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Show rirrrr Admitting, as we must, that all taxation incidental interference with industiy, it will still be asked whether Continued ) the aim of the true legislator ought not J jt, to be to render this interfeience ai light Oi jECTiuxs to Protection. , Free tradaiinposes other serious ob- as possible, rathei than to attempt to emit a an agent of restriction or imjections to protective tariffs, and as these ploy pulse. small of the make no up objections part Tile industiies of the people fill the , pominon arguments, it becomes the more chief chapters in the national life.-- They Even if the consider them. important to and qssumptions o( protection are, lor the occupy andthesustain the population, main part, true,' and if those of free trade furnish to government its clugf obIt ate chiefly inadequate or unsound, it still jects of legislation and overnight. remains that protection is nothing but a must burden these industries with" taxes device to accomplish a given desirable tof national good; may it also foster them ( Jesuit, and rf the objections' to it over- for national good? Tiie extension and prosperity of tire balance its advantages, if ought to be concern industiies almost equally all citabandoned, i for they include not only the ques is Objection. The protective tarifTim-posfe- s izens; a tax upon the many for Hie" bene- lions of production and wealth, of ease vvork-ei- s fit of the lew; that is. upon all consumers and comfort, but also of work for and of wages for woik. The indus..r the benefit of the few manufacture. This objection rs: evidently iirelevant, tries underlie and support public order education,'' good and since the avowed purpose of the tar. if is apd to a d the manufacturer by laying the cheap government, civilization, and the No question burden of introducing and maintaining very existence of society. be more national Hi character, more the new in mufnctqiD upon the people at can in application and influence, lure. lint the objection is also false in-in universal than that of their prosperity, form. It is a complaint against the If may at all undertake equality of tne burdens ami benefits of this government of promoting the industries, work lie will some as in much, taxation, and, soi t against every tax imposed by gov- then it may surely lay taxes and impose needful for the put pose. ernment; Ibr'no tax ever was, and none restrictions ever vv.ll oe, equal in its bearing upon This is no further inteiieretirc witii private liberty than the luitiqe of the case all. be war defensive A. absolutely requires. ipay It is plain that the protection, to be necessary to the safety and life of thr vvise and just, must take into account the nation, but its hardens will fall with ter-- , rible and distructive force upon some, present industrial condition of the nation. wh.le it will entjeh others, The proper A protective tanfi'among savages would be an absurdity. They have no question to be laised is not as tq tpe tax- this-iworthy the name, to protect, and its as and but to' "object; ation, have neither the wish nor ability to equally true whether a tax ft laid to de- they fend the nation or to promote the indus- engage in new ones. Nor, atfthe oilier extreme, is protection necessary to a tries of the country 2d Objection A part only of the money people who overtop all rivals in their manufactures. As the seeks a paid by the people comes into the public foreign market in which tosavage bis powbuy lite to share the going greater ireasuiy, der and shot, and h's meager supplies so jnJtnufactureist that ft,, qll the advance the great manufacturing nation, outon the imported, goods- taxed ice paid pi otheis, seek free foreign margoes to the government; but all paid for rivaling all manufactured at home goes to kets to sell its surplus. The savages the manufacturers. This objection is al- home iqarket ofdoes not yet exist; the the great manufacturing so irielevant.' Tne very object of the tax home market is to raise the price of the goods pro- power is fully preoccupied A German vvtr.er lias suggested that duced at home in order to induce tiieir dilferent ol national production. The aim and ctliciencv cf there are need to stages taken into account be that must and not the tax Use.!, tax, simply be the ground of objection. If the pro- in setting the policy of a protective tariff easily discriminate three sucti tective tariff does really introduce and We may in which the question will wear support domestic manulactuies.jt accont-plisne- s stages that for which it is levied and in a different aspect, and demand a differanswer: i. The barbarous or nomad the way proposed. It might be proper ent to object that I he tax is inordinate; or ic stage, in which the nation or tribe has that it does not accomplish its purpose, no manufactures to protect, and does not wtrioR would implv that it is too small. Care to introduce any 2. A middle stage )hrt to object to any protective t.uifl at in whic(i the nation Iras begun to manuall must properly bei based upon a denial facture, and in, the presence, as it were, of the older and more advanced nations of tne object of such taxation. to which it has served hitherto as a mar3d Objection. The protective tariff teres with trade, and, hence, with the ket. Its young and feeble mmufactmes, without foieign natural course of industry, forcing men feeble in capital and skill, out of employments which are prolitable, market and iusectue in their own, must