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Show JlffyKnit-Skirt- Patriotism, Strife, Achievement Marked Our First U.'SY Congress iMeeting Just 150 Years' Ago It Enaetedjyfeasures Which Gave Force to Constitution; Assured Bill of Rights;., Established Federal Judiciary, Executive Departments, Tariff System and Financial Stability, and Set New Nation on Road to Liberty and Progress , By RAYMOND PITCAIRN w - HORSEBACK, by stageBYcoach, or aboard the sailing vessels! the period, there 'journeyed, just a century and a half ago this year, some men, representing state then in our fedevery tossing four-sco- coast-wis- e re eral Union. They were the newly-electe- members of the first congress of the United States, on their way to the opening session whose America now observes. sesqui-centen-ni- 1 ( f , fJttyXirt, v Ml . al frf ; i ' j .li V T X. S m b v. . - . . . . . . ..... 3 j I - m A. m . . . . Jo V mm ' A At a A . ... m m m mm . 0 m m 9. 9 Jt . I dr ft,. tny , 6rfr. , 'yoj, fa, ((iuf((, Jfrtfj i ed tuyrrsf 'I Page In the Journal of the First Congress of the United States for April 6, 1789, giving the electoral vote and certifying the election of President George Washington and Vice President John Adams. ... whole people the peaceful arbitrator in all questions touching the extent and sway of con- ily. Actually the first congress of the United States got off to a late start. It had been called for stitutional power the great March 4, 1789, and, technically, moral substitute for force in con- began on that date; but delays, troversies between the people, due largely to rough roads, made the states and the Union." the necessary quorum in both Enacted financial measures, houses impossible until early conceived by Alexander Hamil- ApriL Once convened, the congress ton, which lifted both the nation and the states out of a morass flat through three sessions, and of debt and bankruptcy caused in two cities the first session in by war and unstable government, New York, from April until Sepand set the country firmly on the tember 29, 1789; the second, also He smote," in New York, from January 4 road to prosperity. said Daniel Webster of Hamilton until August 12, 1790, and the and his measures, "the rock of third in Philadelphia, from Denational resources, and copious cember 8, 1790, until adjournment on March 3, 1791. Conflicting Policies. Nor were its works accomplished in that perfect harmony which their ultimate success might suggest. Bitter were manV' Of the discussions, and caustic some of the personal attacks that marked the debates.' During its sessions were fought issues that introduced many of the great party controversies which were to rise and fall throughout the whole future political history of the nation. The conflict between adherents of a strong central government and those who would have power reside in the states Federalist vs. Hamilton vs. Jefferson actually created and consistently influy enced our political system. But the inspiring pageant that dramatized the beginning of our federal government thrust into the background for a while all GEORGE WASHINGTON those lurking difficulties. This streams of wealth poured forth. was the of George inauguration He touched the dead corpse of Washington as President of the public credit, and it stood forth United States. erect with life." Under the Constitutional proviImposed, "for the payment of sions of that period, the counting the debts of the United States and of electoral vote for Presithe encouragement and protec- dentthe had been the first important tion of manufactures," a tariff on imports thus introducing not duty of congress. Washingtons selection was a only a productive and enduring source of revenue, but a peren- foregone conclusion, and the political-economi-c nial issue count confirmed popular approvwhich has persisted to this day. al. He received 69 votes, repreProvided for and fixed the site senting the whole number of elecof our present national capital-th- en tors ' casting ballots. Votes for an undeveloped tract along the second candidate, who was to be vice president, were more the Potomac, now the impressivescattered, but John Adams had ly beautiful city of Washington. been chosen. They also enacted: It is interesting to observe on Measures providing for patents and copyrights, for the naturalithe list of those for whom eleczation of aliens, for a decennial toral votes were cast the now census, the admission of neir famous name, Lincoln This, states, a national banking sys- however, was Gen. Benjamin tem, a mint, and our decimal Lincoln, a hero of the Revolution. More than 70 years were to pass system of coinage. Legislation encouraging and before Abraham Lincoln was protecting American shipping so nominated' and elected under condifferent