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Show THE BEAVER PRESS 4th Grade News History of Our Utah Indians From Mr. Lund's 4th Grade Class Indians have lived in Utah for thousands of years. The first to build permanent homes were the cliff dwellers. They lived mostly in the Four Corners area from about 1 A.U. until about 1,300 A.D. When the white men settled what is now called Utoh in 1S47, there were 3 main groups of Indians living there. These were the Utes, Gosiutes, and Paiutes. A small band of Shoshones lived in the north and some Navajos lived in the south. Not all of these Indians were ..ble to build their homes under cliffs, as many did at Mesa Verde in Colorado. Some homes were built on mesas, or Hat topped mountains, and some in valleys. In Utah's Four Corners, the Indians built many towers. Today most of these towers are in Hovenweap National Monument. The towers were forts. Doorways were small and hard to get to. Often the doorway faced the top of a cliff. Only one person could walk between the tower and the edge of the cliff without falling off. And only one person could get through at one time. Even then, that person would have to stop because the doorways were very small. How would Indians defend such a doorway? The towers were built close to springs of water. Can you see why this was important in this dry country? These Indians learned how to make many things they needed. They made baskets from Yucca leaves and willow limbs. They learned to make pottery from clay. They drew designs on their pottery. Sometimes the designs were made by marking in the clay, and sometimes they were painted on in a different color. The Indians baked the pottery so it would harden and hold water. Cliff dwelling Indians were farmers w ho planted corn, beans, and squash. They raised turkeys. They had learned to make bows and arrows so they could hunt for other kinds of meats. As far as we know, these farmer Indians of the cliff dwelling period were the only Indians in Utah to build homes to last a used could which they easily tepees move from place lo place. The Navajos built hogans which were good homes. But the Navajos lived by hunting and food gathering so they could not stay in one lifetime. Later Indians the western portion of Colorado. They made their homes in Utah as far north as the Great Salt Lake and as far south as San Juan county. There were eight (8) main bands. Each of these bands moved about to some extent, yet each occupied a fairly definite district. Between the various Indian bands there was a definite agreement as to which hunting grounds belonged to each as there was later among the white colonists regarding the private ownership of properly. The Paiutes' country extended across southern Utah from the eastern part of San Juan County westward, including much of southern Nevada. Their main districts, however, were along the Virgin, Santa Clara, and Muddy rivers and bordering along the north bank of ihe Colorado River. They separated the Utes from the Navajos, Apaches, and Maquis on the south. The Paiutes were never as strongly unified in bands as were the Utes. They were broken up into fragmentary groups, each with it's own chief, recognizing no general leadership. To the west and north of Utah Lake and throughout northern Utah live the Shoshoni. The Gosiules resided in the Desert region of western Millard, Juab, and Tooele counties. In addition to these permanent residents, bands of transient mounted ShOshoni from Wyoming and Idaho spent part of their time in northern Utah, Washakie's band from Western Wyoming being the most famous of these. lite diet of the Utah Indians consisted mainly of wild vegetable products and smaller mammals. Since Utah contains much desert lands and areas, it was extremely difficult for them to obtain enough food to keep themselves alive. The greater portion of their time was spent in and they were forced to eat almost anything they found. It is very probable that many of them did starve to death each winter. Probably the most destitute Indians in Utah were the food-gettin- Gosiutes. In the words of Mark Twain, "We came upon the most wretched tvpe of mankind I have ever seen...! refer to the Goshiute Indians. ..small, lean, scrawny creatures. ..having no higher ambition than to kill and eat jack rabbi's, crickets and grasshoppers and embezzle carrion from the huzards and the coyotes." Ants, grasshoppers and crickets wore also used as food by the Ihe Indians' most common meat diet consisted of rabbits, gophers, squirrels, and other rodents. They usually roasted t coals. them whole over Although they ate meat whenever thev could obtain it, the main diet of t lie Utah Indians consisted of vegetable foods. These vegetables wore chiefly wild food products. Various types of grass seeds were gathered and ground into meal on fiat stones. Leaves and stems of various plants were also eaten. Among the plants used for foods were sunflower seeds, scgo lilly bulbs, camas roots, service berries, yucca pods, red-ho- . The Indi.ins of Utah may be calssified into three larger groups or tribes: The Utes. the Paiutes ) or Water Utes, and the Shoshoni. The latter includes the iosiute ((ins htiic) Indians. This , 'assificatioii is made on a .similarity of language an J customs. When the white settlers arrived in the Great Basin, the and Utes occupied the east cfiural portion of the state and (Pah-uies- pears, and arrowroot cactus leaves. . . i i Indians of and Paiute Shoshoni Uiah. place very long. By Tim Tcbbs Taken from "Utah" by Willerd and Celia Lttie. pgs. 4 7, 1978 Thursday, December fie m . " If'v m 1 I a rJ Ricky Tanner Albums "Riv'ercf Songs" and i Cassettes "I Am a Child Ski Glov to for everyone! '.3 i.d God" of The chief industry of the Utah Indians concerned with supplying themselves with food and clothing. During most of the year, weather permitting, their time was spent securing enough food to keep alive. Blankets and clothing were made of skins of rabbits as well as bear, deer, buffalo, and other large animals. The redmen were quite good in the art of tanning bear, deer, buffalo, and other large animals. Bows and arrows were in common use among all the tribes. With crude stone axes the natives cut ash limbs to make bows. Ihe wood was heated near the fire, softening it sufficiently to make it possible for it to be scraped down to the desired thickness. Many of the bows were beautifully decorated and highly polished. In the fall the stocks for arrows t were cut inlo lengths, tied in bundles, and fastened in the top of the tepees to dry during the winter. When sufficiently seasoned, the arrow s were tipped with flint or elk horn. Sometimes the Indians were able to trade for iron arrowheads from the traders w ho came into this area. The Utah Indians also made water-proo- f baskets of grass. They had some knowledge of the art of pottery. They made crude dishes and jars of baked clay. They were also known to make clay figures like small dolls. The religion of the Utah Indians and many of their social customs differed as much from the whiles as did their method of making a living. The Utah Indians secured a wife or wives by one of several He could different methods. purchase her from her father, but perhaps he would steal her from his own or a neighboring tribe. If two men desired to marry the same woman, the girl was given to the one who was victorious in a two-foo- fight. Doctor jf,v V I . f' 5 I in 'I the Kitchen . shoni. The medicine men were very important persons among the Utah Indians. They chanted their charms and prayers sometimes to bring rain or for some other favor from the deities. But their main duty was performed in the care of the sick. They ministered to the one who was ill by driving from him the evil spirit which they believed caused his illness. The Ute Indians, like people in most any part of the world, believed in a life after death. The warrior at death went to the happy hunting ground. At the time of the death of one of the Ute warriors, his favorite horse was killed so that he would not have to walk alone to the spirit land. His tribesmen usually killed one of his wives and perhaps a slave or two so the warrior would have company in the next world. Styling Combs 35 DAY i If your clothing seems to be shrinking, you may, in fact, be gaining weight. Tight clothes can be an early warning system that tips you off to what is happening. It's much easier and better to take off five pounds than 15. Just cut the helpings of the food you're already eating and you'll lose five pounds. Years ago, ice cream was a delicacy that people enjoyed on particularly special occasions, New Shipment U 1 perty. Article by Micky Morris Information written and compiled by Rex Curtis, Science Tracher, Cottonwood High School, Salt Lake City. CHIME srniKf exACT HOUR TIMf SiNOLf STRiKS ON tCH u JnJ Washcloths 11 Off Gorgeous Leather Handbags hWvlJ Black, Brown, or Camel Bright Christmas Wrap 30" & Cards leaver Variety 5.V.Mala fnt VICTORIAN WALL CLOCK in eh styling. Has lovely walnut finished wood cJbinrt with -brass tonit turn and silver facf. 35 Day Wmd-Ui- ). Chimps on hn-i- and half hour. x 1134" 6 14". ern 595 N. Main T9 438 - 5675 crash MR. SMITH SHOWS how to cut through top. f - ;r - - . ' , i ; - ' J ' - - J ft I . . : ; ' distributed at ' : 1 these meetings. This handout summarizes the results of the District studies of the IPP inventory units. The District's studies indicate that a portion of inventory unit 6 possesses wilderness characteristics as described in the Wilderness Act. Joint studies with the Arizona Strip District indicate that a portion of inventory unit 057 also possesses wilderness characteristics. The studies indicate that 41 units do not possess wilderness characteristics. No comments were received at either meeting regarding the presence or absence of wilderness characteristics in specific inventory units. Comments concerning of the presence or absence wilderness characteristics on any of the units will be received until December 18, 1978. After the December 18 closing date, the . f j1 V 4 if designated if ' 1 wilderness study a area or be dropped from the inventory. The State Director will make a final decision by January HYDRAULIC SPREADER Is used lo open doors wedged shut in collision. f Mormon Trail Trail has been National Historic Trail as a result of the President's signature on the Omnibus Parks bill. The bill created the "Historic Trails" designation and placed the Lewis and Clark, Oregon, Mormon and several other trails in that category. Sen. Hatch testified before the Parks and Recreation Subcommittee of the Senate's Unergy and Natural Resources Committee in order to urge Senators to appropriately identify the trail for posterity. The testimony included a history of the Mormon Pioneer trek to the Salt Lake Valley and the reasons for designating the trail an Historic Trail rather than a scenic or recreation trail. Much credit must go to the Mormon Trail Foundation for its efforts on the national and local level in the fight for this designation. During the hearings on the trails designation, Sen. Cliff Hansen gave a real tribute to the early Mormon settlers and said his direct ancestors were part of "those brave people who left the comfort of the Fast to establish their own Zion." While final passage in both houses on Congress did not coincide with the July 24th celebration as was originally hoped, it is rather remarkable that it was accomplished during the pressure pac ked v. - The Mormon designated a Buy locally, muke use of dollars! 