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Show THE ~HDV .\ LE .JOlTRNAL GENERAL INTEREST IN "QUEER" PEOPLE Monstrosities Can Always Command Attention. The public Interest in freaks of nature which makes it still profitable to maintain circus sideshows where various malformed, queerly distorted unfortunates are exhibited to gaping crowds Is an lntet·est of long standing, says the following article from the New York World. It goes back not only to the courts of medieval kings w!1ere dwarfs and hunchb!lcks frequently furnished cruel amusement to bored nobles and their ladies. It is also to be found even before the Christ ian era. It has recently been demonstrated that this Insatiable curiosity conterning human beings of unusual shape, coloring or habits is of very ancient origin. In the quarterly Journal of the International School of Vedic and Allied Research it is revealed by an expert Sanskritist that the ancient Inhabitants of India t•eferred in one of their early scriptures to such monstrosities as threeeyed people, one-legged mountaineers and people with ears as large as pUiows. Dr. E. Washburn Hopkins, emeritus professor of Sanslo·it and comparative philology at Yale university, who Is vice president of the American section of the International School .of Vedic and Allied Research, points out in the article referred to, "The Epic View of the Earth," that the stories about these queer people sometimes are based on facts, while others are "traveler's tales distorted.'' The epic referred to, the Mahab- Bathing Beach at Valparaiso. duced th,e preferred position that Cblle long held. llE recent forced retirement of First opened up in 1830 when the a president of Chile throws region was under Peruvian and Boemphasis on some of the unusual livian ownership, the mining operafeatures ot the Chilean constitu- tions did not reach a great magnitude tion and govemment. until after Chile annexed the territory The old Chilean constitution existed in 1880. After that the world's defrom 1833 until 1925 and was tile old- mand for nitrates grew so great that est constitution of a republic in the by 1913 Chile was exporting between western hemisphere except that of the two and three million tons. The United States. It was an intimate World war increased the demand, for mixture or the governmental princi- nitrate Is the chief raw material for ples of the United States and those of explosives as well as for wheat and Europe, While It was not designed cotton growing; and Chile's desert dewith such an Idea in view, developposits kept the guns of the allies ments seemed to be steering Chile to- booming. ward a real parliamentary system. If one would get a quick conception Then came the new constitution of of the importance, the lovely surround· 1925 which modified this trend. ings, and the climate of Santiago, Under the Chilean constitution of Chile's capital, he should set San Fran• 1833 the American system of three cisco or Los Angeles down in the most separate functions-executive, legisla· beautiful inland portion ot the Valley tlye and judicial-was adopted; but of California, give the Sierra Nevadas unlike the United States, Chile incor- 4,000 feet more height and pile on porated a system of federal centrall- them more generous caps of snow. l'lation which was probably more ex· Santiago, with Its nearly three-quartreme than In any other republic. This ters of a million population, is fairly president appoints tile sixteen intend· comparable in size to Pittsburgh and ants, who correspond roughly to our Boston. Among the Spanish cities of governors. With the intendants nomi- the world only Madrid and Barcelona nating them, he also appoints the six- in the Old world. and Buenos Aires ty-five governors who rule over re- and Mexico City in the new, exceed it. gions such as might be formed by But it is not on size that admirers groups of counties in the United of Santiago base their eulogies. The States, and the alcaldes of municipali- city, like our own capital, has a subties with more than 10,000 population. tle charm its own. Much of thls The governors appoint subdelegates to is due to Its location. Many travelers administer the smaller municipalities agree that It has the most beautiful roughly corresponding to townships, and inspiring setting of all the great and the subdelegates in turn appoint Inland cities of the world. It is sUn· Inspectors for small precincts. The ated near the upper end -Of a mounwhole elaborate civil hierarchy centers tain-rimmed valley, 40 mUes long by In the president and is ruled from the 20 wide. Ten mlles to the east the national capital. Andes rise to heights greater than 18,000 feet, presenting a towering wall Dll'eet Election Adopted. The constitution of 1833 provided always snow-capped. On the west Is for the Indirect election of the presi- a lower coast range ; and to the south dent for five years through a sort of stretches a level expanse of fertile electoral