but effectively that within a few ditions vastly years the Stars and Stripes float- scarcely less serious to the future ed in every commercial port and of our federal union. Cl on every navigable sea. March 3, 1791, the first conActs and appropriations provid- gress of the United States came ing for the salaries of federal of- to a close in historic Independficials, (including congressmen ence square, Philadelphia. where themselves) as well as for other the third and final session had "operating expenses" necessary been held. Effectively it had fulfilled its mission; devotedly it to the young republic. But above all, they established had supported and made of the Constitution a living force; draa sense of security; a confidence, at home and abroad, in the new matically it had launched on the nation and the new ideal in gov- seas of progress, a new i ernment it represented. When Ship of State. How ended their that the bore, sessions, they ship fog through of doubi and despair that had later storm and calm, the growshrouded the great American ex- ing nation to a glory of prestige, periment was largely dispelled. of expansion and of liberty and The sun of hope and cheer shone g for its people un more brightly over th'e new land. rivaled elsewhere on earth', reThese wonders had been mains today one of the grandest worked neither quickly or eas epics in all history. ... gress as they Journeyed to the opening session back in the early months of 1789. A Discouraging Picture And while they Jogged over rutted roads or through roilgh wilderness trails, undoubtedly they reflected, those early legislators, orr the "discouraging conditions under which they would meet. For to any thoughtful man there was then grave cause for pessimism. At home, freedom, it is true, had been won; but the spectres of state and national bankruptcy, civic disorganization and growing lawlessness cast their gloom over the land. The national territory of 865,000 square miles had a population of less than 4,000,000, and much of the country through which their horses plodded was still uninhabited. To the north glowered the threat of England, to the south the menace of Spain. In the west lurked a fierce Indian foe, and on the east sailed-th- e navies of whose powers great friendship iwas never quite certain. Thus spread the picture as members of the first United States congress met in the spring of 1789 cheered and sustained only by a faith in the new Constitution that had thrust upon them such towering responsibilities. How well they met that mandate; how faithfully they performed their duties; how conclusively they demonstrated that the people could and should rule is attested by their achievements. Here is a partial record of what that first congress accomplished: Adopted and submitted to the nation the Bill of Rights. Now an integral part of our Constitution, those first ten amendments constituted not only an eloquent expression of the American spirit, but the most significant national statement of personal liberty, of tolerance and of the safeguards and privileges of the common man thew-orlhad ever seen. Established the first three ex-- . ecutive 'departments State, Treasury and War; then confirmed and supported probably the most illustrious cabinet our nation has ever known Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton and General Henry Knox. Set up our federal judiciary, headed by a Supreme court-r-- a then unique tribunal of justice. Designed to protect every citizen against usurpation of his constitutional rights, it constituted, in the words of the historian, "the representative of the wisdom and justice and conscience of the' d . AJ WWW, mty . t f. mm, Smmmmmmmmmm. ... mm m - (yforyffjstfifiiforh'fy. To make this Constitution function; to establish under it a secure and enduring republic; to prove that government of, by, and for the people would work, was the responsibility confronting those first members of con- 1 A. - 9. . ...... . . T. m yd. breath of life." H 3 ' epoch-makin- 1 .... ..... Among freshly-refurbish- .t 3 ( those travelers were names' were illuswhose many trious, then as now; There were James Madison and James Monroe, destined to become Presidents of the United States. Richard Henry Lee, Robert Morris and Charles Carroll, signers of the Declaration of Independence, were included in their numbers; as were also Rufus King, Roger Sherman and Pierce Butier, Who - had helped write the federal Constitution. they were to be Joined j Later such noted by patriots as George ' Washington, our first President, and Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton, members of the first cabinet of the republic then in the making. j But great or small, famous or obscure, all were headed for the one objective the federal building