1 Now! f Cedar City District Manager will prepare a final report and recommend to the Utah State Director that each inventory unit either be .f.V.JF t St ft it. t f 1 9 V 5 - u - impact. i St, -7 , X i 4 'f 4'''t"'f ( l .j urn hi 4 "... jour lax b t oCVGrSl vi.yi6S! I kA ,8!' t Beaver, UT The DiGel. Anti-Ga- s Antacid. w COVER THE VICTIM and keep her calm. METHOD for rIiws removal, except for windshield. Photo was made at time of CORRECT hours before Congress adjourned. Layavay 7: EXTRICATE closing KUl Lovely Jcwolry ' , Power Project 2, 1979. u vi Intermountain Their burial grounds were rock crevices or excavations. The corpse, w ith many of his personal possessions, was placed in the crevice and covered with branches and rocks. The female relatives did the ceremonial mourning at the funerals. Men wore never in attendance. Their duty was to destroy the dead person's pro- i1 TRAINEES victim. 'i associated roadless areas at public meetings in Cedar City on November 15 and Salt Lake City on November 17, 1978. The Cedar City public meeting was a joint meeting of the Arizona Strip and Cedar City Districts. The enhandout was closed briefing w . - Wilder The trophy case is at Cal Poly following awards received by student exhibitors at the Grand National Livestock Exposition at the Cow Palace in San Francisco. Among the highlights, Cal Poly project livestock were judged champion Hereford and reserve grand champion of the show; reserve grand champion York boar and reserve supreme grand of the show; and champion champion Hampshire lamb and reserve grand champion lamb in the show. In the feeder steer show ring, the champion crossbred and of five was champion pen grand shown by Cal Poly students for Gib Yardley of Beaver, Utah. The champion shorthorn pen of five was show n for Phyllis Tangcrman of Susanville. The Cal Poly students who participated as student fitters were Brad Avansino of Stockton; Linda Barton, Hod Bluff; Mary Gunn, Hesperia; Sharel Leeds, Poway; Doug Sippel, Carlsbad; Sara Gail Spice, Atascadero; Sylvester, Davis; and Hannah Tangcrman, Susanville. Members of the Cal Poly animal science faculty who work with the livestock enterprise project students include Mike Hall (beef), Gene Anderson (svvitu), and Robert Rutherford (sheep). cmimf , I.. , The Cedar City District presented the results of its studies of Trophies All Colors irrjuciso - Chains , peo- Here's some history: Legend has it that cheese was discovered Update Bath Towels, Hand Towels 10 :'f work. Students Earn 16 inch BBGoo suggest that arguments in the family, have your breakfast "skippers" try eating breakfast for two or three weeks and let them appraise for themselves whether they do or do not feel better in the morning and accomplish more at school or at IP.P Onlv! 0 I Regularly Yardley and cUtA ? I .."., ple would feel better if they stopped skipping breakfast. To save several thousand years before in the summer. Now it is Christ. An Arab traveler, all available economically year a journey, placed milk in starting round. Ice cream makes a a pouch made of a sheep's notable contribution to your stomach. During his journey, the nourishment. Proteins, calcium sun's heat, plus enzymes in the are and riboflavin (a of the stomach, turned the lining the main nutrients. milk into cheese curds and whey. Research shows the best diet If vitamin pills are so important, why are people advised not for physical performance conto take them9 The answer is that tains about 15 of the calories foods properly selected and from protein, 40' 'i from fat. and the 45 "L from carbohydrates. Since prepared provide all nutrithis is what the average nutrients needed for good tion. Only a physician can ade- American eats every day, this quately advise you if you have a means athletes don't need need for supplemental doses of special dietary supplements, just vitamins. regular wholesome meals. ' 4 i .fjil I; ,r--4 NUTRITION A LA CARTE Men, Women, Children r .;,'. M. Hursh, M.D. Consultant, National Dairy Council by Laurence t d When the aged people became too infirm to be of use to the tribe, the natives had the custom of leaving them by the wayside to die. Often the old people, when they felt that they were a hindrance to the group as it moved from place to place requested that the band leave them on the campground. The Indians had their own peculiar religious beliefs and practices. One of their chief gods was the deity who created all things and whose main power was represented in the sun. They worshipped plants and animals, them to be spirit believing personalities. Chief among the animal deities was the coyote. The Utes made special efforts to win his favor. Coyotes mean bad luck to the Navajo. They had a number of dances which were part of their religious ceremonies, one of them being the Ute Sun Dance. It was held in July for the purpose of obtaining muraculous relief from physical il'.s.'l! was probably adopted from Plains Indians and came to Utah by Way of the Wyoming Sho- 'W, Am vK ' i Jr I ? Kt ) |