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Show THE SALT LAKE. TftlBUNE, SUNDAY 19, 1929. MORNING,-MA- CIVIL ENGINEERING FOR PIONEERING WOMEN . - t - r What Profession Offers to Career Seeker Remains an Open Question This is the fourteenth of the series, "Careers for Women." Elsie Eaves was born, educated and held numerous engineering positions in Denver. .She is a consulting engineer and contractor and a member of numerous societies. She now lives in New York. Civil engineering Is the broad term which defines the work of reorganising natural or existing physical conditions or forces Into structures moreuseful to man's needs. The history of the development of modern social and economic life could be written by recording the development of civil engineering railroad location and construction, good roads, structural bridges and buildings and present-da- y magnitude, water supplies unfailing under the demands of cities dependent upon them. What this profession offers to a young woman Interested in pursuing a career of useful and constructive work is still an open question. This discussion will only answer it hypothetical, for civil engineering is one of the few remaining fields where women have still to pioneer and .to demonstrate what they can do. It is a long frontier, and how and where to cross it must depend on the circumstances of the individual who wishes to explore the Interior. As a guide, to indicate roughly what to look for, this sketch will show the main characteristics of the field and suggest important mental equipment neeaea ior me expedition. Various Paths May Be Chosen. The path may be chosen which leads to any one of the specialized di- visions of civil engineering indicated on the accompanying outline. Consulting engineers and chief engi- neers of staffs engaged on important work are the top positions of the profession. Construction companies and contractors are the business or production division of the construe tion Industry. Consulting engineers Structural (bridges, buildings, tanks, foundations, walls), sanitary (water supply, treatement and purification, sewage disposal), municipal (Includes city planning and zoning) ; valuation and appraisal: industrial., power and asdroelectric; surveying and mapping (includes airplane surveys): Irriga tion and drainage; nigh way. Government Staff engineers (civil servicer, federal, coast and geodetic survey, geological survey, water resources division, department of agriculture, bureau of public roads; forest service, department of bureau of interior, reclamation; trea sury department, structural engineers on building; war department, army and navy engineers, river and water way developments, Mississippi river commerce commission, interstate commission. State State engineers, state sanl tary engineers, state highway - . - i r . . . 4 if Municipal City engineers, water department (supply, treatment,treatextensions), sewage ment and disposal, city planning and i zoning, flood control. County Surveyor, highway engi neers. Regional association (sanitary dis tricts, highway, parkway and other Improvement districts). Industrial Railroads and street railway (location, roadbed and track design, terminals, bridges and buildings), utilities (gas, telephone, tele graph, electric light and power com ; panies), industrial plant (plant maintenance, building construction and extension. Industrial villages, water supply, waste disposal). Construction companies Erection designs and methods, structural design in connection with construction. Consulting Engineers Maintain Own Offices, maintain Consulting engineers their own offices and staffs of de field and draftsmen engi signers, neers, and handle engineering work for several clients at the 6ame time They are experts In their selected special field and are retained on this type work oy stan engineers wnose duties may be of a more general na ture, or by organizations not main taining a regular engineering stan. They are paid on a per diem, contingent fee, contract or retainer basis, depending on their agreement with the client and the nature of the work. Staff engineers are employed on a salary basis and devote their entire time to a single employer's interest. The business division of the construction industry is composed of contractors and construction compa nies who perform work in accordance with the engineer's or architett's plans for an aereed upon rate of pay ment. There are different forms of contracts, and the amount of capital necessary to purchase equipment and pay for labor and materials depends on the type of contract and the method of payment to the contractor. The work of construction companies Involves civil engineering problems, and many civil engineers are engaged in it, either with their own organization or on the staff of others. Some construction companies are organized to handle all kinds of work; others specialize on buildings, public works, highways, dredging, railroad construction, bridges, concrete work, steel erection, or foundations. General contractors take responsibility for producing the entire structure. They may perform either all or part of the work with their own forces. In the latter