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Show . - r- - 1ss s iI I American Issues Forum 1: of Status This is the sixth in a series of S3 articles written for the nation's Bicentennial and exploring themes of the American Issues Forum, in this and the next three articles, Prof John B. Jackson of Harvard Univer- sity and the University of California, Berkeley, will discuss "The Land of Plenty." Here Prof. Jackson explores She patterns of settlement of the coioriists, who sought status as landowners, and suggests that our landscape reflects our nst'ifia! cuitu.e and iusfnry (burses By Newspaper was devefoped by the University of California Extension, San Diego, awj ftnded by a grant from the Nations) Endowment for the Humanities, Copyright, Tie Landscape n f iiiciicgrnisoi tiie University of California B JQliNB. JACKSON if s a sm m f5 SS Distributed by United Press nternational Landscape is h'story made visible. Over the past four centuries the word "landscape" has had several meanings. Once it signified a picture of natural scenery: then the scenery itself, the natural environment. In the 18th century it meant the scenery created by men in parks and gardens. Now we use the word to indicate any outdoor space where men and natural environment interact That is why we can speak of urban or industrial landscapes, arid of landscapes to be improved by human actions. All cultural landscapes (?nd the landscape of America is a case in point) have certain traits in common; weii defined boundaries, a network of roads and pths, places where natural resources can be put to use. places for privacy, and places for social comingling. The first settlers of New Mexico and Arizona, or Virginia and New England, had their own set of relationships which they sought to express in the small and primitive land scapes they carved out of the American wilderness They did not come here to farm. The first English settlers, geographer Carl Sauer reminds us. "had little concern about places suitable for agricultural settlement. Farming was forced on the Colonists The fact that any group of overseas colonists needed above ail else to sustain themselves by the products of their agriculture was understood very slowly. " Then what were they after? They were seeking the identity which has traditionally come from owmng and occupying a piece o' hind the visible identity of a landowner among otlKT landowners. That is why we have to see those early landscapes of America as attempts to fom communities where every man had a role to play ;mH a place to occupy. The Kilicy makers in England and Spain may have w w visualized those first embattled "i";g, mii!mg and trading; but settlements as strongholds of always in the company of a power, ss the first seeps in others. Foj this subduing an J perhaps convertlandscape created to pioduoe ing the native Indians. But the responsible members of individual colonists, however society, and in the long ran that eagr they may have been for was its most valuable product gold, were even more eager to As for the Cokmi south be respected landowners. Virginia, Maryland, North and Colonists who settled the South Carolina the landSouthwest In the last years of scapes that evolved there were the 16th century lived in smail, certainly different in form, but compact villages with a com- not very different in spirit. All mon pasture and piaza or started out as had the square. landscapes cf the Southwest Remembering heir Mediterand New England; as landranean heritage, they dug scapes composed of communiirrigfaiiwi ditches in ihs dry ties of lanrtewoers. and mounta'iw region, plnt- Uniike New England (but ed the crops familiar to them like the Southwest) Virginia beans and onions and wheat allowed large areas Gf land to ?'vi ran their fall into tte and com os rich ?r livestock in the surrcutisi.ng influential owners who 3w hills. There were themselves as masters of Indian raids, times of draught feudal estates. But in the early and sudden flood, and existence days land, even wilderness was often harsh. But each land, was too easy to acquire settler occupied a place in the for settlers to choose a way of social order, possessed an life which thev had left Europe identity as a member of the a as the elegant, swirling cast iron railings that adorn French Quarter balconies. Humbug, you say'.' Not Anne M. Massou, who turned up the suprising intelligence while doing research for a Vieux Carre exhibit on "Cast Iron and the Crescent City " For starters nearly all those fancy fences and regal railings o.re made of cast iron instead of wrought iron, as commonly Ix'lievei! And Britain was a century ahead of everyone else in cast iron technology. cast iron began replacing Spanish and French wrought iron work in thp early 19(h rent'jry, Mi; Mnsson said, at at time when Britain was influencing the world ;n more wjs than one. "It's no joke that Britain nili! everything." she said , "Nut only P"!;ti'" 'oui rni!v-mics- liutintas!''.'' Photographs period rtileonier r p; Vn,M fip.,,(in of r. I 9 Regency "imiigton !H''!,;'!, midlands show the striking resemblance to the grill work m Fieucli Quarter buildings "There is very little wrought !rin Id! in Now i irlvtn:." Mrs Mussiin sniil "When cast imn li 'he people st.ulpd iron out leain-- the wrought "TV Frcieh used basically wrought ir,r. forms in cast iron, Imt tr." British used n;ore .I'll i ri ,'.v tmi,,s t ic . me v.-- i mjuiH can oe ooked as ihe birthplaiY jf the ciue industrv the lives! !