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Show V THE Rlfll COPHTY NEWS, RANDOLPH UTAH 'WORLD FAMOUS PREHISTORIC EARTH -- HEARS NOW SAFE FOR POSTERITY- - poroaRAPM3 sr co?rjy orswob: wiw$H.r0OttHAD To Strengthen Panama Canal Defenses sea and air from Ni WASHINGTON. Various means of strengthening the defenses of' the Panama canal are suggested In an official Navy department critique, prepared as a result of a study of last firings maneuvers in Panama hay. In drawing up their estimates," says' the critique, both commanders considered the possibility of blocking the canal by an attack in force on the Pacific side defenses and locks." This situation, coupled with other facts developed during the maneuvers, led the naval experts to reach rather definite decisions as to the future needs, of national defense in that quarter. The official critique concludes as v--v- - 1WAIf ifci t M - t "& v - - V - v , follows : ; Some of the benefits to be gained from this problem can be summarized in certain conclusions as follows: There ' aTe certain ", well-defin- weaknesses in the Panama canal defenses these are: "Susceptibility of certain vital parts to damage by bombs carried by' air- craft , i Grouping of the coast defense artillery too close together to prevent attacking vessels which have once 2&2s ar'Trer- - Development of Naval Shore Stations By JOHN DICKIN80N SHERMAN LLINOIS has at last, bought the Cahokia Mounds at any rate the last state legislature passed a appropriating $50,000 for their purchase and Governor Small signed it. So these important relics of a prehistoric people will be preserved to posterity ;as a state park. These Cahokia Mounds add the attraction of mystery to a region rich in historical associations of national Importance. Monks Mound is the largest structure of Its kind In the world. The Mississippi valley Is dotted with the earth structures of prehistoric peoples and these Cahokia Mounds are presumably the most Important of them all from an archeological viewpoint. When were they built? Who built them? What became of the builders? , These same questions were asked of the Illinois Indians when the first white men set eyes on the Cahokia Mounds 250 years ago. The answer was the same then as now Nobody knows. These first white men were Joliet and Marquette French explorer and Jesuit priest who came down the Mississippi In 1673 from Canada by canoe. In 1675 the famous Jesuit founded a mission among the Indians at Kaskaskia. LaSalle began his operations in the Mississippi Valley In 1679 by building Fort Creve on the Illinois river at Peoria. Then the French settled all along the cast side of the Mississippi from Cahokia to Fort Chartres. Until the English wrested Canada from France In 1765 all this region was French. staid on, with the British as overlords. Then came the Revolution jnd (Jeorge Rogers Clarks splemjtj mUftary?oup, wltlT results that made the American march across the continent inevitable of which more later. First, as to the Cahokia Mounds : The Illustrations herewith are by courtesy of Prof. Warren K, Moorehead and are from an article by Robert H. Moulton In America Today, Chicago, with the title, Movement Is Launched, to Preserve PrehisThis article contains toric Mounds in Blinois. The-Fren- following : There is in Illinois a group of relics that stand to the prehistoric Indian culture of the United States as the pyramids do to that of Egypt the Cahokia Mounds, near East St Louis, Including the Monks Mound, the largest known mans of earth ever built up by the labor of human hatids. Notwithstanding the fact that the Egyptian pyramids are masses of stone and thatVhey stand In a region without value, they have been partially demolished. Complete destruction would before now have been their fate, in all probability, had the Egyptian pyramids been great earthworks and the surrounding land needed for industrial development. A warning was sounded by Professor archeoloWarren K. Moorehead, the gist, and largely through his efforts a movement has been started to have the state of Illinois purchase the entire Cahokia Mound region for park purposes. A bill having in view the preservation of these mounds failed of passage in the Illinois legislature In 1913. It appears, however, that It was not so much the cost of the land that deterred the state legislature from acting favorably in the matter, as the question raised by some as to whether the mounds were built by man or were a natural formation, notwithstanding that there has never been any doubt in the minds of archeologists as to their artificial construction. To set at rest all doubts In the matter, Profesof the Unisor Moorehead, with the versity of Illinois, Phillips Academy of Andover, Mass., and a number of individuals, began a series of explorations of several of the mounds during the fall of 1921 and continued them the following spring with the most gratifying results. Pottery fragments in great abundance, large quantities of flint chips, animal bones, and many complete human burials unearthed at considerable depths in several of the mounds, prove conclusively that they are the work of human hands. It is the belief of Professor Moorehead that the largest of the group, Monks Mound, because of the presence there of the Trappists during a