ease they let part of the work to it r Civil Engineering Functions Many. Civil engineering, functions The principal divisions in which civil engineers specialize, described here briefly, indicate both the kind of work involved and the organizations performing It. Probably the most basic of engineering functions are surveying and mapping. Extensive work in this has been division of engineering done by the federal government coast and the geodetic surthrough vey and the geological survey, which have measured the topography of the United States and established permanent monuments and markers to which other field measurements can be referred for determining position and altitude of land and structures. Topographical maps are made from the field notes by draftsmen in office headquarters. Airplane surveys are "ground control." "This work is done both by the government and by consulting engineer on aerial surveys. Every kind of structure bridge, building; dam, highway, railroad Is located and Its position recorded by reference to a permanent government or local monument established for the purpose. Transportation Providing the way for transportation is a civil engineering contribution to the social and economic development of America. Canals, rivers and harbor developments are Important links in the great system, asi are highways and railroads. In the United States, highways are public works In which the federal government, state and county share responsibility. An engineer wishing to specialize in the location of highways, their design and designation of the materials to be used and their construction has several choices open. .. State highway departments initiate highway programs. The bureau of public roads, a division of the department of agriculture of the United States government, approves plans and specifications for all federal aid roads the primary highway system of the country and county engineers sometimes udder direction of Btate highway engineers design and maintain state aid and secondary roads. These organizations maintain both field and office staffs of engineers. The former take field measurements and records and supervise construction work of the contractor, and the latter develop the field notes to determine the necessary practical and economical location and design, and prepare the plans and specif which guide the contractor in producing the finished highway to ns correct line and grade. Maintaining highways is under the direction of civil engineers. Most highway enare under civil gineering positions ' service. Engineering Work Heavy on Railroads. The civil engineering division of a railroad organization Includes supervision over new construction, and maintenance of bridges and buildings, water supply, the location, design, and maintenance of Roadbeds, All railroad yards and terminals. companies maintain large engineering staffs, field men to make field measurements and to direct field loor cation of new line extensions structures, to inspect work under construction, and also to inspect all structures for maintenance and repair needs, in some cases, to direct the work done by the railroad's own construction forces. Office engineers and draftsmen design new structures and keep records of all track extensions, yards, .. switches, terminals, bridges, culverts, and buildings. Structural engineering In this day of heavy railroad and highway traffic and of intersecting traffic lines, bridges constitute a more im portant division of civil engineering than ever before in history. They span rivers, canyons, bays and lakes and separate lines and different kinds of traffic. Bridges range in size from the small culverts for carrying water under highways or railroads to the great bridges such as those across the Mississippi, Missouri, and Bud-so- n rivers, Newark bay, Carquinez . Straits. Engineers engaged in bridge design are chief engineers and bridge engl neers of railroad companies, bridge engineers in state highway departments, bureau of public roads, county engineers, interstate commission en gineers, some municipal engineers and structural engineers in con structlon companies. Consulting en gineers specialize in bridge design and are retained by any or all of the foregoing for consultation on special features or are placed In complete charge ol bridge design and con structlon. Firms such as the American Bridge company design and detail, roll, fab ricate and erect the steel for bridges with their own or affiliated organ! cations and employ a great number or structural engineers. The function of an engineer in building design is perhaps not as clear in the public mind as in bridge design although the structural prob lems are similar. Buildings In which appearance Is an important factor are designed by an architect, and the foundations and structural framework designed and detailed by engineers. On the other hand, when ap pearance is or secondary importance as In industrial buildings, the entire plan may be made by engineers. Novel by Woman M. P Stirs British Interest LONDON. Mav 18 (JPi Miss Ellen Wilkinson, one of Britain's pioneer women members of parliament, has written a first novel which Is receiving