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Show News Review of Current E cuts tlie World Over Senator Couzens Defeated in Michigan Priniaries-Main- e Recaptured by Republicans Notable Gathering of Savants at Harvard Tercentenary. By EDWARD W. PICKARD Western Newspaper Union. REPUBLICANS were highlyMichi- of the gan primary election for two reasons: First, because three out of five persons who went to the polls asked for Republi- can ballots; second, because Senator James Couzens, a Republican who has openly declared that he is supporting Picsident Roosevelt for lost his fight for C o u the wealthiest members of the senate, was badly defeated by former Gov. Wilbur M. Brucker, and there is more than a suspicion that he knew his fate beforehand. Brucker, who is only forty-twyears old, has been in public life for almost twenty years. The Republicans Frank D. Fitzgerald for the governorship. On the Democratic side Representative Prentiss M. Brown won the senatorial nomination against Louis B. Ward who was supported by Father Coughlin. For governor they chose Frank Murphy, high commissioner to the Philippines and former mayor of Detroit Both Murphy and his defeated opponent as George Welsh, campaigned Roosevelt supporters. In the New Hampshire primaries Gov. H. Styles Bridges won the Republican senatorial nomination, ending the effort of former Senator George H. Moses to stage a comeback. The Democrats put up Representative William N. Rogers. Nominees for governor are MaJ. Francis P. Murphy, Republican, and Amos N. Blandin, Democrat. Massachusetts will have for senator either Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., Republican, or James M. Curley, now governor, Democrat John W. Haigis, Republican, and Charles F. Hurley, Democrat, were nominated for the governorship. The gubernatorial nominees In Wisconsin are: Gov. Philip La Progressive; Alexander Wiley, Republican, and Arthur W. Lueck, Democrat one of o Fol-lett- e. "barometer" state, MAINE, the In the Republican column at least so far as its state ticket Is concerned. The G. O. P. captured the United States senator-shithe governorship and three congressional seats. Senator Wallace H. White, Republican, defeated Gov. Louis J. Brann, who sought to unseat him. Lewis O. Barrows, Republican, won the governorship by a substantial majority over F. Harold Dubord, Democrat The vote cast broke all records for size and Interest in the election was intense. The state had been visited by both President Roosevelt as he returned from his vacation cruise, and Gov. Alf M. Landon, the Republican Presidential nominee, who made speeches there only a few days ago. Colonel Knox, vice presidential candidate on the Republican ticket also had canvassed the state. Brann, who was elected two governor in 1932 and years later, was the first Democrat to hold that office in Maine and was personally popular. White was elected senator in 1930 after ten years in the house of co producing states wound up a two-da- y conference in Washington with a request addressed to the agricul- tural adjustment administration to draft a model production control bill. 'T'O THE annual con-- gre&s of the American Prison association, held in Chicago, was presented a report from the committee on crime prevention in which it was stated that the tactics of a certain class of lawyers in defending persons charged with crime have the effect of encouraging criminals to repeat their offenses. The committee declared that 75 per cent of the prisoners now in penal institutions in this country had been "literally faced about into a career of crime by their experiences with defense attorneys. The coaching of the attorney tended to help the defendant find an alibi for his misdeeds and a sedative for his conscience, according to the report, when public welfare should have guided the lawyer to conduct "which would quicken the sensibilities of the prisoner and awaken him to his own misdeeds. The committee recommended more scientific methods in preventing and combating crime and it estimated that the countrys annual h crime cost is $15,000,000,000 of the national income; half of the war debt." sixty-sixt- h "one-fourt- C' OR the first time in seven years I the United States is to have a squadron in European Atlantic ters. It is known as "Squadron wa- and Rear Admiral Arthur P. Fairfield was named as its commander. Admiral Fairfield hoisted his flag aboard the light cruiser Raleigh at the Norfolk navy yard and sailed for Gibraltar. At first the squadron will consist of the flagship Raleigh, the destroyers Kane and Hatfield and the coast guard cutter Cayuga, but navy officials expected its strength would be Increased soon. The Hatfield, Kane and Cayuga had been on emergency duty in Spanish waters since the outbreak of the Spanish revolt until they were withdrawn to nearby neutral ports following the attempted bombing of the Kane by an unknown plane off Cadiz last August 30. turn ITandIS pleasantandto read from war of the dopolities ings at Cambridge, Mass., where Harvard university is celebrating the tercentenary of its founding. In Sanders theater wa3 held the academic