short period between 1808 and 1813, was a very long time In the building and that It probably was begun as a repository for the dead. That is, certain burials were made and other small mounds added as burials took place. Finally the structure became so large that the natives made it Into a pyramid, added the upper terraces and used the top as a place of residence. While practically all of the Cahokia group of mounds, 72 In number, remain, their external contour has altered since the pioneers in Cahokia archeology gave us clear word pictures of conditions as they existed several generations ago. ' In all written accounts of the mounds most attention seems to have been concentrated on the largest tumulus known as Monks Mound. In fact, nearly all the descriptions center In this ranking strut- well-know- n the immediate focus of development at Pearl Harbor. The experts agree that the completidh of the program for Pearl Harbor was the most pressing now In view and set aside $2,000, 000 for this one development The program for naval air stations outlined in a supplemental report) called for expenditure of an additional $16,458,000 to be provided in 20 equal annual Installments. This report also has been definitely approved It gave promiby the department nent place to air depots in the Hawaiian group, recommending the department ask for $266,000 in the next appropriation bill as the first Installment The Hawaiian main project would be given $2,062,000 In the next budget and annual allotments ot about $3,000,000 for each year between 1925 and 1938 when the work would be completed. With reference to the Atlantic and gulf coasts the Willard report recomttozmo sem? JZ'JJJZZ'3 These projects, covering the west- mended the following expenditures In BYCAHOKM. C&&2T ern coast approaches, contemplate the the next 20 years: ture. The highest point of this mound as It exNaval base, New York, $12,430,000; rior of the By concerted action expenditure of about $111,000,000 of ists today Is 102 feet, its longest axis is 1,080 feet, the $155,486,000 aggregate ef the en- naval base, Chesapeake bay, $6,750,-00they could wipe out his scanty force in a twinand it covers slightly more than 16 acres. The naval base, Boston, $6,360,000; kling. Clark met them in council at Cahokia with tire program. Restrained by the stem and lofty dignity. He showed ho fear. He great pyramid of Cheops In Egypt Is 746 feet treaty from further develop- naval base, Key West $1,485,000; square, and the temple of the Aztecs In M exlee, gave no indication of desire for friendship. He ment in the Philippines, Guam and naval base, Charleston, S. C., $1,514, 680 feet square. In volume, therefore, this Caand Samoa, the board allotted only a 000. laid before them a war-beand a peace-bel-t hokia pyramid Is the greatest structure of its kind of the Great Lakes told them to take their choice. In short, this young small sum to these points for necesCompletion found anywhere in the world. ' leader of backwoods militia bluffed the great crowd sary repair work and recommended training camp as the single interior There Is so much about the huge Cahokia Mound of restless, bloodthirsty, savages to a the concentration of defensive prepar- depot for personnel replacement was that is similar to the works of the Aztecs that It standstill. One chief after another arose and made, ations in the Pacific to Hawaii with approved at a total cost of $3,095,000. submissive speeches. Clark refused to smoke the undoubtedly was from that part of the world that these people came, bringing their religion, their peace-pip- e with any till he had heard from all and These proceedings Strong-Voice- d the treaties were concluded. priesthood, their corn, their mode of life, and their middle order of primitive civilization. It Is genlasted five weeks and their influence extended to senate in of Iowa, with their associates credited strongest-voice- d all the tribes around the Great Lakes. Clark had erally accepted, however, that the mound builders next with equal standing in the fellowship convene will history human not barbarous the did Rlinois observe of no further trouble with the Blinois Indians. says the Washing- of rumpus raising Is added to that of Imsacrifices of the Aztecs. this claimed then all which region, Virginia, ton of the Cleve- the colleague of longer experience and Eminent archeologists estimate that the settlemediately clinched Clarks victory by creating the land Plain correspondent to his equal lung power, who has been waitin Dealer a dispatch ment of the Cahokia mound builders numbered , County of Blinois. Col. John Todd, as County ing for them, the leader of them all, newspaper. 