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Show -- J ? 11 .yfT 'JL1 w w .. I' THE STORY OF - 11 OUR STATES AAKY GPAHAA BONNER. Vtt'.MN CJQtttMMi ' a hi J? Ill i? s ' CHARLIE CROW. VST i. V JVfltdUi- r'Vv h - v '0: - 7A.I, I -- tig "Caw, caw, caw," said Charlie Crow. "Caw, caw, caw,' he said aualii a moment later. And a little bit later still he began once more to rail out --as be new "Caw, caw, caw!" What Is the matter with you?" : asked Clarence Crow. "I'm thinking of how fine my black shining feathers look In the bright sun light. I'm thinking ot the dark purple shades that are In them. I'm thinking of my wings which are about as long as my tail. "Pin thinking how handsome a .crow ia Mrs. Crow.. She dresses Just as I do. She doesn't wear quite such a shining kind of black feather as I do. That Is because she goes to the Birds' " - Lady Feather Makers. They make the Bird ladles their feathers and they make quieter feath era than the Bird Gentlemen Feather Makers do. Tve been thinking of all that "- J(1ne thoughts," said Clarence Crow. "Caw. caw, caw, those are fine thoughts of yours, Charlie." "Glad to have you agree with me," said Charlie. "That Is always very - ''';iTr"7 HAT the Niagara river Is uot yet furnishing sufficient elwtrlcul energy to neet existing requlremeufs l evidenced by the Queeustou-Cl)lpinw- a development now being poshed to completion on the Canadian side ot the International Btreum. - As recently described in the Scientific American, the plau ia to generate at the mart 210,000 horsepower md, later on, 47200 lmrsepower. Recogqlslng the Dfospective greater lttuand& for electricty in the course of the next ' lew j nrs, the projects discussed In the current insue are of timely luterest. In the order of their jireferf nee, they are first, a dam a few miles below the Falls which wilt make use of the full flow f the river, and, second, an Installation at Goat which, of necessity, would have to absorb waters that might diminish the imprcsslveness of i!:e jirecent Falls. So sajrs the editor of the Scientific American In jiu editorial" note on an article in the Sclentlflc American with the title "Making the Most of Itohert G. Skerrett furnishes both the text said ike diagrams herewith reproduced. A everybody knows, Niagara Falls is a natural vomler of beauty and power over which the nature lovers and the commercial Interests have been fighting-- for years. The article follows: The Niagara river will Inevitably be utilised moie riruaiveiy uinn now ior tne development l hydroelectric energy. The rush of those waters must be put to greater practical service wherever feasible without seriously Impair-inj- : the scenic beauty of the Falls. Upon both of the governments concerned the people are mak-i- n insMe&t demands for bigger blocks of power, mid the authorities are listening sympathetically hecause or the; logical promise of vast savings ' through the corresponding noo-us- e of coal. No lower than ten projects for water rights on the Niapnra river hrve been, filed with the United Mates federal power commission, and among them tire two that are sufficiently matured to warrant discusxlou. Both of these contemplated propositions may-webe considered , as a single coordinated system, for they have been conceived ntid efpoused by the same men, I. e, T. Kennard Thomson; C EL, of New York City, and Peter A. I'orterof Niagara Falls. The dual project embraces first, the boring of tunnels through the massive foundation of Goat Island so that water may be led through them to Jarge located near the river level on the down-streaend of the island, and, rxt, the rearing cf a dam. squarely athwart the river at a point' 4 miles below, the Falls, thus submerging the iWint Rapids. Th Goaf Island tunnels would, lie wholly on American territory, but the dam would stretch from shore to shore In the Gorga ii nd be International In character. However, the eitlzens of this country would benefit by both of tl esp engineering undertakings. ' According to the existing treaty arrangement between the neighboring countries. It Is not now permissible to divert for power purposes above waNiagara FaHs more than 66,000 cubic feet of Amerlthe reasons ter a second; and for certain an allotment of this 1 20.000 cubic feet It has raised proposed that the combined total be to 80,000 cubic feet, and rtiat each of the nations share equally. In other words, Canada would have 4,000 cubic feet more tnan is me while our volume of water would be doubted. It the suarcstlon