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Show CACHE AMERICAN, LOGAN, UTAH NOT IN THE BOX SCORE: war to aa again 1 wllh the Damek bralhera rrott-In- g Toots Moudt and thinking al joining Bowser and Pfcffer la New Yark . . . Mae Bloom, aba ranks close Is lha tap at the Fast's soccer d referee, was bars la Nestis nd. la Wslra and married Mis Chester lassla , . . Contrary ta pres reports. Lightweight Champion Lea Ambers' bit for fighting Prdra Is a flat $50.00 Instead of Predicted Carolina's Quints Before Their Birth X-Ra- Keeping Up eda-ralr- Moa-tan- $63,000, rs They Only Happen Once in 10.000,000 Pregnancies By ELMO SCOTT WATSON OULD you like to be fumous? Would it give you a thrill to have your picture printed in thousands of newspapers all over the United f X University of Southern California, States and perhaps have the newsreel cameraKen Carpenter. Olympic dismen knock at your door and ask you to say a cus champion In best form, tnsy bo few words while they cranked away at their the Iariflc roast's top football team machines? Would it give you satisfaction to this fall , , , Sul Strauss, tbs eminent Twentieth Century fight club have people nudge each other and remark in a low tone, as v NO e attorney, has only one complaint you passed by, 'Look! Theres Joe Dukes. Hes the fellow, concerning his recent trip to a you know, who . , . He is peeved because the If your answer is Yes to year. Next he country winch originated the sandall comwich dues not make them thick all those questions, it's not ers to meet challenged him in a $10,000 enough . , . Harry Voller, the fight difficult, you know, for you to fasting contest in which each conmovie min. wires that he has Just attain any or all of those am- testant was to receive daily a spent CO G's fixing up hi Miami gallon jug of pure spring water bitions. You remember the but no food. The one who held hi til'll lienrh hotel . . . John Gorman. fl'u 8 pmrntl saying, often attributed to out longest was to win the conColumnnt thi nark Inhnn in fl, Brooklyn baseball business managd- -r fir hath uho er, is to be congratulated for en- Emerson, about building a test and the ten thousand. king nl the ii irua rim I nurt on , one , out jiormnil couraging home latent and Appointand havbetter mouse-tra- p The Champion Faster. folf'tt. Out a I thr mini popular of ing the able young Babe Bamberger mil the pro trouper. the llillit 'hit hr to as his traveling assistant . . . During the world beat a path to But, such was the fame of Dr. trll ol ihr it toll anil thrill that hma ing hts amateur soccer days. Danyour door. But even if you Tanner as a faster, that he could Mm thma the Coma to him on hi ny Devlin, now associated with no fed for mouse- find no one to take up his chalFaying tribute to one of the queerest character America ever have tournament Uml.l lenge. Later he went to California produced, when Emperor Norton was reburied in Woodiawn cemM.ckey Walker, was an Irish Interother or construction trap whore he ) a colony of etery in San Francisco. Joshua Norton national. By JOHNNY FARREL proclaimed himevidences of inventiveness, fosters to inspired confollow his example. self Emperor of the United State and Protector of Mexico, ITlIl-.krd me llutb Bradlry who won the Rudolph Cararciola, of them made remarkable ferred titles of nobility upon his friends and issued bia own currency Im bf hi (iml columnist thi German Grand Friz, averagrd that wont necessarily pre Several week, that made me ainile. 12. Ml mile per hour aver this vent your achieving some records all the way from 41 to which was honored in payment ot hia debts by everyone acquainted Hugh. I know aa much about most famous of European road brief 41 days. But the champion was with the old mans idiosyncrasies. measure of fame Mrs. A. II. Wi.seman of Los Anpounding a typewriter aa you do course. While winning the Vanderthough it may be. about pounding a goll bail. (Yes sir, geles who fasted for 54 days and grocer for 73 years and eight pressed by NRA. bilt rup brre on July S Bernd Do you w.mt to know how to do by doing so reduced her months Clear across the country, his name was Fred C. Perkins ) weight average was 2 Ml nule Speak. ng of smiling. though, a lot it? Well, let's consider some of fi oin 230 to 226 pounds. Of course, in Los Angeles, Calif., Mrs. Aba-ga- il But you don't have to go to of people hove asked me why I per hour. That ought to prove somethe methods employed in recent the record for abstainLelTingwcll was being pub- jail to win fame and get your reem to be tmiling when I thing about the Rooseselt Rareway months. ing from food was thst made licized because she was ninety' picture in the papers. One good get m a louth spot out there on the providing faster time for it auto e ght years young," had just had way if you're a girl is to be VinTerrence by the of Ernest case Ttiere's Irish