii fOU nth Plain you 9 Phone Auzout agreed with this figure. one-seven- th 1666 1686." Counting Double Families But he increased this total on the number of houses to 115,846 by adding in "doable" families, consulting people who had made a map of London in 1682 who told him his first total was low; and, strangely enough, "last." ly by certificate from the In this special calculation. Sir William shows that he carefully checked himself on using the hundred and fifteen thousand houses because he ascertained the actual annual in- - Buy a Street Car Pass Pulling To-da- y 3ubvt Harth-Office- J. S. Campbell Co. REALTOR INSURANCE Ride on it for one week and see for you self the convenience of this method of tram portation. Those who have tried our weefclY pass method of transportation are sold o the idea. It is so convenient, and there i a material saving also. LOANS 2372 Washington Are. Phones 262 and 2S03 UTAH RAPID TRANSIT CO. |