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Show J CACHE AMERICAN, LOGAN. UTAH Unemployed Youth to Get a Chance Connecticut Digs Into Past History Charles Goodyear, discovered the process for vulcanizing rubber. A century ago Connecticut was a seagoing country. Shipbuilding, Washington. Connecticut Is bub- whaling and China trade brought bling over with enthusiasm during wealth to coastal villages and river the celebration of its tercentenary ports Many of the vessels that carEvery town in the state la digging ried forty nmers around the Horn up 1U past history. Recent anm were built at Mjstic. Essex launched versarles observed In connection the Oliver Cromwell, first ship la wltn the tercentenary are the Bris the U. S. navy; and Wethersfield tol sesquicentennlal and the two built the Desire, first American ves hundred and seventy fifth year of sel to cross the Atlantic. But times the Hopkins Grammar school In have changed. New London is now New Haven. a submarine base, and the fishing Netherlanders, not the English, industry confines Itself chiefly to were first on the Connecticut scene, the nysterbeds on Long Island sajs the National Geographic so- Sound ciety. They sailed np the broad Connecticut river, mapped part of Peon Pays 60 Centavos the coustline, and later established for Use of Another Name a trading post near the present site of Hartford. San Salvador. A new racket has But rumors of the fertile lands loen reported from La Union, Pa and mild climate of the Connecticut ilhc port of El Salvador. An Indian peon Inquired at the valley had reached the Plymouth Settlers from Massachu post olhee recently for mad for colony. setts hurried down from the north, Silome Haltnmyer. When asked set up a rival post on the river, and if he was of Swi-- s nationality, he In 10. 5 founded the three towns. of rcpliled that his fathers name wts Wethersfield, Windsor, and Hart- Juan Anusl.iclo liaruca and his mother was Sebnstina Gaitan, but ford, nucleus of the colony. had purchased the name of The fundamental orders adopt that he ed by this little group marked the H.iltmayer for 50 centavos. "1 bought the name, he added, beginning of constitutional govern from a Nicaraguan gentleman, who ment In this country. Later, when It was a very distln Connecticut delegates played an lm told me that name In Switzerland and gmshpd In the shaping of the portant part federal Constitution, their state be- cheap at 50 centavos. There were came known as the Constitution State. Included Wide Territory. Find Strange Holes on Nebraska Farms York, Neb. In the western part of York county near Bradshaw large holes are appearing In the surface of the earth. Some of the holes are about 5 feet across, with a room 10 or 12 feet square beneath. One Is about 15 feet across with the hole underneath about 20 feet deep. There are many smaller holes. These are found on the Carl Larson and Martin Johnson farms. Some think the earthquake last March caused them. Others advance other theories. Pioneers say such holes came and went the same manner about 35 or 40 years ago. Observes 300th Anniversary of Its Settlement. I. Miss Josephine Roche, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the NYA. 2. What Is to Become of These Young People Now They Are Out of School. 3. Aubrey Williams, Executive Director. By WILLIAM C. UTLEY a snort of disgust the wan tossed Ilia hat the table. Ami as be sank into the chair, bis worn newspaper, folded with the help wanted ada to the outside, their gruy columns smudged with the sweat of much handling, fell to the Boor; he didn't bother to pick it up. Ue bent In defeat, bis hands hung limply from the arms of the chuir. Uls eyes fixed In a red stare on WITH the thin carpet, his nostrils widened In sneer and his lower Up pouted. Be looked as If he would do something desperate If there were anything desperate to do. Bis throat was dry as he spoke. "I give up I Ive been In every darn place In this town where they might need anybody to do anything. Im a graduate engineer with one of the best records In my class and I can't get a job washing dishes. I've been trying for three years. The jobs there are go to married men who buve families that need food and a home. That's all right, I suppose they should. But Lord, 1 want to get married myself some day. and here I am twenty five without a chance In sight of getting myself any kind of a start Ive got a right to my life and happiness. But Ive got to work I And what do they say to me? Youve no experience. 'e can get good men with years of experience for what we have to pay you. Good Lord, how am I going to get experience If I can't get work? The man is, of course, a hypothetical case. But If you think his counterpart does not exist In reality and In appalling numbers, you are sadly mistaken. The International Labor ofilce at Geneva has just Issued a statement which declares that at least 22 per cent of all the worlds 25,000,000 unemployed are lesa than twenty-fivyears old. But wait, despairing youth I There may be an end In sight for all this. America hag an Idea. It may work and It may not, but at least something Is going to be done. The Pres ldent of the United States Is speaking . . . I have determined that we shall do something for the nations unemployed youth because we can 111 afford to lose the skill and energy of these young men and women. They must have their chances In school, their turn as apprentices and their opportunity for jobs a chance to work and earn for themselves. In recognition of this great national need I have established a National Youth administration, to be tinder the Works Progress administration." 