almost as much public attention as the general election. l ' Politics and love form the theme . of "Clash," but the title relates to the clash between parties and classes typified in a vivid picture of the gen eral strike of a few years ago, as well as to the clash between a woman s desire for power and a career opposed to her love for a man. -- Although there Is no political propaganda in the novel, its serial publication in a London newspaper Just before the general election Is significant, especially In view of the fact that women's political freedom to vote on the same terms as men is to be exercised for the first time. sale during the middle ages. were kept by the village MfVtihAfttrv imnns his etwlr nf 4ri rr. These love potions were compounded 01 sucn joveiy inings as snails and ingredients that go to make up our vilest bootleg of today and frequently" resulted in similar effects. Love-philtr- es A mole on a woman's neck is sud- posed to denote, according, to old folklore, that there is wealth in store for her. - r, Far n Women Walk Nine Miles Daily BURLJJJGTON, Vt.. May 18. By equipping thirty Vermont farm women with pedometers,. It was found that .over a period of a' week they aver- aged from three to nine miles a day. Most of the distance was covered in the kitchen. Miss Emma Puller, extension specialist In home - economics for the University of Vermont, says the farm housewife spends about 70 percent of her time In W) Old-Fashion- ed Home Fine for All but Mother a modern development in surveying and mapping and Involve office work of correcting the air pictures to BY ELSIE EAVES KANSAS CITY. Mo., May 18 (Unihome, versal). The whose passing is now so generally lamented, was a fine place for everyone except mother. In the opinion of MrsJHenry N. Ess, civic leader here and former president of the Missouri Federation of Women's Clubs. Mrs. Ess has made a historical study bf the home of yesterday and of results of her study are not to ancients or complhnentaryrither moderns." Mrs. Ess particularly would debunk the home of a century ago of the sentimental haze surrounding it. "The wife's lot in the old-tihome," she said, "was that of bearing a child a year, making clothes tor the entire family. Including the men; cooking for the dally food orgies and entertaining guests, who stayed weeks at a time and occupied the beds while the family members slept on the floor. "The father was the major domo in the home. His voice was law on Even though his wife everything. might have twice as much sense as he did, her constant retort to her children on all questions was, 'Ask your father.' "Virtually every wife had a baby a year, or at most every two years, and children died like rats, Early-da- y cemeteries bear testimony to the early home life of women. Nearly every man had from two to four wives in succession, of course and families twenty-fiv- e to thirty children were not uncommon." Mrs. Ess declared that child mar- riages and the treatment of old maids were a scandal In early American civilization. "The average age for marriage was IS to 16 years," she said. "The great Jurist. John Marshall, courted his wife when she was 13. but waited until the was nearly 16 to marry her. If a girl wasn't married by the time she was 16 or 18 she was regarded as an old maid and hence disgraced for life. There was no course open to an old maid but to be a kitchen drudge in the homes of her brothers and sis- the kitchen and that the distance she travels could be cut to by proper grouping of facilities. one-ha- lf two-thir- Old Ties Utilized In Tennis Jackets PARIS, May 18 (IP). A public benefactor has thought up a new way of using old neckties. On the Riviera, they are making patchwork tennis coats or silk odds and ends, sewing them together in modernistic patterns that ; would make Joseph's coat look like a tame affair. Patchwork berets and silk scrap handbags come tagging along after the tennis coats. If the fad spreads as rapidly in other parts as it has along the Mediterranean coast, men with a bright taste in neckties will have to keep their cravats In safe deposit vaults. The Joseph coats are sleeveless cardigans made short and usually lined with lightweight silk or wool Another form 4s crocheted Jackets made of silk rags, worked on big needles as rugs used to be made. Crocheted berets of bright colored chenille are sure to be popular over here with golfers and motorists this summer. Some crocheted straw caps are also shown, but so far Interest seems greatest in the chenille caps, which can be folded up into smaller pocket space than the common basque beret. Women of "Career" Find Interests in Own Homes ). WASHINGTON, May 11 Leaders of the American Association of University Women refute the popular belief that education causes women to marry late and have few children. Mrs. F. G. Atkinson of Minneapters." Mrs. Ess has also found that people olis, newly elected vice president, Is the mother of three children. of today regard their ancestors Mrs. Fred Tryon, editor of the ofthrough too rosy spectacles. ficial magazine, the Journal, also "When we find one distinguished ancestor In our line we live in his is the mother of three. glory," she