ti.e MacSwincy, ThatEver to Sieve since Iuhlieist easy. fairways rarer, arrording elected queen." So in recent on bale cent Wright of Los Angcies, the patriot, who fasted for 74 days a permanent wave. I first started playing golf up in llannagan . . . Keep an World wnr vet- back in 1920 But. strictly speakAs for the Westchr-tc- r She youngest, there months weve gazed upon the picshortly before the war. Helen Rains, the awimmer. Warren tures of Doris Harrison of BarIve told myself to keep smiling weigh about eighty pounds and Is eran who wrote a book. Before ing. ins isnt a recotd for he was little died as the result of his ab- Kapelje of San Gabriel, Calif, tow, Fla., who was Orange For I think that's the answer to only twelve years old hut she's dostinence. Queen at the Florida orange who operates his own model airing mighty well raring Frn Kompa golfing success. When youre cheerin Winter Haven; Kalita So if you are thinking of beful and smiling you are relaxed and and the rest of the big girls . . . plane supply store in his home festival Humphreys of Galveston, Texas, easy, your swing doesn't freeze and The schooner Amerira. for whiib coming famous by hanging up a and. when he received his memQueen of the Oleander Festival new record in fasting, better bership in the San Gabriel Chamyou're able to keep your club In a the international yarhl trophy Is think twice before you start. For ber of Commerce, became the in that city; Ellen llarkonen of It's when you fail named, waa used during the Civil flowing Rroove Pelkie, Mich., who was Michto find that groove that you find war aa a Confederate blo kade runthere are other and safer ways youngest commerce body memof doing it You might make ber. igans Potato Queen and Muriel ner and also aa Federal navy disyourself in trouble and lots of it. Wolfson who was the Egg something bigger even though Pictured also in the newspapers I ran remember standing on the patch boat. at the egg festival held Queen not better it than necessarily about that time were Kennard Orville Paul, one armed semi-pro- , eighteenth green at Olympia Fields at Lakewood, N. J. has ever been made before. Take E. Goldsmith, In Chicago in I9tl. pitches to the Cardinals in batting The throne of this a tip from Louis Wavnai, a Los N. Egg of IL, . It was one of those and . Bill Kiiicfer Portsmouth, , mayor Lefty practice for Queen, instance. you remember, was a Angeles municicarpenter, to said be the midhot Const youngest O'Doui, typically league managers, put Last year the newspapers car- pal executive in the United bathtub in which she reposed, summer daya in the on milking contest prior to a reher only blanket being several ried pictures of him d, splaying States. Midwest. In front of cent game . . . Colleges in Turkey dozen eggs. what was said to be the largest me was so eight-fohave adopted crew raring . , . The Child Bride. B.ble in the world. Its pages As a matter of fact, you dont Bobby putt. Barney Ross is the only fighter alBut the fame of these was as were three feet wide and three have to be a girl to be chosen a Jones had just holed lowed to train at the exclusive of to that nothing compared feet long and, using a handout for a birdie and. club in the East . . . Boston queen for the caption over the the girl down in picture of a smiling baseball playIn order to' win that stamping machine which he con- Tennessee Red Sox teammates call Bing Miller bride who the became structed himself, he stomped into in the newspapers not so long play-aUncle Tom . . . Knoxville of the man and er was each of its 8,018 pages every of a Chosen Beauty Queen for the National ago Southern association has released Mitzie letter, symbol and who was pictured holding in her and the story said: separate Beattie Feathers, Bear half back, Open championship, her husbands wedding gift I had to drop that punctuation mark. The huge book arms for failure to hit . . . Carl Hubbell a doll. For a time her name was bound with metal and its There has beaten the Pirates 33 times and ERNEST VINCENT WRIGIIT-- Ile was on the lips of millions of was 1,094 pounds. weight was a crowd of 10,000 lost only 13 to them since entering 50,110-wornovel wrote people. Of course, you remember Ife Won at Chin Golf. enthusiasts jammed around the the National league. without once using the Igticr "e" it! What! You don't? It was Euso that close green, packed together Just recently J. O. Whipple, nice Winstead. It's Mrs. Charlie Jockey Johnny Gilbert, who rode in it. even a hardened New Fork subway the Arlington Classic winner, wears Jr., of Princeton university re- Johns now. rider would have felt Ilka a a little gold Idol in bis cap for doing it, he tied down the e a silver cup for winning ceded The caption over a picture of on his typewriter and never tlie first squeezed orange. good lurk during the running of a key intercollegiate chin golf Mrs. Inez Swanson of Los Anused all the once it in writing It rare. Owner Jock Whitney gave (shaving) contest m New York. geles told of her distinction. 