in the flourishing city of New York. There they would represent the people and the states in the new national legislature meeting under a unique and, as yet, untried Constitution. Two years earlier a convention in Philadelphia had written that g charter to replace the Articles of Confederation which had proved but a rope of sand." Recognized today as one of the greatest state documents of all time, our federal Constitution was then regarded more as "an outline of government; a skeleton to be clothed with flesh and blood,' and to receive the . S 3 d Blouse That's Ec ADVENTURERS CLUB HEADLINES FROM THE LIVES OF PEOPLE LIKE YOURSELFI - Service). e-(W-WU Probably never since has America witnessed so colorful and significant an inauguration as that which made George Washington President. His journey northward from Mt. Vernon had been a continuous ovation. His route was virtually strewn wit1, flowers; his short passage through every community was made the occasion for songs and speeches of affectionate tribute. In New York he was welcomed with pageantry and acclaim. Such was his enthusiastic welcome. Soon he learned, as has each of his successors, that the criticisms and the headaches were to come. So, too, did congress. Few, if any, of its important measures passed without the strife which we have grown accustomed to expect on Capitol Hill today. Even over the title with which the President should be addressed congressmen wrangled. Some, with the forms of royalty still in mind, wanted to refer to him as "His Highness; others as, "His Mightiness." Senator Ellsworth, of Connecticut, protested, for example, that the plain title President" was too common. There were, he explained, "presidents of fire companies and of cricket clubs." Something more impressive was desirable. But the majority denounced titles as dangerous, arrogant and even "idolatrous," and finally the simple constitutional form, "The President of the United States, was adopted. Dispute Over Tariff. Probably the first and most lasting legislative antagonisms in congress were roused by the early tariff measures. In offering them, James Madison proposed specific rates jon certain articles such as tea, coffee, sugar, molasses, wines,1 and spirits; an ad valorem' tax upon other imports7 and various tonnage duties. But few liked the measures as a whole. The manufacturing districts wanted protection against rival products made with cheaper labor abroad. The South and other agricultural areas objected to high rates, protesting that they Would bear the burden. Proposals to tax the importation of slaves aroused bitter debate between North and South. Heated discussion occurred on the proposal to tax rum some of it not dissimilar to arguments heard during our recent prohibition period. One member insisted that, in effect, it asked citizens to "drink down the public debt. When an advocate urged the tax as a method of promotan opponent ing temperance, pointed out that they were legislating on "revenue, not morals. But finally the measure passed, including levies on rum. Soon it was yielding some $200,000 a month a welcome and encouraging income. Equally bitter was much of the debate over the financial measures proposed by Hamilton to raise funds and to meet the total indebtedness incurred during the war. The debts, both state and national, amounted in all to about $80,000,000 then an imposing figure, however meager it may seem when compared to the billions of public indebtedness created during recent years. The problem, moreover, was complicated by the fact that many of the certificates, bonds and issued by the earlier government had been sold by their original holders at discount to speculators; Hamilton proposed: Briefly, first, to fund the national debt by giving the holders of such paper new Federal bonds in exchange; and, second, to have the federal government assume the debts of the states. Violently were such suggestions opposed by members who felt the plan benefited the speculator at the expense of the patriot, and by representatives of those states which had small debts and, therefore, feared discrimination against their constit- J Anti-Federali- st; two-part- 1 and-'toobl- e well-bein- prom-ises-to-p- Siberian Melodrama Hello, everybody; a yam that soimds as ii it might have nap-n hombres when pened out in the old Wild West and booted and spurred fought it out in the streets halls-witvolleys out dance h cleaned from their six guns. I dont know whether those things ever happened out In the West. All I know is what I see in the movies. Thisinciv, dent Im going to tell you about sounds like the West, but it part of Siberia, and it happened way over in the eastern happened to Samuel C. Taylor of New York City. of years You know, we had troops in Siberia for a couple He