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Show LEIII FREE PRESS. LEHI. UTAH I I , t-- ; 1' . - Sally Sez SEEN and HEAR around tje Nationalism Creates European Crisis l NATIONAL CAPITAL Field CarterCORRESPONDENT ByWASHINGTON I L FAMOUS I 0 I ! fo M hL - fl V ' 'I'" y -- A 'J jK" V A V.'i I 'lMr 1 Srr , 1 Above Hert are four figures who will have plenty to do with maintaining world peace. Left to right: Selassie, Ethiopia; Pierre Laval, France; Anthony Eden, Great Britain, and Benito Mussolini, Italy. Below: artillery unit in Germany's new conscription army, during manuevers. By WILLIAM C. UTLEY pictures, RADIO, fast steamships, x. swift railroads and all those other marvels of our present ege have made the entire world as email aa was eastern Europe say 150 years ago. But human nature has jchanged little, and since pride In his country Is still one of the most out- -' standing aspects of man's nature, the 'nationalism of Individual nations still maintains the high pitch which ob tained to It a century and a half ago, But where 150 years ago travel and communication were so slow that the 3 nationalism of Individual countries Irritated only that of countries whose borders coincided with their own, to day we find an entire world heset by fears of great wars, and nations arm ing frantically against one another. They are still trying to maintain airtight national borders and policies, Just as they did In the old days, when as a matter of fact their Interests are 80 closely aligned that almost any ma Jor war today is a potential world war. Especially Is this true of Europe, where there are many countries, most ;of them as small as their own national Jealousies, and each trying to illve to the full measure of what Its own people believe to be Its rights. Behind the present tension Is the struggle of one of the most proud of nations to regain Its pride through 'armament to the level of the other European nations with which It was once on a par. Following the failure of the Paris Vl peace conference and the rejection of (the League of Nations by the United 'States, France was forced to the al- Iternatlve of forming an alliance with the Little Entente and Poland to keep Germany cowed Into submission to the iterms of the Versailles treaty. The (Washington treaty was supposed to bring peace and armament understanding In the Pacific and the Far East. Now Germany, as it Inevitably must, has recovered enough strength to de clare for herself how much arms she 'needs for protection, has junked the Versailles treaty and Is rapidly arm- ling. Japan has violated the 5:5:3 naval ratios and has invaded China. There Is universal armament and the world talks of war. Two Alternatives. Europe seems to be torn between a return to a military alliance between France, Russia, Italy and Great Britain to keep Germany In line, or a three-powe- r "Locarno" treaty between Germany, France and Great Britain, ensuring that peace shall be maintained through the League of Nations, or some modification of the league. The first alliance would simply recreate the situation which brought about the World war, except that 'Japan, fearing Russia, would be more 'likely to line up with Germany than 'the "Allies."' The second agreement jivould leave Germany, considerably rearmed, with eastern Europe before her, and would In all probability lead (to a war between Germany and Soviet flying, moving 'I j ! i j I i 'Russia. Into the already tense situation has jauddenly been thrown the Italian invasion of Ethiopia. In the old days (thls. would have been countenanced elmply as a bit of colonizing, and . everybody was doing It. But today it Is. generally regarded as out and out 'aggression, and therefore in violation of both the covenant of the league (since Italy has refused to submit her case to arbitration) and the Kellogg pact If France, Great Britain and .'other member nations refuse to close the Suez canal or otherwise save Ethiopia from the Italians It will be not because they cannot, but because they will not. The League of Nations was of course formed to preserve, In large measure, the political state of Europe In 1919. The result was Inevitable. The nations which were satisfied by this arrangement hove become the chief supporters of the league. Those which j . I benefited from the agreements of 1910 have formed coalitions both Inside and outside the league, forcing those which did not to act more or less on their own. Germany has already withdrawn from the league, and Italy threatens to If the league Interferes with her African policy although it must be admitted that Italy certainly gained more than she lost, if indeed she lost anything by the 1919 pacts. The league has, even so, been of more benefit in Europe than elsewhere. It handled the Saar plebiscite with admitted efficiency. It handled the Balkan case In a satisfactory way. It has otherwise fostered the peace of' Europe. Its chief value, perhaps, has been as a safety valve. Fear Characterizes French. As to the attitude of the principal league powers on the continent that of France Is still created by the German problem which overshadows everything else. But France has within her own boundaries a political struggle which may affect her attitude sooner or later; there are movements, especially among the youth, against the parliamentary republican form of and crying for much government greater concentration of authority. There are definite Fascistic trends. The French press and the French foreign office has educated the people to the fact that the Reich Is standing today on the threshold of complete