12 50,110 words in his novel. That Students from to him . . . Pitcher Larry French Payoff Putt Is Easy various eastern Times Married it said and benot and feat his name only put universities reported at the place neath the spends his spare moments studying When Youre Not Grim in all the newspapers but where the contest picture was a story tellwas held with astrology and to one of the world's picture how she exhibited as proof won him a to also for chance ing most superstitious ball players . . . a on of whiskers growth Everything hung on that putt I Three weeks before Tommy Farr speak over the radio. And, of their faces. As in golf, the least her marriage certificates and wouldn't let myself think of what It ran out on Max Schmellng, Syd Hull course, when he did he was very number of strokes of the razor boasted I aint never buried a careful to avoid using words was to decide the winner. Whip- husband yet.' meant to me. Do you know, Hugh, the who promoter Harringay what I was thinking of? I remem- thought he was sponsoring the which contain an e. Compared to Mrs. Swanson, ple won with 31 strokes, no cuts bered a story Id heard in the locker match, gave him a present valued James Masse of Goderich, Ont., Then there's the case of Dr. and no penalties. room the night before the one at 35 pounds. It was a traveling Thomas II. Staggers, mechano-therapiAll of which indicates that is a novice in the matter of about the duffer who had a new bag which Tommy found very He has been married of Cleveland, Ohio, who theres a great variety of ways in marriage. 4 caddie. You've heard that how he handy on his trip over here to meet worked steadily for two days and which only once but his picture appeared fit can become famous you 21 15 ' K with of his in in the 1A a tower succeeded kept telling his caddie to pick up Joe Louis i was So badly the papers piling up if so desire. In fact, there those divots, and when they got California sensation. Bob Nestell, composed of 3,585 matches on areyou was taken It shortly so many different ways that children. back to the clubhouse the caddie beaten in his last Gght that he is the mouth of a beer bottle before after the birth of his twenty-firs- t of MARK M. SANDERSON turned the duffers bag upside down still in retirement on his chicken a visitor, coming into the room child which accounted for Mrs. putting the and, looking very seriously, as grass with a heavy tread, caused the Masses absence from the photo- East Ellsworth, Wis., ranch. The guy who did the beatfinishing touches on the tombchunks tumbled out, said, "Here ing was Bob Pastor. tower to collapse. Of course graph. But at least she can share stone he built for himself. are your divots, boss, but what I in the distinction suggested by a variation on this piling want to know is what you are go- Freedom From Bull Pen which were lines an bottle is on a these matches up printed Greene, varsity baseball player ing to do with them?" under the picture: Every one of with old parlor trick which many a on his chest and freckles hair Gomez Aids the children born to the couple is on Pitching hostess has suggested when her That made me laugh as I thought his hands, was elected Beauty still living either at home or sf it. 1 wasnt tight and grim, and party begins to go dead. But Queen of Miami university at Oxwithin a few miles of his birthso It was a simple matter to sink Lefty Gomezs return to form this it remained for Dr. Staggers to ford, Ohio, by students who to the Imfather, for abandonwith it. bid a make According fame his to that and win the Open year is attributed place. turned down 25 girl candidates. 21 not is and there alive are all crown. ment of bull pen mediately, other people in various Greene promptly announced his in a crooked or the bad a eye leg parts of the country tried to beat abdication and declared his picEverybody thinks that was my work. It has helped p whole bunch! All are healthy and his record and for a time ture would go into the college greatest golfing thrill. But it wasn't him conserve his is a believed record This sound. I a was fad. his for regpopular strength There have been a lot of them yearbook section reserved for the for a family living on the Amerdont know who finally won the and disappointments, too. But the ular turn on the beautiful girls of the campus continent. in of ican title Last mound. performyear champion over his dead body. " biggest thrill of all but wait a moing this feat (although I'll probThose Who Do. ment, let me tell you of some of he was warming up every other day for ably hear from others who beat the higher moments. So much for those who are. Well! Here we are nearly at Dr. Staggers record because I relief work and his