50,000,000 for Youth. Out of the 4.8SO,000,000 which congress In the emergency relief appropriation act of April 8 turned over to Ur. Roosevelt that he might Ink public dollara Into the mire of depression to mass a foundation for a sturdy structure of sound prosperity, 50,000,000 will be poured aa a pylon to support the new NYA during Its first year. As chairman of the executive committee of the NYA, the President Darned Miss Josephine Roche, assistant secretary of the treasury. She was long a professional champion of yontb and later, as a coal operator, waged the battle for the rights of ynnng men and women In different form. As executive director she will have Aubrey Williams, first assistant to Harry L. Hopkins, administrator. These two will set np the organization which will execute the challenge taken np by the President to remove youth from the depths of disillusion and defeatism and the dangerous radicalism which so often arises from such conditions. Yontb In the ease of the NYA Is limited to men and women between the ages f sixteen and twenty-five- . Here re the services the organization Drill attempt to perform: e works-progre- 1. Find employment In private Industry for unemployed youth. Work designed to accomplish this shall be get going In every state in order to woik out with employers In Industry, commerce and business, ways and means of employing additional personnel from unemployed young people. 2. Train and retrain for Industrial, technical and professional employment opportunities. 8. Provide for continuing attendance at high school and college. 4. Works-relie- f projects designed to meet the needs of youth. An estimated 150,000 youths will receive Job training of some sort; 100,000 will be aided in finishing their high school courses; 120,000 will be assisted In pursuing a college education, and additional thousands will be given financial aid to enable them to take post graduate work. Many more may be absorbed without cost through the finding of Jobs In Industry. The smallest unit in the set-uwill be the local or community committee. This will be under the supervision of the state administration, which In turn will report to Efforts Washington headquarters. will be concentrated upon youths who are out of work and no longer financially capable of attending p achooL The tasks of the various divisions, according to the announcement from the White House, will be "to mobilize the Industrial, commercial, agricultural and educational forces to provide employment and other practical assistance to the unemployed youth; to develop and carry out a program of work and work opportunities. Job training and retraining for unemployed youth, utilizing all existing public and private agencies. Industries, schools and various training facilities which can assist In meeting various phrases of the problem." How Money Will Be Spent. These tasks will all be undertaken with a view of furnishing youths (who are eligible for relief) compensation for work they may do on their new Jobs, or expense money If they are going to school. Boys and girls over sixteen who have been forced to atop attending high school because they have no money for car fare, lunches and Incidentals will be given an average of 0 a month to enable them to complete their courses. An average of $15 a month will go to unemployed high school graduates under twenty five to help them The opportunity afforded by this type of work should be used to develop a new type of trained public servants, ruthei than to merely add to the immense groups of men and women who now clamor to get Into government service." It has been culled possible that this may overshadow a permanent civil service organization, like that of England. Job training and Job placement are to be accomplished by: (a) Utilizing available school shop facilities for Initial or basic trade training, through special late afternoon or evenlug classes, taught as works-relie- f projects by needy unemployed persons qualified to teach the special field. (b) Utilizing available private factories, Industries, or plants, at times when they are not In regular operation, as places to bold training classes, taught by needy unemployed. (c) Using public libraries for training youths to function as librarians and enabling the libraries to be kept open for the public greater number of hours a day. Co Operation Needed. This undertaking will need the vigorous co operation of the citizens of the several states," suld the President. It Is recognized that the final solution of this whole problem of unemployed youth will not be attained until there la a resumption of normal business activities and opportunities for private employment on a wide scale. I believe that the national youth program will serve the most pressing and immediate needs of that portion of unemplojed youth most seriously affected at the pres- ent time." The NYA is a definite step toward solving the problem of unemployed youth In America. What will be done about the remainder of the six or seven million unemployed youths In other parts of the world Is being considered by Genevas International Labor office, with the object of doing away with the discontent that often results In serious social dangers. It Is particularly worried about the method which la being used to