said. "But every one of us, no matter how illustrious our graduated from the home and later lineage, has at least one ancestor who the house stage. was either an indentured servant or "People no longer even have was hanged on the gallows. With houses," she said. "And as the housethe great number of indentured wife of the past had no rest of body, servants brought into Virginia and so the wife of today knows no repose Massachusetts, crossing of the classes of soul. Women with their through Intermarriage was inevitable. power and leisure are like the vulgar And Since persons were sent to the newly rich. Their heads have become gallows for the most trivial offenses, turned and they are cocky, intolerant we must all have had forebears who and and they waste were hanged." their (treat eift of leisure in selfish life Mrs. Ess Family today, said, frivolity and futile dabbling in nonhad reached the hotel era, having essentials." . new-fou- Woman Sets London and Paris : Wage War Over Length of Skirts Your Boy's Room Needs Care Out Again on Exploring Trip , Young Penrod will delight in purely mascw line treatment ttiven his furniture and decorations. Head of Geographers Society Goes to Spain for Style in ' Further Research. WASHINGTON, May 18 (JP) . Mrs. Harriet Chalmers Adams, president of the Society of .Women Geographers, Is setting out again on the trail of adventurous exploration and re search which she loves. Because of an injury received on a little Island off the coast of Spain two years ago, Mrs. Adams was forced to give up temporarily the life she most enjoys. With recovered health she has started again to delve Into Spanish lore. In company with her husband. Franklin Adams, counsellor at the Penn American union, she has gone to Spain. Has Been Traveling For Last 25 Years. Mrs. Adams has been traveling for twenty-fiv- e years, digging up Inter eeting Information about the Spanish conquistadors. She has followed the trail of Columbus with personal visits to every land where there is record of his having set foot She has gone over the same trails that Balboa and Magellan took. She has encountered Innumerable adventures and hardships. One of the worst was in Spain, when she stepped off a cliff in the dark. The other was when she was poisoned from eating a bird which had been in killed with a poison blow-gu- n South America. Mrs. Adams regards adventure as an important part of living, but it must be adventure from which one some back constructive brings knowledge. The, valuable material she has obtained In her many years of work has been used In and in magazine articles. Eventually it will appear In book form. Society of Women Geographers Totals 47. When Mrs. Adams started out twenty-fiv- e years ago there were only three women geographers. Today the membership of the Society of Women n. To be Geographers is admitted as an active member a woman not only must have accomplished something unusual in a scientific way, but must have made a record of it. Mrs. Adams became Interested In Spanish history when she was a lit tle girl in California. Her father was a Scotch engineer and she used to go with him on many of his trips. Later, sne began traveling alone. Always she gathered Information about Spanish conquests. She was the first white woman to visit all the provinces in Haiti. The fascinating trail she was following took her to twenty irontiers. "We traveled in canoes; by camel, on horseback and on foot," she says. "We rarely had any trouble with the natives. Often Mr. Adams accompanied me, as his work lay along the same line as mine. In a few years we are going on ahotheriong gypsy-in- g trip together into foreign lands we have not decided which ones yet." s Conflict Breaks Out Open; Scarfs Be- -, come Popular. ' LONDON, May 18 (Universal). "Longer," said London firmly. "Shorter." Insisted Paris.. "We," said London Icily, "are not the least Interested In your ed views!" -- And there you have the "long and the short of it" In the latest fashion war between Bond street dressmak- ers and the couturiers of the Rue de la Pals. London wants longer skirts. London would want longer skirts, of course; dour, staid, foggy old London! And Parte gay, carefree, I Sure! Shorter- - skirts? What's a few more inches In the matter of Milady's hemlines! Whether the little matter of differing fads and fancies will lead to open conflict between the war offices of the two countries remains to be seen. But It's certain that both sides are full of fight, and absolutely determined not to yield an Inch-n- ay, not so much as an eighth of an light-heart- inch of , ed georg$Uf Conflict In Stylet Breaks Out In Open. The conflict of styles broke out into the open on the occasion of the opening here a short time ago of the twenty-fir- st annual drapery exhibit- ion. The exhibition was opened by the Lord Mayor of London, who was accompanied by Beadle Gordon Rod-wMarch. In the midst of the elaborate exhibits of brand new fineries, an odd note was given the ceremony by the gold braided uniform of Beadle March. The uniform was 40 years old. Asserting he would be wearing the uniform another 40 years if he lived that long. Beadle March said proudly to a