Now for some typical examples the end of this article and yes, Playing in my first open at Inveralso mentioned their record reflected it havent of those who do. There was I know I havent mentioned a lot ness in 1930 it was the first for . St. Louis Browns 1 names). But, after all, does it Mrs. Edna Mae Potter of Los of Jones, Sarazen and Diegel, too. Ive ran a tryout famous people that Mismatter? camp who consumed 45 pounds souri state been in every one since then, but Angeles legislator who staged at Johnstown, Pa., Ends Fast on Firty-Thir- d Day. of roasted chicken and dressing a I've never felt the same thrill as n strike in the sevl Boys, recently. men of four for the house of representatives, that when I walked up to that first tee Consider, and defeated next, the case enteen to twenty-on- e chicken-eating cham- young man m the same state Jackson Whitlow of Stooping at Toledo , . , Qualifying in my title of '1 A old, more than five feet nine who heard a comfirst British Open at Troon in Scot- years pion. Her technique, illustrated who staged a lovers inches tall and weighing more than Oak, Tenn., mand from God and started to r land In 1932. That was the worst 150 with a photograph, was described strike by chaining himself to a pounds were eligible. They furharmonica radiator in the home of his girl fast. For more than a month he storm Ive ever played in, and the as the 7 z. " '! nished their own equipment and 7'ir Then there was Miss Reva abstained from food of all kinds "IV gales were howling around my head transportation and paid approxistyle. friend, that fellow from Kansas . V-g was declared who showed his interest in pro-while the world waited breathlessWhitcomb who at about ninety miles an hoar. Saru $1.50 a day for board and mately to how was he cook of New learn ly each day azen, who was National Open chamchampion pastry s moting peace by making sudden room. test of York state in competition at dramatic appearances at conven-tion- s enduring the pion at the time; Long Jim Barnes that the British Smith Horton says at least, the his endurance and initimable Harry Vardon ail Rochester recently. of one sort or another and failed to make the grade In the P. G. A. did far more than could amount of newspaper space deBut those who dont are even by showering people with feath- in been have reasonably expected voted to his fast and the pictures teeth of those blustering winds more interesting than those who ers from the bag which he carcourtesy and paying bills of him (sent by wirephoto) gave DR. THOMAS II. STAGGERS Riding np Fifth avenne on my re- extending especially if they dont obey ried while he shouted his slogan, do, turn from Chicago, after winning for the American Ryder enp team the impression that the world w'as He succeeded in piling 3,585 all of the multitude of laws which Feathers instead of bullets! daring its recent trip to England matches on the mouth of a beer have been passed to regulate waiting breathlessly. the Open. But it isnt really necessary Britons met the team at Plymouth bottle. When the fast of this man behavior. Those are only some of them. The and had first class reservations for to mention them for, of course, greatest of all, though, was in win- the ten players, five wives, and the who talked with God ended on they might even be subdivided NRA Martyrs. you remember their names. Anythe 53d day because the Lord and classified m some such ning the $5,000 first prize at La manager on the ride to London recall the days of the NRA way, the purpose of this article ways ,You eat to him told has physicians In Gorce Florida in the winter of The as this (A) those who are . . was registered at the were code and the Blue Eagle? So, was to show you how easy it is quoted as saying that it was (B) those who do 1828. I was way back going into Savoyparty to become famous by citing exhotel for a day with aU bills something, and of course, you remember most of remarkable the one that last round. I was the last (C) those who dont do somethe British Sixteen cases in medical annals. of those poultry dealers amples of the various ways in names by paid Eviman In and I knew what I had to berths on the fast train from London which people have. But better in Brooklyn who defied the NRA, they had forgotten some thing. get to win. And on that stiff par 72 to Sonthport were given the playera dently Those Who Are. their case to the Supreme not count too much on that fame carried had who hit fasters other of the If you do, youre going course I turned in a 63, nine and they footed the bill, including The (A) group might be sub- court and not only won it but enduring. the headlines in years gone by. strokes under par, to take that to be disappointed. fees and transportation to the won fame to the divided also caddy was Dr. throughout according For instance there age as to prize the biggest In tournament