bankruptcy, financial and economic. The reason for this is that the wheels of German industry which have been humming so loudly for years, have been humming in the manufacture of arms and not of goods to be sold. The time cannot be put off much longer, says the French government to Its people, when Germany will be faced with doing one of two things: Using these gigantic war supplies in an aggressive war, or giving up to a complete collapse which will mean good-b- y to national socialism. There can be no doubt about what the Nazi choice will be, says France. There are In France many who be lieve that she should prevent such a war by starting one against Germany herself, before Germany has had a chance to arm to the limit of her schedule, but the consensus Is that It Is hardly likely France would ever en gage In such a war. Efforts of the Reich to form a peace pact with France have fallen down, and France has entered into a pact with Russia, a step aimed only at Germany. There Is little likelihood that this agreement will cause any great stress in International relations for the simple reason that it is everywhere recognized as a negative agreement, which France entered Into only to keep Germany from being first to ally herself with Russia. A similar alliance has been entered Into with Poland and the three countries of the Little Entente Czechoslovakia, Rumania and Yugoslavia. Of course, so many alliances have the difficulty of meaning that France Is likely to get involved in almost any war in Europe. Fear has been the theme of the en tire French foreign policy. After Pierre Laval's visit to Rome In January, It is believed that even the pres ent situation arose out of French fear, for It. is hardly possible, that Mussolini would have embarked on so aggressive and obnoxious a venture unless he were reasonably certain of French assent. . Italy. Set on War.. More than anything else, France realizes that alignment with Great Britain Is necessary to protect her against Germany and she Is .therefore unlikely to do anything which will rela seriously disturb Franco-Britis-- , Italo-Ethlopla- n h tions Italy seems to be the only nation who has her heart Bet upon war and that Is not a European war. She has only one idea In mind the conquest of Ethiopia, and probably nothing can prevent the war In Africa. Since A 1 Haille light the failure of Mussolini's pact, which was designed to make the four great European nationsFrance, Great Britain, Germany and Italy agree to force the others fo maintain the peace in Europe, Italy has minimized In Its press every act of the league. She has shown her 111 humor with the league,, by militarizing consistently and completely over the past few years. Italy's single purpose today Is territorial expansion through a protectorate over Ethiopia, for she must have more room for her people. With respect to European affairs, she will fight to maintain the status quo. She would like, of course, to reach some sort of agreement with Germany, because tile African campaign, when and If It starts In earnest will weaken Italy on the north. Italy will continue to attempt friendly relations with the Little Entente, with Yugoslavia In particular." The only real uncertainty In her foreign relations Is Austria, for Germany may attempt a revival of the "Anschluss." Italian military maneuvers along the Austrian frontier will be Increased. Through all this it may be seen that Italy's policy is maintenance of the status quo, with plenty of military power In reserve should that policy fall. Germany Wants No War. As far as Germany Is concerned, a war seems to be out of the question, at least for the present It would be too heavy in cost to a nation which Is just beginning a program of conscription and of building up military reserves. Germany has honestly sought an understanding with France and honestly desires one. She views France with concern only because of the Franco-Russia- n pacts and the Franco-Polis-h pacts. German relations with Soviet Russia leave much to be desired, Hitler having made, peace offerings to every Important European nation except Russia. Nazi dislike for Bolshevism may appear to be a reason on the surface, but more probable Is the competition for influence Jn the Baltic states. Germany is set upon building a navy to operate In the Baltic sea, so It may be seen that she is not to be left holding the bag In affairs of eastern Europe. Germany and Poland have their ten-yepact signed In 1934, aimed principally at Russia. Hitler is not going to forget about his interests In Austria; more of this, as has been said before, may be heard when Italian strength on the northern frontier Is weakened by the expedition Into Ethiopia. At any rate, Germany Is likely to be the last nation In Europe to enter a war, in the opinion of students of International affairs. Russia, who has been steadily arming for several years, until today she possesses one of the greatest of all military machines, Is definitely for the status quo. Her vast land has more than enough natural resources for Its people. She is building a new nation, In a way of speaking, and a war would seriously upset her schedule. For this reason, Russia has been one of the leaders lriefforts for collective security in Europe. But she has not hidden her belief that it Is Germany who will topple the "equilibrium of Europe since' the war and that the Italian movements 'In Africa ' Will affect the situation. Says the spokesman of the Kremlin, Karl.Radek "Seizure of Abyssinia may Involve greater difficulties than Italy suspects. German Fascism, which shows no disposition to discourage