reception for 554 colleges and learned societies in every state of the union and In forty foreign countries, and all of them wearing the caps, gowns and hoods signifying their various degrees of scholarship. President James B. Conant greeted the guests, accepted their credentials and delivered a simple address of welcome. He noted that the assembly was an Impressive demonstration of the solidarity of the academic world, and saw in the greetings of the delegates "the continued aspiration of mankind toward a universal fellowship based on human reason." OF AGRICULTURE Responding on behalf of the deleSECRETARY has approved the gates, Prof. Elie Cartan of the Uninew $10,000,000 seed corn loan pro- versity of Paris paid tribute to Hargram of the AAA. The government vard's contributions to education will advance farmers two types of and declared that "no barrier, poloans on seed corn store! on the litical, religious or social, should be farm. Advances of $1.75 a bushel erected to stop the search for will be made to farmers on 1,000,-00- 0 truth. When tlie delegates were called bushels of selected corn. The government will have the option of up in the order of tlie age of the buying this corn at $3.50 a bushel institutions they represented, first to respond was Prof. Saleh Hashem up to April 1, 1937. The second type of loan permits Attia of university of Caiadvances of 55 cents a bushel on ro, founded in 790. Then came the "good quality and properly stored next oldest, the Regia university, cribbed corn which can be sorted Neglie Stuni Bologna, founded in for seed at a later date. On the the Tenth century, and represented latter type of loan the government by Prof. Carrado Gini. Third was retains the right to purchase the the University of Paris, founded in collateral at $1.50 a bushel until tlie Eleventh century, whose representative was Dr. Cartan. Oxford, April 1 next. It Is understood the ReconstrucCambridge and all the others foltion Finance corporation has agreed lowed, down to the youngest repreto advance up to $10,000,000 under sented, the Academia Sinica of Nanthe loan program. The loans will king, China. World famous educators, scienbe made to farmers through the tists and men of letters, including Commodity Credit corporation. The interest rate on the new loans ten Nobel prize winners, were will be 4 per cent, the same as among those who attended the was In effect under the old corn loan p, program. In FRANCES famous polarand help FEDERAL government their business has the crew been asked by two large sections of the tobacco industry. The Retail Tobacco Dealers of America, Inc., representing about 500,000 retailers of tobacco products, requested the federal trade commission to authorize a trade practice conference with a view for formulating rules for the elimination of unfair methods of competition and trade abuses. Representatives from nlna tobac Charcot, 59 of of 60 aboard the explora- ship Pourquoi Pas were drowned when the vessel foundered in a gale off tlie Iceland coast One petty officer swam ashore and told of tlie tragedy. Charcot led two expeditions to the Antarctic and a region there is named for him, In 1925, when one of Roald Amundsens north polar expeditions was missing, Charcot searched the east coast of Greenland in the Tour-qution" Char-cotlan- d. ol Pas. XI may POPE PIUS as recent be physically reports say. but age and illness have not lessened the vigor of his opinions and his way of expressing them. In greeting and blessing some five hundred Spanwho ish refugees were received at Castel Gandolfi, the father took oc- iW" 1 casjon 0 (JenoUnce strongly the mad" forces of Communism which, he declared, menaced, in Spain and elsewhere, the very foundations of ail order, all culture and all civilization. He urged the constituted authorities of all nations to oppose "these great evils with every remedy and barrier that is possible and prophesied that there will be utter chaos if "those who have a duty in the matter do not hasten to repair the breach if, indeed, it is not already too late. The pope spoke especially of the situation in Spain, but said the crisis there is "a school in which the most serious lesson is being taught to Europe and to the whole world to a world now at last wholly steeped, ensnared and threatened by subversive and propaganda, more especially to a Europe battered and shaken to its very foundation. For forty minutes the pontiff spoke passionately, his voice at times broken with emotion, and his address was transmitted by radio to all tire civilized world. Reichsfuehrer Hitler, too. took another hard whack at the Communists at a ceremonial tribute to tlie World war dead in Nuremberg. Before 120,000 uniformed Nazis and 50,000 others he boasted of Germany's armed strength and shouted: "Our old enemy, bolshevism, is vanquished within Germany, but still active around her borders. But let no one be deceived. We are ready at any hour. We all have one wish to maintain peace but with it goes one firm decision: Never to surrender Germany to that enemy we have come to know so well. If Hitler, as some think, tries to lead the coming Locarno conference