Sonthport links Ask the girl who first swam This record S. Tanner of Minneapolis, the oldest and the youngest. country. (If you dont, they were history by a single stroke. That speaks for itself, says Smith . . . Henry A Albert Schecter Then the English channel, that honin Brothers). Cole back the 1877, amazed For example, of who, Minn., was the greatest round of golf Ive There's no question about the sort the doctors by fasting for 42 aavs Portland, Maire, woke up one there was that battery dealer in est sandwich man who found ever played in my life. of reception and treatment the re- when they had declared that 10 morning to find himself famous York, Pa., who not only defied $42,000 in securities in Wall There have been disappointments, sponsible parties in Great Brit- days was the limit. Again in I860 and his p.cture in the papers as the NRA but went to jail for street, the Man Who Carried the of course times when U all didnt ain wished to accord ns. I hope we O, just ask y fast which tae oldest active grocer m the 18 days, was fined $1,500 and Message to Garcia he staged a seem worth the work. Bat looking may do as well by their repre- attracted as much attention and United Statec because he v.as was hailed from one end of the anyone who has ever hit the back down the years, I have no re- sentatives when they come to tbs got, if anything, more newspaper eighty-fou- r years o'd and had country to the other as the prime headlines. Western Newspaper Union grets. Golf has been good to me. United States in 1939. space than did Whitlows th,s served conbnuousiy as a retail symbol of the little man op with jlr-- W Ixl Client Columnist Fng-lan- Johnny Farrcl Tell of Golfing Thrills (1819-1880- Rose-meyer'-a e - er twenty-three-year-o- Gros-slng- d thirty-aix-ho- le ft twenty-two-year-o- eight-foote- r. golf-craz- d st ... v- -v W.giv.SZ eight-foot- match-pihng-u- fl one-ma- sit-do- two-hand- - - . d ' ... ... ... ... the 30-3- 3 ... j Chicago. The North Carolina quintuplets, prematurely born last November, but who died at birth, will go down in medical history as the first quintuplets ever diagnosed as such before birth. Canada Looks to Beavers for Key to Drouth Problem Their Return May Stem Erosion of Soil, Also Ottawa. Comeback of beavers will play a part in solving the drouth and soil erosion problems in Canada Because of their industrious building of dams and underwater homes, beavers regu late the flow of water, make streams navigable, create reservoirs for time of small rainfall, and so Indirectly keep sufficient seepage in the ground to allow trees and grasses to grow. In charge of the venture 1 Can- ada's beaver man, Grey Owl. Grey Owl like beavers. He ha them in to lunch, he takes them on hi travels. Grey Owl feeds baby beavers milk from a syringe, he likes the young beavers wet on his knee. He lets them build their house In his cabin, and delights when they chew the legs of his chairs. Helps Beavers Build. Grey Owl decided that if the beav- ers were once more to be numerous they must overcome their fear of mankind. Here is how he started to cultivate the beavers confidence. When he saw the animals having difficulties with extra large trees, his axe cut through the timber quicker than their teeth. The beavers found trees chopped down for them ready to use in budding their houses. They found a man actually helping them construct dams, plug the difficult places, make their houses waterproof. Grey Owls wife, Anahareo, taught the beavers to come at her Beavers swim out to her call. canoe. Wherever Grey Owl and Anahareo go for the Canadian government they in this way help the beavers of their new locality, teach them to trust man. Where they found injured or orphaned baby beaver they nursed and fed them. They found beaver liked apples and boiled rice, in addition to their natural food of willow shoots and leaves. Grey Owl found that the beavers cry like humans, that their voice registers feelings with inflections easy to interpret, that beavers have the simpler emotions, show gratitude and affection. Changes Working Hours. To further aid in studying the beaver. Grey Owl has been able to change the beaver from a night worker to a day worker so that cameras could film the little animals in action. Due to Grey Owls perseverance with these animals, numerous government films have been made to show the necessity of saving the beaver from constant hunting. The results are already showing after Grey Owls few years of work with the beavers for the Canadian In all the game pregovernment. serves where he has operated beavers are reported on the increase, and where his system has been applied in other sections of the Dominion the results are equally promising. In addition waterfowl which have found in recent years difficulty in finding marshes for nesting, have been more numerous in the parks where Grey Owl has