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Show SOUTH CACHE rmiRTFTL HYRUM, UTAH Little Journeys in Americana f O $ By LESTER .XXXXX-X-'X"XXX-X-- India- - T B. COLBY i, Superstitions ARE likely to think of the Indian as very brave. The truth Is he was filled with a myriad of fears. He lived a life of never-ceasin-g superstitious terror. We are likely to think of him as a man of few words. Instead, when we look Into his habits, we find him a chatterbox. Tongues of the Indians wagged endlessly about their campfires when they were among their own. The Indian was fearful, ceaselessly fearful, because he lived in a world of a million spirits of every sort, some good, but most of them bad. Many of his pagan beliefs were amazing. When an Ojibway woman buried her dead husband, she would run fashfrom the burial place In zig-za- g ion toward her home, dodging from tree to tree. Her object was to elude the spirit of the deceased. At sundown the whole village would set up a clamor of noise, rattling various things at hand, shaking the doors of the wigwams and creating a general hubbub. The idea was to frighten away the spirits. Lakes were the abode of spirits. They lived in caves and caverns and strange shaped rocks. High mountains were wigwams in which gods lived. Smoke coming out of volcanoes were fires in the giant tepees of these gods. If a spring bubbled, that was the breathing of some spirit Echoes were spirits mocking the one who called. Everything that could not be explained was laid to the act of some god or spirit So an epidemic would lead to incantations and offerings to the spirits. Belief in witchcraft was common and there are many Instances of record showing that both men and women, convicted as witches or sorcerers, were put to death. Among many tribes no one, not even the bravest warrior, dared leave the tepee or camp circle at night They were literally afraid of the dark. It is said that there were tribes in the Hudsons Bay territory that were so terror-stricke- n of the darkness that they kept their fires burning all night and slept only in the daytime. The Mohawks would never leave their dwelling places at night except in groups, because of their fear of the darkness. A crow was like a black cat only much worse. Many an Indian expedition has been abandoned, the tribe turning back, because a crow sat and cawed in front of the line of march. The Otoes believed in a dwarf people, about eighteen Inches high, who killed any who came near them. The Shoshones had a legend of a tribe of Imps, two feet high, naked and with a tail. They called them Ninumbees. The Choctaws knew of a race of diminutive people who rode swiftly in the moonlight on the backs of deer and sang magic songs. These mythical people were known as itallaboys. Blackfeet worshiped demons with They much ceremony and had to torment themselves without showing any sign of puin. Some tribes buried their dead children by the side of a trail in the hope that their spirits might enter the body of some woman passing. If this happened they would be born again. The Dakotahs believed that when one became ill it was due to an animal spirit entering the body. A toothache was the work of a woodpeckers spirit Dreams played an important They part in their superstitions. found cause to either fear or worship Some almost everything in nature. tribes worshiped the sun and the WE "iTE&s. aip&Gazr,i&. friend. He died in Washington on the 24th day of December, 1824, of croup, in the 60th year of his age. It is to the credit of the white man, at least that not all of the monuments which he has erected have been to friendly Indians. Some of them perpetuate the warlike deeds of Indians who were in their day the bitterest enemies ol the encroaching whites. One of these stands in the courthouse yard at Point Pleasant, W. Va., and bears witness to the greatness of Cornstalk, the Shawnee, who led his warriors in the first battle at Point Pleas-- , and greatest ant at the mouth of the great Kanawha in 1774 under Gen when native white frontiersmen Andrew Lewis strove mightily with native red men under Cornstalk. Although defeated at that battle, Cornstalks prowess and generalship won the highest praise from his enemies, who later were the most sincere mourners of his death at the hands of treacherous and cowardly whites while he was detained as a hostage. A memorial in a Pittsburgh park recalls another great Shawnee who fought under Cornstalk at Poiut Pleasant He was Catahecassa, but known along the frontier as Black Hoof, a warrior whose fighting days extended from Braddocks defeat in 1755 through the defeats of Harmar and St Clair, until Mad Anthony Wayne finally broke the power of the Indians and peace was signed in 1795. No part of the United States is richer in Indian memorials than the great Mississippi valley which was for so long the beloved homeland of several powerful Indian tribes. Near Columbus, Dhio, stands a monument to the memory of Leather-lipa