of one them. was after the World war. Sam Taylor Thirty-firD, 60 men from Company was with a platoon of United States infantry, stationed at the little Siberian town of Uglonaya. The' town itself was nothing but a railroad station and a few houses. The soldiers were living in half a dozen box cars that had been taken off their wheels and set on the ground beside the track. But though the town was small it was affording plenty of excitement. It was about the middle of January, and for days the Americans had been watching an army go through the town. two-gu- . cow-punch- well-direct- ers ed st It wasnt a hostile army but at the same time it wasnt a friendly one either. It was a Bolshevik army moving to attack Vladivostok, not far away as distances go in Siberia. Sam aaya there were thousands of them, well equipped with machine guns, and lugging enough field pieces to blow those 60 Americans and their box cars to Halifax. Bat they couldnt be bothered with the Americans. Taking Vladivostok was more im--. portant. On the afternoon of January 18, Sam was acting provost guard at the railroad station. It was a bitter cold day. A cutting wind- was sweeping past the station and Private Pat Strong, on sentry go. was stamping up and down the platform. Two Bolshevik troop trains had - Be whipped the aotomaUc up and let go. just pulled in on a siding, and Bolshevik soldiers had crowded into the station where they could buy hot tea and vodka. And as Pat Strong paced up and down the platform a big Russian said something to him in Russian. Pat couldn't understand him. He came to port arms while the Russian stormed and gesticulated, and finally grabbed Pats gun. Pat tried to pull the gun away, but the Russian was a powerful brute. He spun Pat around and threw him in a snow bank. A couple more Amer icans' came running up. He threw them into the snow bank, too, and made a mad dash for the station. Thats where Sam came into the picture. As provost guard, bo rated a sentry box down at the end of the platform. He saw the fight just as the Russian broke loose and started Into tbe station, and he came oat on the ran. With tbe other three Americana at his back he started after him. Says he: "I went bursting into the station as If the whole U. S. army was stepping on my heels. That station was full of Bolshies, singing, talking and yelling. Lots of them had rifles, some of them bad hand grenades tied to their belts. But I didnt have time to look over the grenade situation just then. That big Russian had found himself a rifle. I was five feet inside the door when I spotted him, but he must have seen me first because he was raising his gun." It Was a Question Who Would Shoot an-aUS- T' 8Tu,rt raglan sieves and ribbing at neck and wrists and quickly fini Thi7 plain knitted skirt, flared, completes the costiJ pattern ' 6019 you will find com for making the b a skirt in sizes instructions Eh a?d and blouse and an illustration o of the stitches i material requirements. To obtain this . set cents in coins to pattern, The Sewine cle, Household Arts Ded West 14th St., New York, N 38-4- 0; TIPS (jardenet 7HEN vegetable and fl seeds purchased from table firms do not germinat they should, it is safe to as: that conditions are not favoi for growth, or that seeds wer planted properly. Therefore, it is of greatesi portance to plant seeds accoi to directions on the packets, tremely small seeds must be ered only lightly with soil, aci ing to Harold N. Coulter, ve ble expert. The will to grow is stror seeds, but they have their lii tions. To plant a tiny seed, the petunia, under an inch o is like burying a man under story building and asking hi push it away. Heavier, larger seeds, of co may be planted deeper. I and cucumbers may be co of an in with a full inch of soil. Peas and sprout vigorously and ma; planted from an inch to an and one-ha- lf deep. Many successful home ga ers actually cover peas and of soi h with an extra to er they begin push thn This protects them from and also helps keep weeds three-quarte- rs half-inc- 1 CONSTIPATE Dent Lit Sat, Miami too w Ji FIBST: AofmuUfd vMge J sure Keep yrb m appvn. lani Pr You ad pr Tlu aerr Bp aiVbowal. tivatnot. u "J. i a duU, Utr of appaUV. and diiaaw. 