be adopted, the problem will resolve Itself Into "governmental selection of such f the proposed Installations as would be apt lean to mar the great natural spectacle, while the largest yields in, energy and Involving thr fewest" engineering difficulties of ... deHta'.,wrt. The Ooat Island scheme meet these dJderata In many particulars, and makes Instant apon ical to us. Inasmuch as It would be located our side of the river. J Goat Island would not nave endured for ages In the erosive sweep of the Niagara but for the fart that it Is aa Integral part of the massive a Udpe there underlying the river, and this has very Important bearing upon power development t thaf point From the crest to the base of the lt.rwhoe falls Is a drop of about 103 feet, but the plan Is to increase this hesd to substantially feet by lengthening Goat Island. From east t.i wet. along Its major axis, the Island Is today 'J.xtX feet long, but tfiere la nothing to prevent extending It 00 feet by raising above the surfsce f the river the slightly submercged area at the i'Jh'IX rvn .au. , . i,'v m'mnuw escavatlng of rook would i ii .... i ftmttor ttt knmrUo. h. .1.1- - v.- 4rought about In the realm- of electrochemical In dustries. Visualise, then, what momentous evolu- ttons In our productive capacity would be made possible if a million and a half more of notir current were at band I ; . Four years ago, in the State of New York alone, the power requirements totaled something more than 8,000,000 horsepower, and the demand was then Increasing under normal circumstances at . the rate of 800,000 horsepower each twelve-montTherefore, if tbeOoat Island project were pushed to completion, and equipped to provide a maxl- -' mum of 1,500,000 horsepower, there would be a of Its output withmarket for every kilowatt-hou- r in the span of a comparatively short while.- - It should be recognised, however, that this scheme would, of necessity, divert weter from the Falls, and, according to the measure of this diversion, affect the volume and possibly the scenic grandeur fM eataracta." For into rensoa the proponents. of tll) enterprteedo not urge Its adoption first, the construction of the dam M advocfle, instead. .., farther down tne nver. As an engineering' qhdertaklnwT 3am "''ZrtvMtmnct- - ' ' Nptr Syllco MeClur ) the old Icelandic sagas record a voyage In 1000 by Lelf, son of Eric the Red, . who sailed from Greenland to tahrador and down the coast of Maine, The- - next probable voyage to this coajt was by John Cabot in 149T and later by his son Sebastian. It was, however, Capt. John Smith, the leading spirit of the settlement at Jamestown, who sailed as far north as the Penobscot and first drew a rougtt ' chart of It In the grant hy James I to the Plymouth Colony Maine was Included In their territory.: Opposition to the P1y mouth Colony arose among the king's courtiers and Sir Ferdlnando Gorges and Captain MaBon succeeded In oIh "WelL now," Charlie continued, "It would be well If we helped the farmer In our usual spring way." -Ah," said Clarence, "It is the only time we do help the poor dear." "Why is he a poor dearf asked Charlie. "Or why do you call him that? ;:.;,.u.v "I don't feel sorry for the farmer. Not in the least. Be can eat all his own corn If he wants to and no one will bother him. He can do Just aa be -- ; pleases about everything. "He can eat up every scrap of grain he has if he wants to and no one will . milling ior uieuint'ivrB rijiii iu iiiv country between the Merrimae and Kennebec rivers. This they divided, Gorges taking the northern section, Meanwhile Gorges had sent over a small colony to the mouth of the Kennebec, but this settlement was soon abandoned. The first permanent set tlement was made la 1623 at what Is now York. Massachusetts objected to Gorges' claim and finally annexed all the territory up to Casco Bay and called this northern section the District of Maine. Maine was dissatisfied with the rule of the mother state and by 1820 succeeded In being admitted state. to the Union as the twenty-thir- d Mafne was the first state to adopt prohibition. In the beginning Maine was : strongly Democratic It was largely ror wis reason inac sne oo Jected to being ruled by Massachusetts which : was i Federalist Since 1853, however, Maine has been" decidedly Republican. It has six electoral rotes for President , ... The name Maine was so designated In the charter of 1639 In which Charles I granted this land to Gorges. It had already been commonly used by the sailors as distinguishing