150,000 at. the height of Its prosperity, Lieutenant, took possession, set up a capital at Primaries and populace have introFighting Bob LaFollette of WisconKaskaskia In May of 1779 and established a comThey probably fished and hunted to some ex' duced sin. and overalls subsistfor their but tent, they likely depended plete civil government. whom newcomers LaFolto These modern straw the model, adorning their In the field, and ence upon their labor staple Cahokia also figures large in an ambitious plan with a voice strong enough to carry lette has ,been beckoning to come sit food was unquestionably corn. by the British cabinet In 1780 to capture New Or- from the wheat field to the house, and beside him are arriving to do what ' Now for the historical associations of national leans, the Spanish posts west of the Mississippi accord- the people of their states want them to used be in intended debate, and ,the Blinois Country. War had been declared Importance. Kaskaskia was the first permanent ing to specific advance notice, for to do stir up the dust in the senate ' and Britain. Great between 1779, 8, European settlement in the Upper Mississippi ValSpain May and make the rafters ring with deraising hell. ley, as well as the first capital of the Illinois TerMay 26, 1780, a raid was made on St. Louis, the vehemands for a hew deal loud enough to In former days, outstanding son the of for the a force of 140 English ritory." Fort Chartres, named ' Spanish headquarters, by mence in senate debate attracted gen- be heard back home without wires or regent of France, was built In 1720 by the French and Canadian traders and 1,500 Indians, fitted out Joe Foraker wireless. eral notice. with the idea of giving protection to the operations by Lieutenant Colonel Sinclair of Michllimaclnac of Ohio was known from end to end Perhaps never before has the senate famous John Laws of the Company of the West (Mackinac) and led by a Sioux chief named Wa- of the Even more recently embraced at one time so much lung country. organized in 1717. The fort, Mississippi Bubble basha. A portion of the party crossed the river the attribute of oratorical enthusiasm power and capacity for shaking aU the was abandoned In 1772, the British garrison going and raided Cahokia. Sinclairs official report says : was unusual enough to give his sobri- old bones of government procedure. in been restored now to Kaskaskia. It has part At Pencour (St. Louis) 68 were killed, and 78 g to Hiram Johnson It Is no more the millionaires club, by the state and its powder magazine, the oldest blacks and white people taken prisoners ; 43 scalps quet the senate known to Marcus Alonso of California. . a be as historical used will in officer In. an Illinois, lost The rebels and were brought building and even the late Boles PenIs but a This Hanna, memory, greatness1 museum. When in 1763 the Jesuits were supthree men at Cahokia, and five prisoners." when a glance Is cast along hell rais- rose. Air-tigorganization, reverence en- the the pressed In France and their property confiscated without assault, pressing Suddenly, row in the new senate, where for the established orders, unanimous ers to the crown, the decree was enforced by the tire party decamped and scattered. They had the talent of Johnson of support of every party measure French commander against the Jesuits in Kaskasdiscovered that Clark had returned in haste from Minnesota and Magnavox , Wildman Brookhart were characteristics then, kia. The priests were expelled and their properto aid the was at and hand, prepared Kentucky ty, including 200 acres of cultivated land, many a was name terror of Clark Spanish. The very cattle and a brewery, was sold. This was just to the Indians. A high wind prevented signals before the British occupation. from being heard ; otherwise Clark would have had Hamilton, LETTER written by George few days at home and should be glad During the Revolution Hair-Buya hand In the hostilities. He possibly did not go Washington about a month to see you the British commander of the region, with headThis attack was part of a general plan devised the surrender of Corn- there or you might be attending the after quarters at Detroit, Incessantly harried the Americonfor Germain the. complete by Lord George wallis, and believed to have courts can settlements in Kentucky by Indian raids. quest of the West. Features of this plan were to been heaven-bor- n I thank you for your kind , conhas been made puba unpublished, Clark, military George Rogers bring down $ force of Northwestern Indians on St. lic by Secretary Weeks. The letter gratulations on the capitulation of Ingenius raised up by Providence for the occasion, to from Detroit an to send expedition Louis; was discovered by accident in old rec- Cornwallis it Is an interesting event concelvedthe plan of winning peace for Kentucky vade Kentucky and keep Clark busy; to bring a ords of He to at war the house of representatives, and may be productive of much good Hamilton Detroit. the by carrying fleet and army up the Mississippi under General and a photostat copy was presented if properly improved but If It should began operations by capturing Kaskaskia, taking northern with the to unite expedition. to Mr. Weeks Campbell by William Tyler Page, be the means of relaxation and sink it by surprise, without bloodshed. The plan was a good one. It failed In part be- clerk of " us into supineness - and security it house. the The French of the Blinois territory called the cause Governor Galvez of New Orleans got busy, was The better not have happened. Great letter had s addressed to Robert them believed to be and Americans licked the British and captured their posts along H. who had been a mem- Britain for some time past has been Harris, PensaMobile bloodthirsty and cruel. They had no love for and at (he lower Mississippi and ber of Washingtons staff and was a encouraged by the impolicy