college ; the indirect election farming land divided into large esof senators ln the provinces for six- tates. Park of Santa Lucia. year terms; and the direct election of Santiago Ia built on the plain, but members of the lower bouse from the within It rises a 400-foot hill, covering districts. This has an been changed. several hundred aches, which has been The president Is now directly elected made into one of the world's unique for six: years, but Is ineligible for reelection. The forty-five senators are parks, Once nearly bare, the bill of e(ected by direct vote In their groups Santa Lucia has been transformed Into of provinces, for terms of eight years, an enchanting modern hanging. garden with halt the seats newly filled every of groves and ft!)wer beds, winding four years. The deputies of the lower roads and trails, cascades. terraces, bouse are also elected by direct popu- sylvan theaters and observation kiosks. lar votes in their departments or From its slopes one may obtain numer· \groups of departments. As ln the Unit- ous charming vistas, and from Its top ed States, a cabinet is appointed by Santiago lies spread cut in all its the president and 1<1 responsible to lovely details. It is a city predominately of low, blm. fiat-roofed bulldings, for the hand of The old constitution established the Spain lies heavy upon It in aU mat· Roman Cathollc church and prohibited ters of habit and custom. But for all oth-er forms of public worship. The new constitution separated the church that the old Spanish life has taken on and state and did away with property a briskness that must be bred of the qualifications for voters. AU citizens West. There is a movement and b1.l!!over twenty-one years of age who can tle that modifies much of the lnfiu· read and write and whoI register, may ence of Old Spain, and which at the same time stamps Santiago unmistakvote. . ably a metropolis. An unusual feature of the Chilean The axis of life in Santiago Is the gove1·nment is ib tribunal calificador beautiful Alameda de las Deltclaswhich mu.\lt pass on the validity ot all elections of president, senators and "tbe tree-lined avenue of the delights," (leputles. It consists of five members which cleaves the city ln two. Its chosen by lot, one chosen from past great breadth of 350 feet Is divided by presidents and vice presidents ot the tour rows or stately trees. Down the senate: one from past presidents and center is the Paseo, a broad prom· vice presidents of the lower chamber; ~nade, lined by many flower beds and statue-studded llttle parks, , along two from ministers of the Supreme which innumerable nursemaids herd court, and one from the ministers of their romping charges. On either side tbe Court of Appeals of the city where of the Paseo are the tracks of tbe,eleccongress meets. trlc street ra!lway, and farther outsld8 Chile may be superficially compared are broad driveways. The Alameda Is to California with directions reversed. lined with many of the finest res!· U stretches in a narrow strip with the dences and public bulldings of the Pacific on one side and a mountain capital. range on the other and embraces dry The lover of fresh alr comes Into desert, a productive temperate region, his own In Santiago's delightful cU4 and an area of moisture and cold. mate. Great crowds promenade on Whereas California Is only 800 mlles the Paseo and In the plazas each evelong, however. Qhtle is 2,700 miles in ning. Most of the dwe!Ungs are of the lengtb. Spanish type with open courts in the Great Ethnic Differences. center, In which mrtch of the family'a Chile differs as much ethnically from time is spent. The street cars are the rest of South America as it does double-deckers, with the u~per seats politically. It has had a greater pro- open. Those who wish to climb the portion of northern European Immigra- steps and enjoy the air and view pay tion than its sister states, largely Ger- a smaller fee than the passengers who man and BrWsh. The predominant ride on the lower level. strain is a mixture of Spanish and Few great clties are so fortunate Araucanlan Indian, a mingling which as Santiago in regard to their water extends through all social levels. F~w supplies. Sparkingly pure cold wa· Immigrants from southern Europe ter from the high ,Andes is available have come In, and llke Great Britain, in abundance within a few miles. Tb.e Cbllt: bas working classes of lts own city could grow to a community of many millions without being faced blood. , 'I'he vast beds of sodium nitrate dis- with any great difficulty about this covered in what ls now northern Chile necessity for which some munlclpallmore than 100 years ago have meant tles have had to reach out hundreds much to the country economically dur- ot miles. Through the city runs the Ing the last half century. But the per· Mapocho rlver whose floods were once fection of processes In Europe to ex- a source of danger. Chilean engineers tract nitrogen electrically from