Italy In this adventure, takes this Into account Italy's adventure In Abyssinia may lead to such changes In the unstable correlation of European powers as will accelerate another European war. In the present situation In Europe, war in Abyssinia may have "the same significance as war In Libya had for the war of 1914." Four-Powe- r ar O Wsstsro Ntvwpw Unfea. Washington. While congress U off the administration's hands, the courts are still on the Job, and the bombardment of New Deal policies along the constitutional front may be expected to continue. In this connection, AAA officials are confident that, with the new amendments Just passed by congress, the processing taxes will be upheld. They think the objections which lower courts have found to the old processing taxes, and which lawyers generally believe will be found by the Supreme court, have been avoided. Hence the AAA Intends to do everything possible to produce a court test of the new processing taxes just as speedily as possible. AAA officials say privately that they have already picked the case on which fo make the battle. It is that of the Hoosac Mills. Washington lawyers who, no matter what their specialty, always figure that they are experts on what the Supreme court may do, and who certainly are more Interested In the court than In what might be called the chores of the profession, are divided as to what will be the outcome. Three possibilities, they admit, are open. The first is for the high court to throw the whole business out the window, holding that the assessment of such excise taxes Is beyond the power of congress, in that these taxes are for a particular purpose and not for the general need of the government, and that they are not Intended to produce revenue, but to achieve a desired price level. In this case the AAA would have nowhere to turn, but there Is little doubt what the administration would do. It would continue to pay farm benefits, and in January it would ask congress to levy special taxes to provide the additional revenue needed. Or the court might, as AAA officials believe It will, uphold the whole business, which would settle the question for the time being probably until after the next election, anyhow. Another Possibility But there is another possibility. The high court may decide that the processing taxes as fixed In the law are all right, but that the formula for changing them as agricultural prices approach parity Is an unconstitutional delegation of power. Most lawyers agree that the injection of this "formula" for changing the taxes as the prices of products change was a grave mistake by those desiring to avoid having the court throw the taxes out For they contend that beyond any doubt the inclusion of this "formula" proves that the taxes are not in fact excise taxes, levied for revenue; that it proves the only object of the taxes Is to bring better prices for the farmer. Now everybody knows that this was the real object There Is no question about that The only question Is whether congress has the right to levy Internal taxes for such a purpose. No one questions that the tariff duties are levied with this end In mind. It has been a protective tariff, and not purely a revenue tariff, for a good many years. In fact, the Republicans used to win elections right along on that plea, and even when the Democrats came Into power on the tariff Issue, back in Cleveland's time there was no actual scuttling o the protective Idea. It was Just modified. More than that In recent years there has been a formula for changing these import taxes so as to equalize the difference In cost of production here and abroad. The chief difference, the lawyers say, Is that there has never been any question of the power of congress under the Constitution to levy tariffs for purposes of protection as well as revenue, but there is grave doubt as to whether congress has the right to levy excise taxes for any other than revenue purposes. few candidates have ever Is going up and down the country, making speeches every time he gets a chance giving out more or less sensational interviews In between, and generally attracting all the attention stormlO'S as lie done, he can While get Vandenherg has been most cautious In the senate, and Is not only declining to go places and make speeches, but is refusing even to give Interviews. lie has recently refused to repeat his often expressed views on a certain subject for a an opportunity which few magazine g senators would decline, and which would not decline if he were not rigidly holding himself to a cautious line of procedure. well-know- n Yan-denber- Take Then On who for store So Let's PATRONIZE HOME INDUSTRY. Borah the other hand. Senator Borah, probably has been talked about PresiJfnt longer than any living man, Lacal patronace means local surer, Local Mcrcma aurana local employment, Local employment means mora niea diesua (or what have 70m?) A dreaa in the closet is worth two in th nomconvention time than any- and gotten less close to the ination at who ever aspired if the roll calls of the conventions are accepted as decisive on this acts just as though he were not Interested. Right after his present boom started he proceeded to cast votes and make speeches which were calculated to alienate the conservative wing of the party. And this came at a moment when he was being 1liCsmi ksttintm THIS WEEK'S PRIZE STORY body la these serioos times of financial stress not be guilty of that oft snd strain, let repeated mistake of scattering eur pnrchaa ins powers en out stats "enchanting-dials nee a. Let as anits in backing oar Intermoan tain