a wide extent by many European nations military conscription. Forced labor camps and Incorporation of young men In other organizations more or less of a .011111817 character It deplores: "Attendance at such unemployment centers should be strictly voluntary, should exclude any Idea of Institutions will re- military training, and these centers finish college. ceive no subsidies; the students will should only undertake work which be expected to pay part of the cost nnder prevailing economic condithemselves, as they have In the past. tions would not be carried out by There la a rule now that those workers In normal employment" Serious Problem. receiving work relief shall not account for more than 12 per cent the In ILO, subjects usually reof the enrollment of Institutions of two discussions, one when they ceive In will but this higher learning, are first called to attention, and anall likelihood be revoked or changed to make room for the NYA proteges. other the following year, after all students who have the available Information Ishas been considgathered. This question been unsuccessful In their too argent to hold over. will be carefully selected for ered The real seriousness of the probaid In completing their study. A special efTort will be made to find lem, according to the ILO, Is to be Jobs for graduates of the class of found In the particularly unfortunate consequences of continued idle19,15. An average of 15 s month will ness for young people, more than be paid to youths given outright older persons. If adults, after long works-relie- f Jobs; since one of the years of work, are nnable to face qualifications Is that they mnst be the difficulties of life, on the other from relief families. It may be as- hand bow can young people on their sumed that the head of the family own resources successfully resist will be holding a works relief Job at the demoralizing effects of prolonged better pay. unemployment? The remedies for the situation, Take National Census. aa held np by the ILO, are pretty Work relief youths will algo be much the same as the plan which kept busy taking a national census the President has outlined for this of all youths In the United States country. They Include work relief, between sixteen and twenty five. and apprenticeships, job To secure employment, the NYA and placement vocational training and retrainiwill ask Industrial employers to hire ng. youths as apprentices nnder speIt will be Interesting to see what cial arrangements Governmental ba- effect the President NYA will teaus, county, municipal and state, have on the youth of onr nation. will be asked to take apprenSays he: tices and train them for public The yield on this Investment service. Concerning the latter the should be high. g NYA said; 4ft Wrfn Nmmu rTalem. others more expensive, and I have friends who are now Demetrlo Bonaparte, Balblno Edison and Washington, but they had to pay from 80 centavos to a peso for their names. $1,265 in Coins Almost Too Much for Bandits Rartley, Neb Bandits who looted the State Bank of Bartley were so thorough that they almost were unable to escape with their loot. Included In the $5,000 total was $1,200 In silver coins and $05 in pennies, totaling to such a load that the bnnd.t who attempted to carry It as he fled hud to be supported by companion. Dawa Okefinokee s,- - of the tribes, Hospital Service Responsible tra'lng the decline the Pawnees now number only 900, for Saving Lives. while there are only approximately Pawnee, Okla. Through the Pawnee Indian agency here the death rate of the native Americans Is being lowered and the birth rate being increased. The picturesque agency administers the affairs of five dwindling tribes Pawnees, Otoes, Pancas, Kaws, and Tonkawas. One of the 800 Pancas, 700 Otoes, 400 Kaws, and less than 50 Tonkawas. Five years ago the government built a hospital with capacity for 47 beds. Expectant Indian mothers learned to take advantage of the services provided by the government, and a lot of lives were saved which would have been lost under previous primitive Indian customs: oldest tribal rolls of the Pawnees, Healthy Indian babies came Into dated 1881, carries the names of the world and fewer mothers died 1,300 members of the tribe. Illus- - in childbirth, thus Increasing the birth rate slowly, but steadily, according to P. W. Danielson, super- intendent Of the handful of Tonkawas remaining none are full blood tribesmen. Their numerical weakness Is explained by the history of the tribe, which shows it has been persecuted and overrun by other tribes. Some 50 years ago an Indian war gave the tribe its most crushing blow, exterminating virtually all the able bodied Tonkawas. Located one half mile east of Pawnee, the physical equipment of the agency consists of about 30 large buildings made of native sandstone and housing some 500 people. It occupies 900 acres of the most beautiful wooded timber land to be reserfound In the large vation. , More than 200 Indian children Is the capacity of the grade school at the agency, where the facilities are capable of taking the students on through high school. The Department of the Interior hopes to be able to abolish the Indian service within the next 25 years, as intermarriage with the whites Is on the increase and most of the 3,000 members of the tribes are self supporting with the little government aid provided. five-trib- Society, Prepared by National Geographic Washington, D C Y U Service. N In the southeastern DOW