the air, have tamed the river, however, con• and the growth of ammonia products fining it within a concrete channel, and from coal distillation bas greatly re- it 1s now harmless. (Prepared by the National Geographic Society, Wasbino;ton, D. C.l T Thursday, September 10, 1931 harata, was probably composed about 200 B. C., but is made up of stories that had been handed down from even older times. Mahabbarata means the great war of the Bllaratas, the people of India, which took place probably in the Twelfth century B. C., but the epic contains In Its one hundred thousand starlzas much material which is not directly connected with the great war, a mere eighteen days' battle. The epic is really an encyclopaedia of information presenting the philosophic, social and ethical ideas of ancient India. 'l'he colorful epi thets applied to the various tribes de· scribed in the course of the long, rambling story reveal to us the fa~t that the ancients were just as much intereEted in "freaks of nature" as the average circus-going American is today. One is reminded of the big-lipped women ft'om Aft·ica, featured in a great circus, when one reads of the Karnapravaranas, "who use their ears as coverings.'' It might be supposed that this is a reference to a tribe whose ears were naturally very large, but Professor Hopkins draws our attention to the fact th at t\le lat·ge-eared folk mentioned in the old epic have evidently survived to our own day. He says: "I myself saw near Madura some individuals with ears so distended by heavy earl'lngs that an English official with me exclaimed, 'Why, they might use their ears as pilllows.'" The three-eyed people mentioned in the epic might seem to give some credibility to the theory that the socalled pineal gland in the human brain is the remnant of what once was a third eye. Certain reptiles do have the structure of an eye in the pineal gland. But Professor Hop- 1P1P1P1P1P~ k!ns suggests that the thll"d eye of these three-eyed folk may have been "a sectarian forehead mark." The "mark of Cain" referred to In th, Bible has been supposed by some to have been a tribal mark, tattooed or burned on the forehead. Such a mark on the men mentioned ln the epic may easily have been lD the shape of a glaring eye In the center ot the forehead to Inspire terior ln their enemies, just as the Americas Indians painted themselves gro· tesquely before going into battle. cation of a young relative. His testiSHYNESS TRAIT OF mony has some value. MANY GREAT MEN . So many P1·esidents of the United · Famous Figures of History Among Them. • States have been described as shy, even the most eminent of them, that shyness must have been exaggerated as a personal handicap in the struggle for succes s. What seems to be genuine shyness may be overcome by a strong will, ambi tio~ and determination to get results. Outside of public life some of the most successful men have been said to be sby. Henry Ford has Impressed many people as very difli· dent. Even the late J. P. Morgan, prince of financiers, shunned publicity as If he were obsessed with the desire for privacy. He would never attempt to make a speech. Au audience of schoolboys frightened him. But even an orator may be naturally solitary. Some great ac· tors have been shy. Edwin Booth, who was accustomed to take five cm·tain calls in succession, was said to be. And what of President Hlndenburg? He is very different from William. Shyness signifies no lack of essen· tial strength : it is a superficial, not a fundamental, weakness.-Sprlngfield Republican. There is ample authority tor the assertion that President IIoover is shy. President Coolidge was also shy, and so was President Wilson. No one ever noticed shyness in President Roosevelt, but the list of our shy Presidents is a long one. Grant was shy, and some said Lincoln was. That is, they seemed shy to some of the people they knew, or met-who wrote their personal impressions of them afterward. Jefferson was a highbrow and no "mixer"; you could not slap him on the back. There was nothing of the shrinking violet in John Adams, but his eminent son, John Quincy, was reserved and distant. Henry Clay thought he was a prim little Puritan, as cold as a fish, when he met him at Ghent. George Washington, according to a clergyman who knew him, was "shy, silent, slow and cautious." This clergyman, Rev. Jonathan Boucher, was an Anglican churchman who reAn acorn cannot make much headturned to England at the outbreak of the Revolution and the manuscript way in a flower pot.-Traln. containing his recollections of the first President was recently sold at The man who Is wedded to art auction In London for $95. Rev, Mr. should have a model wife. Boucher saw Washington socially and also In connection with the eduAll findin!l: fault isn't crltlclsm. • MERICA'S ONLY REFINER OF GERM PROCESSED OIL OF-FERS •••• __ j '. ',·.··:(.' ,. ' .___ : ' ·: ···· . . ·, ' . .. 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