Wyandot chief, who was executed by his own people on the site of the monument In 1809. This memorial was erected by the Wyandot club, an organization dating back to pioneer days, because of the fact that, although the Wyandots claim that the old chief was executed for practicing witchcraft, it was the opinion of the settlers that it was done because Leatherlips was too friendly with the whites. Chicago, the metropolis of the Mississippi valley empire, is especially rich in Indian memorials. In addition to the Mestrovic and Dallin statues, it has also a monument which perpetuates not only the story of a terrible Indian massacre but also a noble act on the part of a red man. This Is the Fort Dearborn Massacre monument on the lake front, capped by the stirring group which depicts Black Partridge, the Pottawatomie, saving the life of Mrs. Helm, wife of one of the officers in the fort, from the deadly tomahawk of an infuriated Indian brave. West of Chicago the traveler will see, on a high bluff above the Rock river, a solitary majestic figure outlined sharply against the natural bebuty of field and woodland in the background. Although this statue, the work of the noted Chicago sculptor, Lorado Taft, Is popularly believed to be that of Blackhawk, the great leader of the Sacs and Foxes, its maker has declared that is neither a representation of that leader nor ot any single tribe. It symbolizes the Indian, a spirit unconquered while still a conquered race. It is one of the first large monuments to be made of concrete. Still further west is smother statue by the same sculptor which tells the story of another great Sac and Fox leader This is the bronze figure of Chief Keokuk which stand in the Iowa City which bears his name. Oshkosh is an honored name, the name of a chieftain of the Menominee Indians and several years ago, in a beauAful setting in Menominee park, the citizens of Oshkosh, Wis., erected a statue In honor of his memory. Out in Colorado is another city which bears the name of a great Indian chief. He was Chief Ouray of the Utes, an Indian who repeatedly proved his right to the title of friend of the A few years ago a part of their White Man. debt of gratitude to him was paid by the unveiling of a monument to Ouray and his wife, on a tract of land near Montrose which was a part of the original Chief Ouray ranch. And these are but a few of the many memorials to the vanished race. As westward the star of empire took Its way it took with It the Indian anil the sorrowful fate which has been his, apd Is Symbolized in one of the most famous of all Indian statues the bowed figure of an Indian warrior, mounted upon a hjrse whose drooping head is pointing toward the setting sun James Earle Frasers The End ot th6TxaIL" vt,actoixwK' i sacP Top? zjAzmaizrrTiA.s ctezcAgo zrommgrrZ By ELMO SCOTT WATSON fills year marks the tenth anni- versary of the establishment of a day for honoring the memory of the original inhabitants of this continent the American Indian. It was in 1919. that the Illinois legislature authorized the observance of Indian day on the fourth Friday in September of each year. Since that time the idea has spread to other states and all over the country the day Is marked with various ceremonies. In connection with this event, it is Interesting to note how many permanent memorials have been erected within recent years to perpetuate the fame of some individual red man or of the Indian as a race. The past year has seen the addition of several to an already long list of such memorials. Outstanding among these have been the two Indian equestrian statues of heroic size which were made a part of the main project of the monumental Grant park decorative scheme, the twin bridges across the railroad tracks at the foot of Congress street, on the lake front of Chicago. Characterized as two of the ugliest but most Impressive Indians ever cast In bronze, these statues, modeled by Ivan Mestrovic, the sculptor. Idealize the fighting great Yugo-Sla- v spirit of the American Indian as not done before. Other memorials to a vanished race (and that term Is used purposely, because the primitive Indian is not merely the vanishing race, but very definitely a vanished race) include the life-lik- e bust of Chief Oratem, of the Achkinke-shacktribe, which was recently presented to the Bergen County Historical society in New Jersey; the monument to Chief Straw of the Delawares, unveiled at Strawtown, near Noblesville, Ind.;and a massive granite boulder erected at Surrey Courthouse, Virginia, which recalls to the people of that state their indebtedness to an Indian named Chnnco. A bronze tablet on that boulfler tells his story. It reads: In memory of Chano, the Indian who lived with Richard Pace at Paces Paines in tills county and who, on the night before the massacre of March 22, 1622, informed Pace of Opeclmncanoughs plot and thus saved the Jamestown colony. And these are only a few of the many memorials to the American Indian