of Georgia lies the great swamp, a primeval wilderness rich in treasuie for the modern biologist. Mystery and enchantment live In Its waters, its moss hung cypresses and sunlit plney woods. owes a great The Okefinokee measure of its unique charm to Its wide, unspoiled expanses prairies filled In large part wilh a tropical abundance of aquatic plants and flanked with dense bays of stately cypress. On these one nmy delight his soul amid scenes of unearthly loveliness that have changed virtually not at all since the Seminole warriors poled their dugouts over them. The Okefinokee prairies are not land, but water! In these morasses are many areas of open water, varying from lakes a quarter of a mile in diameter to alligator holes a rod In width. They are also dotted here attd there with wooded Islets the so called heads of cypress, slash prairie pine, sweetbay, and other trees, the taller ones hoary with moss. The snowy blossoms of the white waterlily gladden many acres of the deeper water, and the golden, globular flowers of yellow pond lilies, or bonnets, glow in a setting of huge green leaves. In the shallows yellow eyed grass. Its tall stems swaying, forms a sea of pleasant color. The small pltcherplant is hardly true to Its name on the Okefinokee prairies, , for Its spotted greenish tubes reach a yard Into the air a height unheard of elsewhere; the parasol like flowers of greenish gold, each on a separate scape, stand a little below the summit of the leaves. Resort of Hunter and Trappers. For generations swamp hunters have pushed over these prairie waters, standing up In their slight boats and bending rhythmically with graceful thrusts of their long poles. The skilled boatman Is able to make better progress over the prairies than the bear he chases. Old hunters knew well how to drive a deer out of a prairie head In the direction of a waiting companion. In winter the trapper camps for made an Important showing at the weeks at a time In these heads, lace revue recently held in New tending his line of traps and taking York. Another creation of lace the pelts of raccoon, otter, wildcat Is picand opossum. from the same To pass from the sparkling suntured below In this trio. Here the lace to shine of the prairies Into the gloom designer used stiffened make an adorable French peasant of the adjoining cypress bays Is a The huge bonnet with matching petal cuffs. striking experience. You wear this cunning bonnet far trees, buttressed by knees, stand back on your head to show your in close ranks In a foot or so of widows peak on your sculpture water. Their green crowns, 80 feet curls. Its perfect to wear with or more overhead, shut out all but your best black dress as you make a few stray beams of sunshine, your social rounds In the daytime causing even at midday a sort of hours. The hat In twilight Here and there a winding the center was worn by Lady Wil- channel or run permits the hunter kins, wife of the famous explorer. to push his tiny boat between the Sir Hubert Wilkins, at a recent so- tree trunks; but In the greater part ciety event It is of gray shantung of the cypress bays there Is tall, faced with navy blue lace to match dense undergrowth that makes even the bow trimming. foot travel a slow and arduous undertaking. The bear, having the double advantage of bulky strength and a tough hide, Is the only large animal that can readily and rapidly break through such a tangle. Welcome rifts In the cypress bays In the heart of the swamp are formed by long, narrow lakes, most Important of which are Billys lake, Mines lake, and the Big Water. Though each of these Is several miles tn length, their width averages scarcely 50 yards. They are merely expansions of runs on the headwaters of the far famed Suwannee river. On entering one of these lakes the swamp boatman lays aside his push pole and takes up the paddle. He Is also apt to cast out his fish line, for the waters shelter multitudes of wnrmouths, large mouthed bass, and other toothsome artist-millin- The hats here shown were selected from among the collections of At leading American designers. the top is a sailor In navy blue with the very new and chic "pagoda top" made of white lace Matching lace is softly pleated In a flattering Jabot nnd cape collar. This bat, together with numerous others by the same noted designer. d Barge Service Resumed on the Missouri River fishes. Good Fishing There. More than thirty species of fishes Persons Inhabit the Okefinokee. After a lapse of twenty years barge service for freight has been resumed on the Missouri river between St Louis and Kansas City. The photograph shows the Federal barge line boat Franklin IX Roosevelt and it tows, as It started the service. by Ncaiua Swamp, Mystery Land of Georgia. coflee-col-ore- d Pawnee Death Rate Cut; Births Gain Under the charter of 1G02, granted by Charles II, the Connecticut colony Included Rhode Island, ami stretched westward from Narragan sett bay to the Pacific ocean ! The Wyoming valley In north central Pennsylvania, and the Western Reserve in Ohio (near the present city of Cleveland) were considered part of Connecticut even late In the Eighteenth century. The New Haven colony, founded In 1638, had not been consulted when this charter was procured, and it took three years to persuade Its people to unite with (he Hartford group Hartford was made the capital, but from 1701 to 1873 New Haven shared the honors as joint capital Geography molded Connecticuts fate. It Is a little