into forming an alliance, he will be firmly opposed by France. Foreign Minister Yvon Delbcs says so, and declares France will under no circumstances abandon her military pact with Soviet Russia. According to Pravda, authoritative newspaper of Moscow, Hitler plans to attack and partition Czechoslovakia before he embarks on a war against the Soviet union. Benito Mussolini and his cabinet appropriated large sums .o build up Italys army, navy and air forces to greater strength and planned to carry on vigorously the campaign in raw materials. for It looked as if the dove of peace was preparing to leave Europe, and as relations between Japan and China grew more strained every day, she probably will have to take refuge on the western continent. five-pow- anti-Sovi- et Spanish rebels scored their victory to date when they captured San Sebastian, capital of Guipuzcoa province and famous Bay of Biscay resort. Santa Barabara fort, dominating the city, was first taken and the citys war council then decided to abandon the place, despite the opposition of the anarchists. The more conservative Basque nationals prevented the reds from burning the city, only a paper factory and two residences being destroyed, and th defending forces retreated toward Bilbao, accompanied by thousands of civilians and foreigners. Insurgent troops, commanded by Col. Jose Beorlcgui, marched in and were ceremoniously reviewed, and the bishop of Pamplona officiated at a thanksgiving service. The municipal governor, Antonio Ortega, and his staff boarded a yacht to go to new headquarters at Zumaya, about 15 miles west of San Sebastian. The new line of defense was established at Orio, about halfway to Zumaya. Government spokesmen claimed considerable victories in the Tala-ver- a sector southwest of Madrid and not far from the Portuguese border. to By ELMO SCOTT WATSON OR tire first time in more than a decade there's a third party in the field during a Pres- idential campaign and this year, as in the past, it has the two leaders guessing. That worried look in the eye of the Democratic donkey and that furrowed brow of the Republican elephant are caused by the minds of both pondering over such unsolved questions as these: How much rtrength will this new Union party develop between now and November 3? How many popular votes will William their Lemke, get and how many of them will he be taking away from my candidate? Will he get enough electoral votes to affect the election and, if so, which way will they to me or to my swing it intelligence discovered that a recent small fire on the cruiser Indianapolis while she was being overhauled in the New York navy yard was caused by the driving of phonograph needles and nails into an electric cable; and other suspected sabotage on war vessels is being investigated. The work on the cruiser was being done by civilian employees and Capt. Charles A. Dunn, industrial manager of the yard, said the placing of the nails in the cables was undoubted- ly" a deliberate attempt to damage the cruiser. SECRETARY OF AGRICUL is arranging a series of community meetings of farmers for the purpose of laying out tlie agricultural conservation program" for next year. He said the AAA planned the meetings in the farm areas in order to discuss crop insuiance and possible maximum limits of benefit payments to He explained the each farm. program aimed at providing "greater abundance for the average American home," and should help to check soil erosion, improve fertility, encourage better land use and maintain farm income." vico-preside- nt Ell-mak- Know-Nothin- a conventio1 . in Philadelphia where they formally re- held candidate, opponent? If history repeats itself this year, they have plenty of cause for worry, because third party movements in American political history have always been a headache for the two major parties. Of course, none of them has ever succeeded in electing a President and in only seven campaigns has one of them showed enough strength to be represented in the electoral college vote. But at least twice their entrance into the campaign has meant the difference between victory and defeat for one of the major parties. How Theyre Born Third parties, in the usually accepted sense of the term, are brought into being when insurgents within an old party rebel against its policies or its candidate, walk out on the parent organization, organize a new one and nominate a candidate of their own. The first of these "insurgents" was the Peace party of 1812-1composed of Republicans (forerunners of the present Democrats) and Federalists, mostly in New England, who were opposed to the second war with England. However, this group didnt play any important part in political history any more than did the so - called Peoples party of 1824, composed of Republicans who favored having Presidential electors chosen by the people instead of having the state legislatures do it for them. The next year a Coalition party, 5, the hVnlyof two diffej party movements head of one of them hem m breaking into the J college vote. Dissatisfy' the farmers with the pohcies of President Gr suited in the formati Greenback party by