100a bnnfinff oa aoor atomaeh, aeh, First. Sam had a .45 automatic, and it was a question of whether he or the Russian could shoot first. Without even taking time ont to think, he whipped that antomatlo np and let go. The big Russian dropped. For an Instant there was a dead alienee in the station. Those Rnskles were surprised," says Sam, and so was L For a second well I almost opened fire on tbe whole bunch or them, bnt I canght myself Just In time." It was a tough spot and Sam knew it Here was a whole roomful of wild Russians and he had just shot one of their pals. If he started out the door, some of them would be sure to begin shooting. If that happened, thered be general disorder, with 60 Americans fighting a whole troop train full of Bolsheviks. And what was more to the point it would be curtains for Sam. v I had to use my head. he says, and I decided Id bluff them. I stood in the middle of the floor, waved my pistol aver their heads and pointed to the door. And then happened the thing that probably saved my life. In swinging my arm I tight-ene- d my grip on the pistol to keep from dropping It And tn that I sqneesed the trigger too hard. BANG1 Off she doing uents. went again. That ballet struck somewhere behind the bar and Sound Finances. down came a lot of glassware." But the proposals carried, firmSam says the falling glass created a terrible racket-T- he Russians ly establishing confidence In" the must have thought a shell had burst in there. They turned and stamcredit and fiscal soundness of the peded for the and Sam says they went through it like a Kansas new nation then, as now, the tornado. In tendoor, seconds there wasnt a Bolshevik In the place. true foundation of happiness and "And where were the other three fellows? says Sam. "They prosperity for the people. were outside, turned into a rear guard. When they heard those Passage of the National Bank, shots inside and saw all those Rnskles piling ont, the Mint and Currency Acts furthey ran for camp to tell the others the Russians had eaten me alive and ther increased the availability of were coming to eat them, too." . credit and money, thus quickenSam says he certainly did NOT feel like a hero tvhen he went Into ing the young republics march that station. He just didnt have time to think about it "It was only toward prosperity. after I got inside." he says, "that I realized I was in a swell Over salary and appropriation I ve often pickle. thought afterwards, suppose 1 hit one of the grenades those measures there also raged spirit- Russians had to tied their belts. ed discussion. Economical as Boy, that WOULD have been an adventure. those expenditures sound in these Copyright WNU Service. days of reckless spending, they then evoked frequent storms of H ( -j i - and heartburn, bloattazjrwP at. YanaaatilMp. Yoof . lP wamrnmmwm Und oat, AdknU girt yon You faal tt DOUBU afMnatTwl a8jnt airful QA3alaH &aUat clnra t. tha bow hours. Rp waibnz for otwbim Sold at aU dml anally N Character Earned be inner Property may won. be must character Baby Otter and Other Animals Like to Play Most playful of all wild- creatures little - are otters, for even when full grown they cannot resist anything in the shape of a ball that floats. Baby badgers romp together, puffing out their fur until they look like black and white balls, then bouncing round and round on their short stiSened legs. game is for one to mount a fallen tree, and its companions to try to pull it down, relates Oliver G..Pike. F. Z. S.. in London TuEiis Magazine. Young polecats play a similar game, but are far more graceful. As they prance around, their slender backs are arched, and they look most attractive their rich dark brown glossy fur. Badgtrs. polecats, stoats, and weasels have very method in their play, unlike the organized games of the otter. I doubt if anyone has ever detected play among fish, or seen lizards or snakes indulging in games. All these are cold blooded and are only active when tbe temperature is warm enough to give them an interest in life. The play of foxes will often turn to tragedy so far as the farmer is concerned, for If they get among fowls they will kill one for food then, like puppies, chase everything that moves. If the birds had the sense to keep still the fox might pass them by. but he will slaughter them by the dozen while they continue to run. , - apft Liouio-TAULf- jn SAL1 COLI price j, Hoea 10c 0alvu DROP 1 W WNU Salt Lakes NEWEST HOT r" : i t j I -- j ' criticism. To the President was accorded an annual salary of $25,000, which he accepted reluctantly; to senators and representatives a compensation of $6 for every day of attendance, with mileage. The secretaries of state and treasury received $3,500 each; the postmaster-general and the attorney-genera- l, $l,500;the chief justice John Jay $4,000, and the other Supreme court justices, $3,500. Appropriations for the departments, civil list, etc., were similarly modest. To this determination that the peoples money should not be wasted, that sound economy should rule; historians attribute much of the fiscal success of the new government. detail Plant Seeds Carefully Sam Acted as Provost Guard at the Station. ay J. Large knitting needles Shetland floss make this a a delight to novice or vff knitted round and roundb inette stitch, beginning at the and working v II J J, loSSITES. Kit--1 |