of our their British overlords, but feared the Americans cola. It also failed because Clark blocked the progwar- - and of When Clark captured Kaskaskia exceedingly. ress of the northern expedition and also brought lawyer ondistinction, who afterward conduct to continue the account of ill health, a should there be aa Interference ot refused, without bloodshed, treated the inhabitants with to Detroit the from to naught expedition Kentucky place on the Supreme court. The let- European politics In her favor, peace kindness and announced that there would be no under Captain Byrd. ter reads : and may be further removed from us than church the with their Interference religion If this British plan of conquest had been sucMount Vernon, 18 Nov. 81. we expect, while one thing we are simple villagers were overjoyed and enthusiasticessful the country north of the Ohio and west Dear sure of and that is, that the only way Sir; of to oath United the took the allegiance become a cally of the Mississippi would have thereupon A few days previous to my leaving to obtain peace Is to be prepared for States. They raised a company of militia and of Province the of Quebec. part accompanied Major Bowman to Cahokia, where ; Clarks brilliant exploits In 1778 and 1779 there- the Camp before York I was favoured war policy. Interest, economy all with your letter of the ult. Thinking unite to stimulate the States to fill ths there was another bloodless victory. Then they fore have a place of Importance In American his- I should see you on my return, I post- Continental battalions, and provlds volunteered to take Vincennes the same way that cannot be overestimated. They enabled tory the receipt of the means of supporting them I hops acknowledging which they did. So Clark got possession of every the new nation of the United States in the peace itponed now till that 1 despair of that pleas- the present favorable moment for doBritish post in thq Illinois country without a batMisInsist to the upon negotiations successfully on the eve of my depar- ing it will not be neglected. ure, tle and without the loss of a life. Later that fall sissippi as its western boundary as against the ture being for Philadelphia without making Mr. CustiBs death has given muck an led as everyone knows, Hamilton expedition British contention of the Alleghanles. on the road except one day distress in this family I congratulate from Detroit and recaptured Vincennes, only toJ With the Mississippi and the Ohio carrying their apx. stay lose It to Clark the next spring and be taken to Annapolis, if the Govt should be you on your late change and am, trade to the Gulf, the American people could not athere i D. Sir, Virginia as a prisoner. rest until New Orleans was an open port to them. I desired Doct Draper who came to Ymost obed. ft . Clarks sudden appearance and rapid capture of This desire of the frontier brought about the Affect. Serv these western posts of the British astonished beLouisiana Purchase' of 1803. And with the conti- this place with ms on Tuesday last G. WASHINGTON. yond measure the Indians and their chiefs for 500 nent theirs from the Atlantic to the Rockies tig ind proposed being at Portobaeco next Robert H. Harris Bsq miles round about flocked to see the mighty war- 'ay, te let you know I should stay march to the Pacific became a matter of courts. of the strategic importance of the Pacific is seen In the approval by the Navy department of recommendations of a naval board for development of American shore stations. More than 67 per cent of all appropriations for bases and naval depots and air stations during the next 20 yearfc will go to the erection of first and second lines of support for the navy in the Pacific under the provisions of the report which, through the signature of Acting Secretary Roosevelt, became the basic policy of the department Among the important projects which the board and the department have given formal approval were: Naval base, Honolulu, $42,528,000; naval base, San Francisco, $26,529,-00naval base, Puget Sound, naval base, Canal Zone, naval base, San Diego, I) bill the gained control of the reaching positions that wilt permit lngjon the Miraflores locks. Lack of sufficient aircraft In canal defenses to Insure immunity from attack by enemy bombers should a base be obtained within striking distances. The need, for Improving our fleet communications, both radio and visual. "The necessity for balancing our fleet by the addition of: (a) Scouting cruisers, (b) Destroyer leaders... The necessity for having a sustained speed of at least 12 knots for : (a) Fleet submarines. (b) All auxiliaries that will accompany the fleet The necessity for more maneuvers of this nature for fleet training. The necessity of denying to any possible enemy a base within aircraft striking distance of the canal. The desirability iof studying the question of establishing by suitable treaties, aircraft base or bases at points within striking distance of thf canal. The necessity for looking ahead at to the probable and possible developments in submarines and aircraft ECOGNITION 0; 0. Long-Knive- s. 0; five-pow- 1 lt . . ch pro-Briti- Senate Next December , THE wide-brimme- d - . Fire-Alar- m Hell-Roarin- , ht Unpublished Washington Letter Found A Long-Knive- -- : . ' -- |