state (the third smallest In the Union), broken Into smaller units by topography. The wide valley of the Connecticut river, running north and south through the center of the state, separates the rough uplands of the eastern and western portions. Long after the coast and central valley was settled these highlands remained a wilderness. They consist of a series of hills and ridges, high In the north and low near the coast, paralleling the southward course of rivers and streams. Rocky hillsides and narrow valleys made large farms Impractical In Connecticut Only the Connecticut valley was particularly suited to the raising of staple crops, such as tobacco. So the state became a land of small. Independent farms and diversified crops. Agriculture In Connecticut was never easy. Many Important Industries. That la why the people turned to industry as the best available source of wealth. Here, again, geography cramped them. The state has water power, but few minerals The old Granby copper mines, never very profitable, were turned Into a prison during the Revolution. Sails burys Iron mines were more successful. They have been worked for two centuries, furnishing ore for Revolutionary cannon balls and for the anchor of the Constitution. "Lacking raw materials Connecticut has concentrated on the manufacture of brass and copper products, machinery, firearms, ammu nitlon, typewriters, and Innumerable small articles; tableware, tacks, machetes, coffee percolators, rubber boots, needles, pins, hooks and eyes. Bridgeports Industries lead them all and New Ilaen la not far behind. The latter owes quite as much to Ell Whitney as to Ell Yale. After the Inventor perfected the cotton gin he returned to New Haven. Another New Baven man. Ckefinokee 5wamp with who love simple an old fashioned reed pole, find here their hearts content At Suwannee lake this sort of angling surpasses that in almost any other part ot the countiy. When one consider that the lake Is barely a quarter oJ a mile long, with an average width of perhaps 30 yards, a years catch of more than 40,000 fish (recorded In 1925) is as(ounding. Farther within the swamp, at Billy s, and Buzzard Boost Mines, lakes, or on the Big Water or th Suwannee eanel, there is llkewiss rare fishing. The bulk of a day catch with hook and line is made up of sueh basses as the warmouth, th stump knocker, and the "sand flirt-ewith a goodly proportion of mudfish and catfish. Those wb elect trolling are more apt to land bass. Jackfish and The great state of Texas cas boast of 30 species of frogs and toads; the Okefinokee region, with one the area of Texas, has 20. With varied habitats to suit the requirements of differenl species; with unlimited breeding places In the cypress ponds, cypress bays, and prairies; with abundant rains In normal years, and with a warm and humid climate, the Okefinokee Is a veritable frog paradise Alligators and Birds. Men still living can speak of th times when It appeared as If feller could walk across Billys Ink on 'gator backs. To this day th Okefinokee remains perhaps th best stronghold of our famous co e rugated saurian. Suwannee lake It particular, where the alligators ar protected, provides unequaled opportunities for making Intlmat studies of the habits of wild lndi viduals. Of the approximately 180 specie of birds recorded In the Okefinoke region, scarcely one half remaia during the summer and breed While some of these summer residents move southward with the aj proaeh of cool weather In the autumn, their places are more thaa filled by hardier species coming from the northern states and Canada to find a congenial winter horn in the swamp. By far the largest mammal of th swamp, and perhaps the most Interesting, is the Florida bear. From early times It has attracted th swamp hunters not so much because of any particular value of It hide and flesh as by reason of th thrill that comes from matching wits and strength with so formidable an animal An additional reason for the pursuit of the bear It its numerous depredations on th hogs that range through the plney woods and the swamp borders. A1 a hog's prolonged squealing th residents become Instantly alert Guns are hurriedly lifted from pegs on the cabin walls, the dog are called together with the hunting born, and the chase Is on. Primitive Life of the People. For generations the sturdy, and gifted people of th Okefinokee have led a rather isolated and primitive existence, som of them on Islands within th swamp and others along Us borders, They represent some of the purest stock left tn our coun- try, though a few of the famine have a slight mixture of French Huguenot and even Seminole Indian r, large-mouthe-d Anglo-Saxo- n blood. In ancestry, speech, folksongs, and general social ways there la marked affinity between the residents of the Okefinokee and those ot the Appalachian mountains. In each case there has been comparatlv isolation, tending to preserve the cultural heritage from Britain ot The picseveral centuries ago. turesque regional vernacular contains various elements representing survivals from the Elizabethan aga that have dropped out of general American usage. The square dance: or frolic," still holds sway here a a leading form of so!al recreation. The fiddle, the handclap, the and the calling of the set" by the leader all lend their aid to th The late rhythmic performance. fall days the season of hog killin' " see these soda) an expressions at their height. foot-bea- cane-grtndl- n |