which have been erected in every state in the Union. An entire book could be written about these memorials and the heroic deeds to which they testify. This article, therefore, cannot hope to contain a complete list. In New England alone, for instance, a plan was set on foot several years ago to erect one hundred monuments to all the tribes and to a nunAer of Individual Indians who lived in that seetton of the country. Just the other day it was announced that a memorial of a different sort from the usual was to be established on Mount Hope tn Rhode Island ns a shrine to perpetuate the memory of King rhilip, the great Wampanoag warrior. On that historic ridge will be built a fireproof museum for housing objects of historic Indian value and it will be a shrine, an archeological sanctuary for new England history. long ago honored the memory of King Philips father, Massnsoit, with a huge bronze statue of the great Sachem of the Wampanongs, protector and preserver of the Pilgrims, which was erected at Plymouth during the Pilgrim tercentenary in 1921. The visitor at New Harbor, Maine, will find , y there a reminder of another friend of the Pilgrims. It is a granite monument with a bronze tablet bearing this inscription : Samoset, an Indian Sagamore of Pemaquid who welcomed the English at Plymouth, gave a deed of the land where this stone was quarried, and of that where it stands, to John Brown of New Harbor 15th July, 1625, and acknowledged It before Abraham Shurte, it being the first deed properly executed in New England. One other New England statue which should be mentioned before leaving that part of the country is the famous bronze by Cyrus E. Dallin, The Appeal to the Great Spirit, which stands before the museum of fine arts in Boston. This was the last of a series of four statues made by the famous sculptor more than twenty years ago which represented the racial tragedy in which our national life began. The first The Signal of Peace stands in Lincoln park, Chicago, and represents the friendly meeting of white and red man. The Medicine Man in Fairmount park, Philadelphia, depicts the red mans suspicion of the Invader while Protest shows the warfare of the tribesmen against settlers. The Appeal to the Great Spirit illustrates the surrender of the Indian, not to human enemies but to a higher friend. One other of Daliins symbolical sculptors should be added to the list of his masterpieces. It is The Scout which stands in Penn Valley park in Kansas City, Mo., an appropriate locale, for this was the eastern terminus of the Oregon and Santa Fe trails and the mounted Indian is looking over the vast empire where he made his last stand before the onrush of the white settlement of the West. The recent unveiling of the Chanco monument in Virginia is a reminder that Pocahontas, one of the two great Indian heroines in American history, was not the only one whom Virginians have reason to hold in grateful remembrance. . The statue of Pocahontas, which stands on Jamestown island, is perhaps the best known of all Indian statues. To see the memorial to another Indian heroine you must go clear across the continent to City park in Portland, Ore. There stands Sakakawea, her hand outstretched to the west, pointing the way as she did more than. a hundred years ago when she guided Lewis and Clark on their famous expedition into the wilderness. North Dakota also has honored the memory of this Indian girl with a statue which stands on the grounds of the state capitol at Bismarck. Virginia, however, is not the only state which had a Near the town of Benton, Tenn., stands a cairn of stones bearing a marker with the following inscription: In Memory of Nancy Ward, Princess and Prophetess of the Cherokee Nation. The Pocahontas of Tennessee, The Constant Friend of the Pioneer, Born 173 Died . 1822." In the Congressional cemetery in Washington, C.j stands a monument which Is not only unique in that burying ground of notables of our nation. It is also a memorial to an Indian warrior and statesman said by many to be the greatest of all his race known to the white man and honored at the time of his death with a military funeral accorded only those ranking as general officers of the United States army the only red man in history to have been paid such a tribute. Engraved on the plain shaft that marks his burying i!ace are these words: "Pushmataha, a Choctaw Chief lies here. This monument to his memory was erected by his brother chiefs, whe were associated with him in a delegation from their nation in the year 1S24 to ftie government of the United States. Puslmuataha was a warrior of great distinction. He was wise in council, eloquent to an extraordinary degree, and on all occasions under all circumstances, the white mhn's D. s, , Chl-pet- a, self-tortur- e. moon. Peculiarly shaped stones, bits of copper or Iron ore, fragments of quartz became heirlooms or amulets and sometimes were cherished in families for generations. Such things, regardless