( lis-- i :o Ft - 'uKHi It wmild be wrong to suppose ihai the onuihrin culonisu vxrv ail plantation owners, interested merely in making money and living high The majority were small farmers who raised several crops, selling perhaps a barrel or uo of tobacco for cash, and more interested in raising cattle than in in commercial agriculture the forest the and were pcrioiiicaUy rounded up by men on horseback and branded the remote origins of the cowboy and the rodeo. year-roun- The land(twner, however ptwr, was generally considered superior to the townsman the orofitabilitv Mmwver. of THE HERALD. Provo. Luh-- 1G ofijce holder or merchant of crafismcti. And aristocratir planters did not fancy themselves in the roit of antiu.Mii wstirs: they saw themst-lveas cnuntry gentlemen, ready and willing to participate m m t?Kx MMfcjUx rM M- ' life. Jacksoo These three colonial landscapes were In many important respects very uniike Pome of die inhabitants were non- tr" "landscape of Privacy," V v rrSfci. Uiat the grass-grow- though England, i'te 3 m land holdings were (whenever possible! devoted to the raising and exporting of one a situation commercial crop quite unlike that of New discusses movement of settlers estsra and the emergenf? if a m nktBlCWW7 M" i arid lived in very different naiurai environments. Yet thty sliaivd a iand hunger ' ptwerful enough to make them risk a perilous oeei or the hazards of frontier life Nsrtt Week; Proi. s (!hhc Pa IP Hf A m m S!S , hr.l f REG. $59.95 again somewhat similar to that of the group. We visualize that early of Southwestern landscape bright green oases'in the river j:j valleys as not weli cared for, as :: abused and overgrazed. Yet to : those who lived there, it was A land to be owned, land that :: infinitely rarer : gave status and more valuable than wealth :: or even security. :j: In almost very physical respect, the landscape of X coloiiial New England differed ; from that of the Spanish The early Puritans were poor farmers but efficient village or town Is Note to Readers mm credit for 1. Readers may receive college participation in The American Issues Forum by registering w.th Special Courses and Conferences ext. 3784 for details. at B Y U. Phone 2. KUED will provide a weekly T V. presentation regarding The American Issues Forum, Tuesday at - . coupon N J' ! MODEL 1 ED-1- 1 Compact 7 p.m. 3. KBYU will provide the same Wednesday at 9 p.m. ., - !wWTWESai' program j A. 03 -- 5'er 47 NORTH UNIV AVE ii COUPON, ! BRING THIS MONEY SAVING COUPON WITH YOU' PROVO-OPEN11to7D- ' EXPIRES V OCT. j; A!LY & Southwest." Each organizers. qualified member received a home-lo- t and a tillable strip. Land distribution was unequal but, f'b in the Southwestern villages, conferred status on the freeholder. Climate, soil, and vegetation created special problems for Cold the New Englanders. winters threatened the livestock. Clearing the forest to plant corn was long and tedious work. More important than the patches of grain, oats, and rye were the meadows stretching out from the meeting house in the center where all went to worship or to organize defense. And beyond extended the still formidable forest. New Englanders confined their thoughts and aspirations to the town not to the forest. Thsy hunted there, went there to trade with Indians for beaver skins or corn, or to cut down the tall pines excellent for ship building and for masts. No doubt some adventurous spirits chost to live solitary lives in the woods. But the forest was not part of their landscape or their set of values. To leave the community was to shirk your duty toward one's fellow men, or become a barbarian. New Englanders worked hard, not only at farming their small diversified holdings but ai shipbuilding, fishing, wea- - I M Eff Ji i i J I 7aq four-squar- e ew Orleans Cast Iron influenced by British Bv ItOYAL DKKiJITI'.'LL NEW ORLEANS (UPh -Ihcre is nothing quite so British in this birlhpidit of yd i to esca pe Much mere inviting was the ease with which new ot recent settlers, particularly in th? Southern and Middle cunie, were able to acquire land. And naturally enough the settlers chose the land which was fertile, and since there were few if any roads., accessible to a navigable river. That is one reason why the early landscapes of the South were widely isolated holdings scattered, along tiie banks of streams, no why the South, unlike the otntr two regions, did not dew p towns or cities or wtat can ht - 5. UC'i, ii PI ion i Report From America a Sumify, October Courses by Newspaper; 6th Article of 1 8 8 ispiays $ leg, i ISO00 UtakA f.3k J show wrought irons fnnns to be primarily linear! and geometric whereas thci British influence cast iron m railings contain vines, rorn-- i stalks, naturalistic pattern.1' and Gothic designs. It was a stnHy of an IflWtt ceiLsas that provided the key to j uncovering British influence in Die ironwork Of 443 listed ironworkingj tradesmen more than half were j from the British Isles and! Germany. "And of the foundry owners, the ones who influenced the designs and decided what to make, sis were German and nine wea Irish." Mrs. Masson said. "None wre from France." Foundries making the elabo rate railings as a sideline to heavy machinery production included such names as Leeds & Co Reynolds Iron Works andShakspeare Iron Works "I am absolutely convir-- ed that, tlte capt ir"n in Nc.v Orleans was influenced by the I'iiglish," Mrs Masson said "even if il filtered through "' A--' if 00 H?r 2 W ,lTIi '.TS SliU'C 1 s SS mr Ht h& - m W mm Tm m7 l 8 ?l il ......... I .1 Leaiiier mrmtm case Joseph Smith Story Head Cleaner ALL THIS AT Anrniss ill drtbiflL i g i m i i CCCD" Liliii 1 Lii 1 s 1 1 1 15 creator cf Narrated by: Charles Freed 'Windows" on KSL ffoao c w () 3 - 7, f ss. For !lit' Win of World W.ir II, ihe production of plastic resin, the main ingredient in plasty piodnits, is expected tc decline 1:1 975. The Society of tie PI tic; iuuustrv savs iTi' s I pnil'ifilphii here." Plastic Declines B I s (suaranfeed an.H NEW YORK I K S 1 I -" Book ImvI . way down m exesfefi one 30 Casseiies Coverings S "0 f 11 Uli .' t Kyi 1 r 1 S(i 7 i S ( I 1 1 U I r 'r -s'fe 10CN ft 'S 9 A.M. t 18 n. loo w. ivovo :7: - :( -- i , P M |