business enterprises: thereby building better foundation for better homes. Here's for boosting Intermonntaia mads Goods. MRS. LEON W. JANNINGS. considered as an excellent connecting link to weld together the two wings of the knows the answer to that People do know that he Is tremendously interested In the talk. That story Is true about his putting the slip of paper with "Borah for President," which a colleague put on his desk as a Joke Into a drawer, and then taking it out and looking at It half a dozen times within an hour. And it wasn't to figure out whose handwriting It was, either. Ills face, according to those who watched him, showed distinct satisfaction. But It was not long afterward that he insurged all over the lot, casting ballots and making remarks calculated to cause cold chills down New York and New England and New Jersey Nobody way. spines. "Maybe he thinks they have got to him, and he wants the wild boys too so his election will be unanimous," He resaid a cynical commentator. called the story of Hoover's asking a prominent North Carolina Republican, after the 1928 election, If he would not have carried the Tar Heel state even without the religious Issue. be for Gets At 400 party. Perhaps the explanation Is that Borah has been talked about for President so long that he no longer takes It seriously, save in a complimentary What He Ephrsim, VL Utah Oil Refining Service Stations in Utah and Idaho aammwssnaBemmainmMmmmsmm Origin of "Lord Mayor" It is said that the title "Lord Mayor" arose from the expression "domino Sir malore," literally Mayor. It had its origin during tha reign of Edward III, In the Fourteenth century. BULBS SEEDS TREES For Fall Planting Krei free catalog PORTER WALTUN CO. SALT LAKE CUT, Utah Location of Cat Island Cat island is on of the Bahama group, lying Just north of the Tropic of Cancer; 36 miles long and from 3 to 7 miles wide. Fall Term Classes Now Starting Out of Town Students Earn Living Expenses Commercial tSckoott Wanted few times in history has a President obtained a grenter measure of what he wanted from his second congress than has President Roosevelt. He actually suffered no Important reverses except a few having fundaVery mentally nothing to do with his pro- gram and policies. Critics point to the World court vote. Every President since Wilson has been for the World court, and every one Harding, Coolidge and Hoover failed to get anywhere with it Due to a combination of racial groups opposing United States adherence to the court, and to widespread and firmly frozen Isolationist sentiment many senators simply da not dare to vote for it Critics also point to the St. Lawrence seaway treaty, which Mr. Roosevelt strongly favors, and which does Impinge slightly on his program and policies In that there Is a power angle. But the power angle had nothing to do with the defeat of that treaty, nor the attitude In the senate that made It futile to attempt to bring it up ugain. It Is purely the seaway angle that opOppositerates against ratification. ion comes solidly from the Atlantic coast and Gulf states, whose port9 would be hurt by the diversion traffic to that route. There of deep-se- a Ways of Candidates Is nothing partisan about it Once a man starts thinking he may Some critics a .'so point to the votes become President of the United States, on the death sentence of the utility something very curious happens to his holding company bill. This Is not to mental process. be discounted, for the President staked It Is proverbial that this applies to his whole fight on the death sentence-claus- e his own estimates of his chances for and so did the utilities In their success. Especially after he Is nom- tremendous letter and telegram writiinated. Men who traveled on the train ng campaign. with James M. Cox In 1920 know that Cox thought he had an excellent Where Fight Centered .The most interesting polgt here, chance, right up to the last, though the Harding landslide was overwhelm- however, Is that the utilities did not ing. But he was not alone in this. dare attempt to draw their battle line Many others on that Cox train thought more to their own advantage. If they so too, Including some pretty hard-boile- d had dared make a flat fight to elimnewspaper men. Perhaps the inate any possibility of the holding answer to- - this sort of thing Is that companies 'jelng forced out of existepeople meeting a celebrity of any sort, nce, for example, that might have and certainly a man who Just may be- meant something. The whole "fight come President do not rack, their between senate, and house,, and bebrains to say disagreeable things. They tween the President and the bouse, like to say things that the man will was over whether a flat day for executremember pleasantly. ion should be named, or whether disBut this Is not all the picture of cretion to commute the sentence' might what happens to a potential candi- be vested in a commission a commisdate a man who thinks the lightning sion named by the President may strike him. The remainder of the- measure Is Consider the way two men who de- drastic, but the utilities, though desire the Republican nomination are go- nouncing It did not make a real fight ing about It To wit, Senator Vanden-ber-g Plenty of lists of the leglslatioi of Michigan, and Colonel Knox passed at the Roosevelt command art of the Chicago Dally Nwa. ' being printed. There Is no point ti Knox, who figured second only to repeating them here. The point - Is Borah in the recent poll taken by Rob- nowhere did he fall to get pretty nearly ert H. 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