the mainland from .the many Islands along the shore. The nickname for the state Is the Pine Tree State. Its area is 33,040 square miles, which Is practically as large as the combined area of the other five . ' New Kngland States, ' , . cross sec As designed, has, a spread tion of about C50 feet at the base, and 80 feet or more of this lower portion will reach below the line of the riverbed and have Its footing on the underlylng iolld rock. With a total height of 140 feet the dam will be of an extremely massive cnar acter. The bottom section of the damat least that half of It that will rise from Foster's Flats will be pierced, by large temporary openings of culverts, and channels will be dug to them on the upstream side to serve as sluiceways for the en tire volume of the Niagara when it becomes neces sary to divert the river In order to bare the nor mal bed for building purposes along the line of the contemplated barrier. Wltn this done, it wiu then be a relatively easy engineering task to dam the usual r natural water course to facilitate excavating the rock and erecting that portion of the dam that will terminate on the American shore. When the dam is finished, then the sluiceways will le sealed and the waters Impounded nntll they accumulate ana carry tne sunace tevei back from the crest of the dam to the very foot In Jhe-da- -- - . of the Falls. As most everyone knows, great quantities of Ice are carried over the Falls and down the river Ing the winter and the breakup of that rigorous aeason, and the impact and the pressure of these floes must be withstood by any rigid obstruction -rising In their path, Therefore, It .it essential that these stresses be minimized and that the currents be free to carry the Ice onward with sioes. . , The dain will serve theldouUel purpose.' bl impounding the waters of the Niagara for a distance of nearly five miles and of housing the great turbothat will transform the force of those ' generators waters Into 2,000,000 horsepower of electrical energy.. . According to the estimates, this undertaking would involve a total outlay of approximately $100,000,000; and from start to finish would take something like three years. On the basis of coal consumption previously cited for the development of a horsepower year, L e 8 tons, this schem would be tantamount to saving 16.000,000 tons of ..that fuel annually. At $10 a ton this would represent an economy of $160,000,000 every twelve- ; month. But quite spart from these considerations, there would be that Inestimable gain in the matter of electrical energy that could.be utilised for - innumerable Industrial purposes.. Not only that, motive Impulse at a moderate ' com would be available for domestic services of many sorts. ' "8ueh Good Bugs." . : t ' low-price- d "sujKM-powe- far-flun- g " MISSOURI say, 'Run away, farmer, or I'll make a scarecrow which will make you run WHETHER- actu.'""'',: X;. away "For the farmer never tells himself ally visited by De to run away and be never makes Roto, at the time of scarecrow for himself. So I don't his discovery of (he feel sorry for him, not In the least Mississippi is not not in the least at all." v . definitely known. "Well," said Clarence, , "the reason The first authentic I said he was a poor dear, or the rea- exploration of this territory was by son I had for calling him a poor dear the French, Jollet and Father Marwas because It Is only In the spring quette in 1673. French settlers gradthat we ever help him. ually located in Missouri, In 1764 St . "It Is quite true that in the spring Mrais ueing setueu. vu c we eat the worms and bugs in 'the aiter ppam acquirea irum r rauuc Missouri Territory of which ground which he plows for the early ' ' was a part' '', ; crops. ; y "We go flying along and we go down Colonization greatly Increased after on the ground and we get such good the ordinance of 1787, which excluded bugs and things. That helps, him a slavery from the Northwest territory, great deal '; as this naturally deflected many to the "But later on we don't help him so territory west of the Mississippi who much. We take Just what we can, and otherwise would have settled In the we help ourselves! Of course wt don't north. The slavery question continued Just go along in the springtime to help to bold the stage In Missouri history. him. We like the good meals we. get After the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and then, too, we' might as well sea added this vsst western area to the that the ground is In fine shape for United States, emigration Increased to planting, for we like what Is planted, such an extent that In 1829 Missouri .'