of bulk or weight, might be carted around from camp to camp for many years. Medicine bags became the reposing places of strange bits of junk. Sometimes when a great chief died the mourners would cut off fingers and otherwise mutilate themselves. Again they might rip off patches of skin. Such actions are supposed to be due to a morbid fear and terror of death. When a whirlpool In some stream sucked down a man, the Indians believed a devil reached up from his abode and grabbed the victim. ; If a man fell and was hurt, a demon of some sort tripped him. Prior to the coming of the whites, it is claimed, no Indian had any conception of a Supreme Being. The Algonquin word, Manitou, was applied to gods in general. Most gods were evil. They were things to be overcome. They might be met in the form of almost anything a toad, perhnps, or a worm, or a turtle. Many tribes especially feared to kill a rattlesnake. When they met a rattlesnake they would gather around it, praise It, speak of it in high terms, call it grand father and pledge their word that they would protect it Thus almost everything that came into on Indians life, either animate or Inanimate, might be haunted or a devil or a god. Everything was a to him and the most of his sign signs were bnd ones. Compared with the Indian as he was, the southern aegro Is almost superstition-free- . (&, I 29, Lester D. Colby. I FEED COWS GRAIN WHEN ON PASTURE Keeps Up Milk Flow for Fall Production. The better dairyman knows that It pays to feed his cows in the summer as well as in winter, says G. W. Tail-bJr of the New York State College of Agriculture. For the past ten years dairymen in all parts of New York state have been feeding their cows better In the summer. As an example of results from and better feeding, Mr. Tailby spoke of a dairyman in Oswego county who, five years ago had 16 cows which produced 5,335 pounds of milk with 174 pounds of butterfat; the next year 17 cows produced 6,843 pounds of milk with 233.5 pounds butterfat; the third year 13 cows produced 5,777 pounds of milk with 197.4 pounds of butterfat, and the fourth year 14 cows produced 9,579 pounds of milk with 318 pounds of butterfat During the first summer the cows were fed no grain during June or July, and only four pounds a cow a day during August During the fourth summer, the cows received an average of four pounds a day, and were fed somewhat according to production, although they were still underfed. The 9,579 pounds average for the fourth year was at least partly due to better summer feeding. One dairy herd improvement association member said recently, I find that it pays to keep the cows In the barn until June 1. Then the grass has a good start and has some substance in it My cows have good pasture for June, but I continue to give them a little grain, about four pounds a day. Soon after July 1, I begin to cut green alfalfa for them and also Increase the grain. This holds up the milk flow and keeps the cows In condition for next fall." record- -keeping Cows Require Liberal Amount of Water Always Unless cows are given a constant milk supply of pure, fresh water, the impaired. be will seriously supply Cows milk is about 87 per cent water; unless she gets, plenty of water, milk A formation will not be carried on. cow will drink anywhere from 10 to 15 gallons of water per day and more during warm weather. In summer time the dairy water suit does pply should be protected so that not become Disease oi sour. stagnant water germs taken in through that wiIn milk. the into be carried may nter time see that the water is slightly cows. warmed before it Is given to the to the not Is productive Ice cold water milk prheavy drinking which helps oduction. cows Individual drinking cups for e seems to be the Ideal solution of Dairdairy water supply problem. installation ymen have found that the for of Individual drinking cups pays in time short a in comparatively Itself cow wu Increased milk flow. When a she water at hand all the time, constantly drink it i Supplement Must 5 Sunuuei Furnished in cows Id grain be fed to dairy sunim ure? Since spring and s relatively low in nutrients, of n oducing 25 to 30 pounds o must eat about 150 enw. to get of grass in order & r her daily requirements. a practically impossible, w nent must be given. For of ing 20 to 35 pounds mixture of the ordinary such as oats, corn, wheaof o rate irley fed at the six to four of grain to vi : produced per day more For cows producing the nds of milk per day, cn contain a high protein nixture. y i Important Factor in Lowering Milk several yea silage secl a cents 10 armer pound producing.a cents on the cost o P station that corn Ohio I poJ f ired pounds of mI'h xperlraent stations6 to that range from on the cost of butte. of 8 5 eents .on the cost (M D? jji sh0ff hundrl of Feeds ughly divided1,, 33 : co upon physio1 : J ;omposition 83 farm fjeafl" ;s. i These volume and or m of fiber, sU loughty;. ro4 rass, and are bulky- - pjedi Ub - |