who wanted to isSUe , amount of paper monev regard to specie paynl campaign of 1876 the- y-.. Peter Cooper of New fr , he polled votes and only failed single electoral In. Je : UiUU1 to ttf. vote. pongressional of 1878 the Greenback more than a million w when they nominated Ife man from the agriculture for President in 1880 the licans were deeply But their fears proved b in office, and for less for the Greenback, A. J. Donelson of Tennessee. able to muster only aboatl The Republicans polled more popular votes and not and votes the than 1,000,000 one in the electoral co Native Americans nearly The Topulist En But James Buchanan, the Democratic candidate, got 174 But a decade later the votes in the electoral college as had real cause for worry. against Fremonts 114 and Fill- lism, which champions of the farmer more's eight those of Maryland. By the time the next Presidential campaign came around the party had been merged with the Republican. The campaign of 18G0 was marked by the paradox of two "third parties both of which developed enough strength to break into the electoral college vote. One of them represented a split in a regular party and the other a coalition of odds and ends from various parties. The Democratic party, divided by the slavery question in previous campaigns, was split wide open in this crucial year of 1860. The Northern wing of the party nominated Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois and the Southern, or pro - slavery wing, nominated John C. Breckenridge of Kentucky, who had been Buchanans Breckenridge got 72 electoral votes as compared to Douglas 12. The other third party, which working man, was rim like represented a coalition, was the through the West and i jr ccq state the fire. In Constitutional Union party, 1890 the e made up of Whigs and sional elections of earned who would avoid list or Peoples party the issue of slavery and achieve legislatures of Kansas and. the impossible goal of harmony raska, elected nine menste throughout the country. Their congress and forced nominee was John C. Bell of Republicans and Democrat Tennessee who polled 39 elec- pledge themselves to toral votes. The three candidates Populist ideas about free s received a total of 123 votes and public ownership of m? and Lincoln 180. postal savings banks come tax. Bolters Galore Then Weaver, the i The campaign of 1872 was a bobbed up as Greenback, mixed - up affair with crossing in 1892 f and over of party lines and bolters list leader the Presii for nomination galore. A faction of the Repub- In he pol election the lican party, dissatisfied with the votes in than 1,000,000 of Grants renominaCertainty 22 electoral votes tion, walked out, held another and got Democratic pah! 1896 the convention in Cincinnati and the P4 adopted so many of chose Horace Greeley for PresiWilliam that dent and B. Gratz Brown of principles received their w Missouri for The Bryan President althouft ment for Democrats decided that a fusion nominated their own it ticket was their only hope. vice-preside- nt & vice-preside- a iV j 900,-00- 0. G ! aid Know-Nothin- MILLARD FILLMORE Liberty party. It nominated for the Presidency James G. Birney, a former Kentucky Democrat and slave-owme- r, who sold his slaves, moved North and became an Abolitionist. However, the Liberty party didnt figure very prominently in the roaring Log Cabin-Har- d Cider cam- paign of 1840 between Harrison, the Whig, and Van Buren, the Democrat, and it could muster only 7,369 votes for its candidate. Birney was nominated again in and this time he polled 62,-2votes but in neither campaign did he get a single electoral vote. 1844 Four years later another abo- litionist party was in the field. It resulted directly from a split in the Democratic party over the slavery issue. When Gen. Lewis Cass of Michigan was nominated at the Baltimore convention of that party, the "Barnburner" faction because, they were willing to burn the political barn to get rid of the rats in bolted the convention and made plans to hold one of their (so-call- it) g vice-preside- nt Later in the year a group of dissatisfied Whigs withdrew from that party and joined forces with bolting Democrats to hold a convention in Buffalo, N. Y. It also nominated Van Buren for President. As the Free Soil party it was able to poll only 291,000 votes, but it caused the Democrats to lose New Yorks 36 electoral votes, which was just enough to give Gen. Zachary Taylor, the Whig candidate, the 36 votes he needed to defeat Cass. s, 34 ot r a vice-preside- Therefore, when they held thejr convention in Baltimore, they also nominated Greeley and Jk Brown. But this action was offene sive to the Democrats MARTIN VAN BUREN who in turn walked out and held a convention in Louisville, Ky., In 1852 the Free Soilers nomi- where they nominated Charles thus designated because of the union of the supporters of Henry nated Senator John P. Hale of OConor of New York for PresiClay with those of John Quincy New Hampshire, who had been dent and gave him John Quincy Adams, helped defeat Andrew a Jacksonian Democrat and had Jackson and elect Adams. quit the party over the slavery But an