.::... formed a state government and ap and we.Mkeiosee it grew "No matter," said Charlie, "we do piled for admission to the Union. Bithelp him in the springtime. We help ter antagonism Immediately arose in -r. him a great deal.- , congress against ihe addition- - of anAnd I think It Is fine tharwe do, other "slave state," On the other hand ' caw, caw, I think It Is fine. the slavery adherents pointed out that "We're regular old robbers anyway. Maine had Just been taken into the lWere p pretty bold, bad lott state and one state Tnlnn as ?After the little crows come we Just would therefore balance tne outer, a. go marketing and hunting for everyfinal settlement was made by the fathing and we don't care whom we rob mous Missouri compromise, which acat alt, , cepted Missouri aa a slave state but "We dont care where we get our prohibited slavery in the rest of the food, nor how I That is th,e wny with territory- - north of a line extending the crows. from the southern boundary ot Mis"And when folks hear us calling. souri to the Rocky Mountains. Indeed, they dont know It was this agltatftn which, temporar-il- y Caw, caw, caw whether we've Just been robbing somesmothered at that time, burst fortb one or are Jug going torob someone In the Civil war. or have, for a change, not been robMissouri Is in the forefront of the ' bing anyone. states In national politics Important "Of course we know what our own as It has electoral votes for eighteen sounds mean, but we aren't going to President 1U area la C9.420 square let them know them If we can pre- miles. Those who have the Misvent . souri river will appreciate the deriva"Caw, caw, caw, we won't let them tion of the name whleh'comea from the know about our sounds and their Indian words , missl-sour- l " meaning -- , a ; r .' it We have led the world In the varied character hMkiningi.""caw, caw," said CIsrence, "we and the magnitude of our electrochemical indus- ,. "Caw, that!" do won't , In this tries) and we can maintain 'our position grearblockt retpecronly by conttmitng Roses and Thorns. , current to meet the Increasing deof at Foster's Hats, a little leA than five have thorns, and If Rosfbufthe mands for the commodities now manufactured at roses you must not to miles below the ans, wouio dc a mucn more ampick you're going Falls. recalled It be or near Niagara . i.i.... ..l.mHu anil wniilii rw rrti It Of tha 1avaI. Finally, let if be get your fingers you surprised val- ef elec4rle.tI.Jhot.ttte two projects might prove exceedingly now and then.- - Bofs and girls r pricked sources able .f energy for that great nf ,h. drnn fv who think they ran pick the pleasant wy. section of aone which is to embrace a things out of life, like plums out of a of It states our seaboard. northeastern Isn't the tM h. rMr!ff . m. ' worth our while to Cave at our disposal. 3..'i00,000 pudding, and escape all that Is bar J and disagreeable, are bound to be disir horsepower without burning a single pound of appointed. Enjoy the pleasant things raise the water level rplilway. This barrier would coal! Can we t"e Indifferent to undertaking and mnke the best of (he hard ones. within the impounding area high enough to sub. bat will enable us td Increase rastty our produe-Uveiti- s You cannot have one without the oth-r- . same at the and fhodtfy, roiilil merge the existing while cutting the fuel bill by hucdre.1i Oirls Coiiipnnlon. time, the character of the Whirlpool by making mllllODS of dollars yearly ot But scenic the more , impressive, It larger sud ... . V' r-'.- down-strea- r r 1 . h. - a eiiM-'timtte- . . e the pnysiral copdltlon. t'":i,ii-ilarrer numnr. Hiiult A rot be men front one of the owning pflC a l luMtionH. in. sinking the tunnel! It would be to rear cofferdnms to hoi. anJ during constnirllon work '!. r v.r at be elflc. ' " . nL then be practicable t would It Py dotng this Irive "the tunnels from water TeI to water level at a ruooVrate ancle and so Insure a difference in .,;; ' la -- tipHirmm .,, i. torrttr fir wamvc -- . " . I,,-,,- zz Xifl- toy BRACE ORSCUltErtlnth t two-third- - ui- i t' v features of the Falls, themselves, would not be altered In any way, At first blush, the mere suceestlon of building a barrier athwart the Nl acara river, with its ml Imum flow of 220.000 cubic feet of water per second, seems little short of preposterous, knowing "that the ceaseless flood must be allowed to pa8 " vtunHitv nil nronosed structure is m tiii th ' course of erection. But nature Is ready to tend such a help which would make the execution of offhand. mlcht one imagine nrnWt far pbhW than The walls of the gorge above Foster's Flts rise - sheep several hundred feet from the tideway, but contiguous to th Flats the sorge la, considerably wider and on the Canadian side, especially, the romnarativelT easy gradient. bank alonea at near the river in a fairly- - expansive terminating " low-lvl- n area. At the same time, the rlvera path " Is Its considerably narrower t that stretch ot run. Owing to this state of affairs, the Flats present a strategic base of operations from which to : start the rejirlng dam. That Is to say, some-- , thing like 50 per cent of the contemplated struo, ture can be completed on dry land before any ot the work trespasses upon' the present course of the Niagara at that point. f Let us be more, spe - It Is pertinent to emphasize here that la Buffalo, only about 25 miles distant iroia Niagara Falls, a big- - public sen-Ic- e electric company develops . s of Its' current at present by means of steam, and It Is obliged to do this because It cannot obtain all of Its energy from the comparahydroelectric plants. Think, of It, tively near-b- y there within a stone's throw, so to speak, of the thunderous waters of, the Falls, this concern has to rely upon coal to generate 80,000 out of the 100,000 horsepower needed by Its customers. Thirty years ago, the population of Buffalo was 250," '. . 000 and Is now &0S,875, an Increase of 188 per. . cent In three decades.' The city of Niagara Falls, when Incorporated In 1892, bad a population of' about 10,000. and In the Interval It has grown 600 per cent owing principally to the influence f the availability of hundreds of thousands of horsepower In the form of electrical energy. Indeed, electricity Is playing its part throughout a wide tone lying around Niagara Falls-rt- he primary source of power. Syracuse Is. drawing current from that point, 100 miles away, and the loss In transmission is less than '10 per cent at a : voltage of 60)00.:. Using . potential - of UO.OUQ ; volts, the Canadians are distributing current neaN ly 230 miles; and by raising this pressure to 220V 2-- - !,.. Z n turbo-generato- will i'.i By JONATHAN MAINE pleasant" that nniulred for clearing out the forebay. To screen the tunnel Intakes from logs. Ice, etc, there reinforced concrete would be built an wall, rising from the ledge of the river bed to a sufficient height above the surface to divert floating objects Into the currents sweeping onward and over the two Falls. According to the engineering estimates, two tunnels can be cut and turbogenerators placed and made rea'dy for service within an Interval of two and a half, years. ( Today, In the vicinity of Niagara Falls It cost anywhere from $70 to $100 to generate by steam a horsepower year. If we strlke-aaverage, and call the outlay $80 per annum. It should be manifest that an economy of $120,000,000 In coal consumption may be effected' while adding tremendously to the power available, for Industrial and other purposes. It It be assumed that a horsepower year In the run of steam plants calls for the burning of 8 tons of coal, then the substitution of hydroelectric energy will save each twelve months quite 12,000,000 tons of fuel which, otherwise, would have to be mined and transported from the nearest fields, those In Pennsylvania. lc afWatKl at the outset furPtaWs i otAvrAnj fe. nrvW' ll and drop of about 200 .feet between the Intake the dlscharee' Ports of the conduits. At the some time, the bores In their entirety could be rut Jhrouirh roek. Each nqueIuct, wneu nnisnea with a concrete lining, would have an internet diumeier tf 20 feet, and the descending waters led KyTt V.it.Tfl be rapal.te of dereN .. power throng the medium of suitable turoo-gmu.r. A now projected, only two tunne.swou... ii.i w ." hyro-electr- mn. v..,i.iim 'in -- v .ini- - MVWtt VJM 4 "great ''muddy,' OambttU's Eye Prsssrved. . Yenulew, CJLtbe hundreds of spec tators who have seen Oamhetta's heart carried in procession through Paris know that another portlou of his body Is above ground. Lonj before his death one of his eyes was so badly damaged by a Mow thst tt , bad to be removed, noya the. continental edition of the Loudon Mail, 1 ' doctor who performed the npesaGou caused tlie eye to be p. rin!ly tn to preserve It. It vim pt.icf,! In a s'mnll glass phial. w!li ('.;.. to one of Ms pupils. ! tv |