and into those which are unprofitable, eventually languish through a lung and It is sometimes added, that the people, uncertain infancy unless helped by the or protected by the government. by doing what they can do. best, will get public stage, in which the nation, althe foreign goods which they desire, 3. A final or centuries of expeiience, litis ter years to make ttian by attempting cheaper , these goos for 'tleimselves. The objec- - grown l ich in capital, is full of inventors lion again is Irrelevant. The purpose of and machinery, and has armies of skilled command, and, besides all the protective thrift is to interfere with laboiers at the run of the maikets, of the the natural course of industry m urder fo this, has To introduce new industries, ft seeks to world. is such a naion the term pio without meaning, since they tsumptfusale eoaut .man fur. tmubutf qiacay itection have lib rivals to Tea tnrfrr front industries in which they may be markets (there their piotective tarilis to others which aie strange to tnern. And it seeks to do this lot a cotild not apply. These stages of national industries greater good which it hopes p attain for may, in some sense, be f juml also in tne people and the country iq cumin each one of those industries. Any mantimes. ' Tne interference with a natural course ufacture, in its infancy, may need proof events, that is, Vith the blind action of tectionit against its foreign livnls; but when has grown strong, and, filling its hatuial causes, is not necessarily wiong own home maikets, it goes forth to the or evil. All human civilization lias come from such interference, inputting men conquest of other markets, pioiecio is ttooii doing thing;.? which tne savage does to it an insult, if not an ahsmdity. The doctrine of protection loses all its not do by nature, or in restraining them from courses which savage nature allows. significance and reasonableness when it There are many forms given by fl ffer-e- is applied to industries like tilts. If by writers to the above objection but any means the nation, or any one of Us has relapsed into the feeble they maall be readily reduced to these industries, or if openly hostile measures have stage, answers when same the lurms, wqjl apbeen taken against such industry by its ply." case is changed, and , 4th Objection. It is impossible for any foieign rivals, the may be invoked to ward eft statesmanship to so adjust tire terms of protection evil. a protective tariff that its advantages the threatened The Question ok Fact. shall always fall where they are most As has been shown, the whole tariff needed, and that its burdens shall not resolves itself at fast into a quesquestion obequall or overpass its benefits. This Does protection protect?' tion oi fact. jection is direct and serious. Ic describes Does the protective taritf do what it is the claims of protectionists oh their own do? Does it increase and gro mds, and, if fully sustained, must go designed tothe lftitional To industiies? lar to overturn their theories. A remedy promote which exceeds the skill oi human beings this question a vast amount of statistical to apply successfully and safely is no answer lias been given. The history of civilized nations tor centimes bins been at all. temedy ' If must be admitted by all candid men ransacked, and the example of each has that the dilliculty with our tariffs has bten put in evidence on both sides. But, been their cumbersotneness and their in- unferumately, there are so many other causes that enter iiito the piuduction of equality; and it has thus far been beyond lesult, that the full influthe power of our National Congress to each claimed the presence or absence of a enact a tarilflaw free fiom these objec- ence of tariff cgn not be fullv ascertained. tions. Hut it will be answered that the There liesjjefoie me, as I write, three same imperfection attaches to all human accounts of the industrial policy leg' slation, and that any other method separate and condition of the modern Geiman pi effecting the same public purpose would necessarily lie open to the same Empire: The fust states that it lias only a low tariff aifd is virtually iLhout prodifficulty and objection. Most of human action proceeds upon probabilities, and tection, but is nevertheless, in a veiy afmust, tnerefoie.be uncertain in its results. prosperous condition. The second Thus again we are brought to question firms, on the authority ol a Column w that Germany is perishing, and of iact to be answ-ie- d by statistics. gives as the cause of her condition, her The True If the foregoing discussion is sound, adtieience id the protective policy. The then the real questions to be answciyd tli.rd, in a popular woik on 1'olnical Economy, asserts that Gemunv presents are these twb' splendid example (.1 the j ruspentv i. Is it proper apt;! wise for a nation, awinch follows lrom fiee trade. With through its government, to attempt to such careless ot statements promote the diveisilicatian and growth meeting us on discrepancy all sides, and m iie.uly evof its industries? it will not be wondered at that 2. Does experience prove that a plo- - ery case, . ut tiie inlliu-neof a protectective tariff does efficiently piomote the th$ question is still the battle field cl econorariil tive t iviisilicatan and growth ol national mists and statesmen. , In the United States the difficulties of Ml arguments and objections that do question have been greatly innot touch one of both Of these two ques- the taritf and the coiitroveisy