operated, showing that beavers, through their dam building, create sufficient seepage near marshes which would otherwise have dried up in recent drouth years. Maybe Theres Something to Scotch Way After All sit-do- .iVi ys An picture was taken of th mother when she entered the Duk hoipital, Durham, to hav her baby. The film showed four heads and five bodies. Next day th babiet were bom and, like the Dionne, all wer girls. Four were normal and the fifth was a hradlen freak. Two nf th babies survived as long a 30 minute. Doctor Argue, Study. Doctor throughout the country for the first time read and argued over this quintuple pregnancy, which bring the total of reported quintuplet In all medical history up to 35. Once In 40.000,000 births Is the expectancy ot quintuplets. Not only were the North Carolina births he first Instance of a diagnosis of quintuplets being made prio or to delivery, but because th died in a hospital It wa possible for the physicians to make a complete anatomical study of tha fetuses, placenta and membranes. One Egg or Several? Drs. E. C. Hamblen, R. D. Baker and G. D. Dcrieux report the cas and their finds in the Journal of th American Medical Association. What will provoke the most discussion among physicians, upon reading this report, is whether these babies sprang from one egg cell or Were they identifrom several. cal or where they not? The Duke hospital doctors are themselves perplexed, after presenting all their findings, but are inclined to the opinion that the five babies may well have been derived from a single ovum. ba-bi- Sheep Bush, African Forage Plant, Grows Well in Arizona Karroo or Washington. sheep bush, one of the principal forage plants for sheep in the South African desert plateau areas in times of severe drouth, is now being propagated by the nurserymen of the United States soil conservation service for seed increase, since this plant has demonstrated extreme drouth resistant possibilities and adaptability to the American desert. Sheep bush has covered the desert plateaus of South Africa for centuries. Gradually it became evident that this shrubby perennial was a most dependable forage plant. Becoming so dormant during the dry season that it appears to have died, it comes to life with almost miraculous quickness with the beginning of rains. The original Introduction of the karroo or sheep bush into the United States was made more than 35 years ago by Dr. David G. Fairchild, for many years head of the division of foreign plant introduction of the bu- reau of plant industry. First plantings were made from a packet of native African karroo seeds in the gardens at Chico, Calif. After that, for many years, little attention was given to the plantings. Then came the recent drouth emergency, and a small amount of seed was furnished the soil conser- vation service for experimental planting under Southwestern arid conditions. So the sheep bush, along with some 30 or 40 other species ofi widely varying growth habits, was planted in the Arizona desert. After a year or two qll of the1 species thus planted had disap-- 1 peared, with the single exception of the sheep bush. This is taken asl a thoroughly convincing experimen-- 1 tal result from the point of view of the soil conservation service. MayMinneapolis, Minn. be theres something in the thrifty habits of the old Scotchman after all, at least in the case of soap. A little soap Newest Night Comfort and lots of water that makes Is Bed a weak solution, is better than a strong soap solution Cincinnati. Aid for hot weather for washing away dirt. sleeping or for patients afflicted In the American Chemical so-- 1 cietys Fourteenth Annual Colloid Symposium held at the University of Minnesota here scientists were at last able to explain why. Studies of Prof. Ernst A. Hauser, H. E. Edgerton and W. B. Tucker of Massachusetts Institute of Technol-- 1 ogy with a high speed camera showed that the basis of the better cleaning was the formation of drops of a liquid and the accompanying phenomenon of surface tension. Ingenious silhouette pictures of falling drops were shown by the MIT scientists which reveal knowledge having applications in dyeing, tanning and other practical matters beside the washing behavior of soap in with hay fever is an canopy for beds which is entirely transparent to overcome the dislikes of people with claustrophobia. Moat everyone has this dislike of closed spaces in some degree or another. The canopy, made of a trade material known as Pliofilm, is soft, can be rolled up, is lightweight and The canopy is placed washable. over a bed like a mosquito cloth which a mother uses to cover the baby in his carriage, and at the foot of the bed the canopy covers the outlet of a small airconditioning unit A lowering of the temperature by ten degrees is claimed for the unit and the excess humidity is simultaneously removed. i |