newspaper reporter: "Feel Itl Isn't it a fine bit of . ell The built-i- n book shelves, the comfortable window teat, the fencing oils and mask are just what any youngster will revfl in. stuffl" He held out his mace. "And that was made 300 yean ago," he said, "Just after the great r lire of Londonr One of the most bizarre of fashions shown at the draperies exhibition were the exhibits of this year's bath- - , ing costumes. The idea is this. . A girl walks from her hotel to the beach, clad in what seems to be a perfectly ordinary dress. Then on the beach she takes off her skirt ter- -' rlble sensationand the top half of her frock Is revealed as merely the ' top half of a gay bathing costume. She swims In the sea? Or maybe she doesn'tl , And then she lies In the stm until if the actually went into the water she is dry, puts on her skirt again, walks away. ' forty-seve- . Scarfs Mode for Day Wear This Season. t "Ton see," one of the dictators of Bond street explained, "some of the Casinos on the Continent won't let. a girl, go in merely in a bathing, coslume. But this device eliminates all difficulties . Scarfs are to be the mode for day wear this season, according to the trend of the exhibits, and scarf effects are to be seen on practically all frocks for tennis, walking and the ' This bed is and The ever space of simple maple practical. beach. There are dainty detachable, -- Zfy Florence La Gnnhe it is attractively and appropriately filled by the skip picture and cufflets, too, to match the scarfs. Oowns for afternoons, evening and the barometer. hours of leisure, are made up once more like puzzles of dozens of. lengths of honey colored chiffons, By WILL ELLA DE CAMPL the armchair, and finished with a lemon and green chene taffetas, blue Rooms for boys are seldom given narrow fringe in henna and green. Over the bed hangs an interesting and salmon Afghan crepes, and all the consideration they deserve. Evof the beautiful bright shades of the ship picture, and below this Is a real ery boy should have a room he him- barometer. Side lights of pewter have moment, show no definite waistline. They self likes. If he has a personal pref- parchment shields banded in green While the waists are up, others slant erence for some particular color, have and decorated with silver stars. in all directions, and some are def- boy's room there should that in his room, used with other beIna every well equipped desk where he lnltely Empire. And longer, of course' shades with which it combines propsome droop st the sides, while And may study his lessons and keep his others dip to the heels, and a few erly. Sturdy furniture which will are oc two papers, ooys private stand some knocking about should the same room, they should have rainbow scalloped hems which be attractively arranged for him, and cupying have separate desks Just as surely as change and flicker as the wearer'fussy, fancy effects should be avoided, they should have separate beds. If moves. In conjunction with his room there two Slant is desks should always be an adequate closet. space be limited,back to backtop at right may placed 7 fitted with plenty of hangers and angles to tne wan. in wis room, the shoe racks. desk stands between two windows Suitable for a boy, whether he be and is lighted by an adjustable 10 or 20, Is the bedroom illustrated iron reading lamp with one corner wrought today. One- view shows shade. A Windsor chair archment ' of the room with ripyp PONr-M- ay 18 m.MMernin conjunction wHh-t- l dow. This has been fitted with a and a framed hear the call of the sea Just map hangs in the space women window seat, and book shelves are above. as Insistently as do then adventurous recessed at each side. Glass curtains Completing the furnishings are a brothers, Judging by shipping comhanging to the sill are of natural col- radio and a Windsor armchair and a panies' lonr waiting lists of women ored theatrical gauze. The over maple bureau with a hanging mirror seeking Jobs in ocean liners. draperies of delightful glazed chintz in matching wooden frame. The Hundreds of applicants for posU-tion- s have a background ol henna red. floor is almost as stewardesses, conductresses. completely covered by decorated with medallions of sailing a large hooked rug m which all of the nurses, manicurists, hairdressers and ships. These hang straight to the room's colors are shop attendants on shipboard present happily blended. floor, and are topped by wooden a descrln themselves to shipping companies Next week we will cornices painted olive green, with a tion and illustration ofgive , room which weekly. . a line of henna red In, the depressions. would Many of them are women of good or Woodwork is painted to match, and lime. delight almost any girl, big birth and education, and with a love the book shelves are lined with henna of travel, but who cannot afford world red. tours and are willing t work their (Copyright, 1929, by the Chicago On the window seat there te a way in order to get them. Tribune.) comfortable boxed cushion covered Shipping officials point out, how-- with olive green strie rep, piped with ever, that shipboard Jobs are so llouscwiver A henrta. May Buy strenuous and exacting