has beet! tions are ii relevant,' and out of place in creased, the discussion; ' All objections to t le in- embittered by the division of the nation into sepa.ate States, each claiming a equalities cf taxation; all complaints as modified soverignty, and c.uh liming to the beneiits or bin dens ol the taxes such ail extent ot teiiit.ny and such a mdias affirmations all bow to imposed; viduai men can buy cheap or sill dear, d.veiy ( Ttf soil, pos.t.on, and climate as all these, and many otheis with which to render almost a separate people.The taiift that lias piutected one inis opeconomists have tilled their volumes cf .ed another of these States The debate, belong to other questions, and pies tn.muiacturtug States have asked for pro-- 1 have no proper place in tins debate. the agr.cultuia! Slates lor tree' It is the perception, by people and tv'cltun; tiudo. Section..! and partisan stoles arnre!. of tins of ivancv the statesman, d. stoned tacts and unseated tiievis-iou.unhave Unis ol tie; economist guments and object ' he question has been one ol secwnich hasrubbed those arguments and tions ra'hei tn.m ofsciei.ee. 1'nvate greed and of their force, expected objections has purpose Iv added to the contusion, to leu to the condemnation of then authors gain; ami tiie real arguments and get doctrinaires. and mere as theori.ers issues have Hten been lost iiom sight. " ; TRe National (Juesivjn. The progress ol new mamil.ictuics in the Different views are held by statesmen as Southern and Western Slates is now of govern- turning them into t.mfi advocates, while to tire functions ment, and d.ffereiit opmioiis w.ll prevail New England, iuv.ng ic.ti lied the thiid state ot nmnului lining life, is becoming as to ihe wisdom of government in nt.dteis of trade and industry. free tiade in ,1s v w ... PROTECTION AND FREE TRADE COPPS LAND involves Pending Legislation hi Congress; Vo- Jinilroad Forfeitvrr, Arts I'icsvcZ Changes i a the r Homestead and Cvltnre Lams. Pre-emptio- Tint-be- The land matters now pending before Congress in which Ihe public is most interested, are tlmse relating to contemplating forfeitures of railroad gran's and the proposed homechanges in the laws. stead and limber-cultur- e AVith respect to the former, both houses desire to take some kind of action, but a wide difference of opinion as to flip extent of forfeitures to be declared is entertained by the members of tiie House of Representatives and Senate, and in fact by the several members of tiie bodips. The Senate proposes to forfeit onv sueli lands as lie opposite the lines of railroads not yet completed, permitting the grantees to take ;i!I lands opposite and coterminous with Completed portions of the roads, wliether the lines were constructed prior to or after the expiration of the periods prescribed byjthe granting acts, foi the completion of the same. In tiie House the proposition to forfeit entire ail railroad grants where the whole lines were not constructed within the statutory period, is very popular. This is an extieme measure to which the assent of the Senate, as now constituted, will not he given and one which, in the opinion of eminent lawyers, would not he sustained by the courts, even if enact-e,as a law. The reason for this belief, is that it would he an attempt to disturb vested rights, and that Ihe Government having failed to declare a forfeiture of grants at t well-bein- maim-future- . - intj-good- s by law, within which the lines should he completed, cannot take advantage of the lacln s of the after having secured tiie benefits which it was expected would he derived from the grants. In tlioit, that the grants and their constitute contracts, acceptance, binding alike upon both parties the grantee (contractor) and the government (proprietor) by wliicli the former undeitook to perform certain things within a specified time for a consideration named. That the grantee, having failed to perform his part within the time, 'risk wi IT fj HeTftTrg 't sir grab rand the Government might, at the time, have declared aforfeituie and refused to pay the consideration. That the Government having failed to take advantage of the ilause in the grant at tl.e time the laches oveurred and having ermitteJ the grantee to construct itienne out of time, and Paving inis ecudonea accepted the the fault crlaciien of the grantee and is estoppvu lion, claiming a reversion of the lands by virtue of the foifeiture clause in the grant. Important changes in the preemption, homestead and are contemplate! by what is known as the Holman Hill now pending before the House. In fact, U contains provisions which if enacted into Jaw, will change, more or less, ail oxirdiug laws relating to the disposal of public Janus. It repeals the and laws and permits the dtsposalof agricultural lands only under the homestead law, in which law numerous changes aie proposed. It provides for the classification of the public lands into clas-i- g to he designated as agricultura', timber, minetal, desert and lands, and prescribes me to procure title to each of the classes. , The discussion of the MillTariff Rill and tin consideration of the appropriations for 'lie fiscal veur will occupy tne reinaisiu-e- r of the session of (.yngie-s- , and 1 Irani from the prom n ait members of both hou-e- s that a ru road foifeltuu bill ami the Holman1 Rill cannot pass both hou-e- s bci'oie next winter. People interest-.- ! m and the laws mav r.dv on this iiifninitmi ilENll V N. 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