authentic third party issue. By this time the Free Soil vote had dropped to 157,000 and did not appear on the scene until the election of 1832. Six years had no effect on the contest beearlier a certain William Mor- tween Gen. Winfield Scott, the gan of Batavia, N. Y., who had Whig candidate, and Franklin Pierce, the Democrat, who was published a book purporting to elected. reveal the secrets of Masonry, The Know Nothings disappeared and the members of that fraternity were accused of In the meantime, however, having kidnaped him and another third party had come indrowned him in the Niagara to existence which, during its river. They were also accused of brief existence, figured in the the investigation of electoral college returns. That blocking and was the political group known as Morgans disappearance from western New York opposithe Native American party or tion to the Masons spread to It originated in other Eastern states. New York City in the forties as Several young politicians, a result of the large emigration among them Thurlow Weed of from Ireland during the famine New York and Thaddeus Stevens years when the potato crop of Pennsylvania, seized upon this failed. Out of the resentment amto their further prejudice against these foreigners grew WILLIAM WIRT bitions and the result was the a secret society, the Supreme of an of Order the Star Spangled Banorganization ner and a political party, the Adams of Massachusetts for a political party. Native Americans, with a plat- running mate. OConor polled In September, 1830, this party form of opposition to aliens, the only a little more than 29,000 held a national convention in papacy, infidelity and socialism. votes but Greeley didnt do much the of first its Philadelphia, better and, bitterly disappointed The popular name of kind in this country. It was attended by 96 delegates from was attached to the over his poor showing, he died in less a month after the 19 states and out of it grew party because when its members election. than As a result the Demowere questioned about it they another convention in Balcratic electors scattered their timore the next year to be atreplied "I dont vote, invariably giving 42 to Thomas A. as know. In 1847 tended by many delegates they held a nafrom each state as there were tional convention in Philadelphia Hendricks of Indiana, 18 to B. where they nominated Gen. Henry Gratz Brown and two to Charles representatives in both houses J. Jenkins of Georgia. Grant won of congriss (the forerunner of Dearborn for and overwhelmingly with a total elecour present conv ention system). but recommended, did, not for- - toral vote of 286. Know-Nothing- ? old-tim- Know-Nothing- carry meeting was held in Utica, N. Y., and it nominated Martin Van Buren, who had teen denied renomination by the Democrats in 1844 when they turned to the first "dark horse in our political history James K. Polk of & To Gen James B Iowa goes the distinct named their party the American Party. For President they nominated Millard Fillmore, the Whig who became President when Zachary Taylor died own. This THE OUR navys has mally nominate, Gen. Zachary Taylor for President. The Know - Nothings do not seem to have played much part in the election of 1852 but they camAmos figured strongly in the it named time 1856. electhis they By of New York. In the paign of secret chartion of 1832 these candidates won had thrown off the Verof their organization and only the electoral vote of ab- acter revealed the fact that most of mont. Later this party was sorbed by the Whigs and lost its their members were Whigs. The remainder of the Whigs, identity. along with the Free Soilers, and First Liberty Party antimany Northern Democrats, had Attempts to organize the gone over into the new Republislavery vote in the late thirties can party which nominated Gen. of the formation the resulted in John C. Fremont and adopted the revised slogan of Free Soil, In Free Speech and Fremont. the February Baltimore convention Wilnominated for President, liam Wirt of Maryland, who in had teen attorney-genera- l Monroes cabinet, and for The s. Anti-Mason- Know-Nothin- old-lin- for Thou President, Watson. Eventually th0t gradually absorbed by major parties After the Populist two decades were to was .there another but party movement a came it unsealed pan? had long been in story of that third familiar to barest need more mention here. In Theodore President th led a revolt againstHoward William nation of formed the Frogressi' Moose party, corralieo toral votes and broiv f the victory of Woodr over Taft, 435 to 8. Twelve years later this gressive party,ofJ en the leadership M. LaFollette of Wise gj. played a part campaign decisive one. or BIV ? idge could have s i Davis LaFollette he and college votes election have won the As for 1936 with tW tition. of 1913 plnyw third party i defeating an oce?P l0 ! miy j White House election? W ill . jes in , of 1848 and aid two the one of leaders even though register a f,insebaiiotinlJ electoral college jji will it be a repeJjjJj other years p were third partit ft and they didn suit either nte8 they were represe electoral vole t Western NeP - |