that there is satisfying armchair placed near the window is upholstered in no chance for the woman who takes Only Parts of heavy linen of Normandy plaid. In them as a means of cheap travel getolive green and sand color with cross of the world while WASHINGTON. May 18 UP). It tingisto see much lines ol henna. Beside the chair is a she working tn a liner. be In near the future. may possible maple table holding a small geographical globe and a lamp made the department of agriculture says, : Shorts from a pewter candle stick. The for the housewife to buy only the Blouses thighs, legs or breasts of dressed shade Is of natural colored parchHitched for Tucking, fowls. ment banded In green. Crossed foils and a fencinr mask . New York and Chicago consumers PARIS. May 18 P. The problem form a suitable decoration for the now buy poultry drawn, with the feet of how to keep tuck-i- n blouses tucked and head off. The poultry is dressed in is solved at some of the leading wall. The wall treatment is particuthereby fashion houses by attaching knickers larly successful for use In a boy's at the point of shipment, room. It is finished In sand color In saving transportation costs. or panties to the hip- -: In This Innovation marketing ultia washable paint band of the blouse. retail sale to the of lead The other picture shows a simple mately may Sport blouses and shorts are made In one. Joined at a hip-- f mine "yoke. bed of maple. If two beds are needed, parts of birds, and the special breedcomthose that of for fowls parts ing Fragile lingerie blouses and the poputhey could be placed out Into the mand the best prices. " room in this same space Instead of lar satin and crepe de chine tuck-in- s . A -. ; V are Norbuttoned to the lingerie, the Is of cover bed The lengthwise. Both the tulip block of last week blouse band fitting over a yoked on Plebeian String - AW and the zinnia of this week have the outermost circle is the lightest, In cutting this, as in cutting all the mandy plaid linen, matching that Used in Sport Togs been chosen for dual purposes. No the next one is darker and the cen- leaves the bud and petals, the quarter-ter one is The deepest color inch MARRIED WOMEN BARRED. allowance for turning under of that and then the center or small grandmother's garden would be com- scheme is deepest. one was put on last. chosen for the one color was made. When the 18 WV Pleelle. which ATLANTIC. PARIS, Iowa May or outer without two flowers first, and. these of the bud. plete is French for common ordinary women, unless the head of a family since they come In such varied colThe club realized that this was petal was cut, the second one was cut maIs new and a or a ready BACK the RELEASES SUPPLIED. string. rough supporting family because-oors, the quilt club members had a the last flower of the quilt. They from cloth. The third or inner part that reputable dress designers disability of the husband, need not chance to use up scraps of cloth left had 16 flowers, not counting the rose. was left and used as a pattern. In the event you have missed terial are employing for summer sport cos- apply for city Jobs here. An ordi- from other flowers. The zinnia of That was to be repeated three times The piece for stem was cut twice any of the Grandmother Garden tumes. nance forbids their employment. t Quilt blocks previously published grandmothers day was little more and put at each end of four comer Width find Mtoia tirmH ho rlr f Woven into a rough, open fabric in this paper, please send 10 than a weed, but todav thev are larn blocks, making 30 blocks or baskets In basted and pressed. Is Prom the beginning of time, in the considered smartest when and gorgeous in their all. wnen all edges were turned, the cents for each block missing. Also string literature of all ages, the left In its original undyed state. Inclose stamped, addressed encolorings. Tawny oranges, dulled purThe members pasted pattern as Pieces were nlnnnl In nlarat w I. String belts and sport coats, sleeve girl found herself persistently passed d to ples, rose which has velope. Address Nancy Page, care today on light weight tagboard, ing to small Insert in pattern to- less pullovers and berets are the oy; r or some mysterious reason, the a richness of dying embers, are some given of this paper. dried it under pressure. Then they aay, inen tne pieces were appiiqued forms of "ficelle." girl was at a discount to of the colors In the zinnias of today. Cut out leaves, buds and stems. The with fine slanting invisible hemming uie poets 01 ail ages. The club members decided to make flower Itself was left large until the StItCheS. The OUlr njfn1 an mnlirm "Women are Instructed by nature, the flowers using three tones of the first or outer petal had been cut. This circle with scalloped edges, was ap- - (Copyright, 1929, Publishers Syndl- - the learning of men is taught by -- Tears are the strensrth nf wnmrn. same color in each flower. That Is, extended from edge to very center. vuyura urist, tn- - seconq one on books." Old BaumVrlt. Faint Evremnyid. cate) up r Grandmother's Garden Quilt , , -- u Shipboard Jobs, Lure Women - Foul ' and . j --- WV-Marr- ied ed red-hair- ed been-graye- ed i 1 ! |