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Show i THE Thursday. July 13, 1937 Keeping Up mm Hunt Is On Now for Long Lost Parents of Actinium iervce C Science Service. WNU Service. Great Heat Hurts Corn More Than Lack of Moisture Science, Like Law, Has Own "Bureau of Missing Persons" . , Rochester, N. Y. The police may have their missing persons bureaus who hunt fo.r the Charley Rosses and Judge Craters of the world but science too has similar mysteries and none so famous as the "missing" parents of the element actinium. Meteorologist Explains How Drouth Cuts Crop From heaviest of all elements, uranium, down through radium to Detroit. Excessive heat in lead, the atoms undergo a step by step disintegration and "begat" ordrouth years is a more po- der that reads like a scientific old tent cause of corn crop fail- testament ure than lack of water, Senior Just as there Is a "missing link" Charles D. in the hypothesis of animal evoluMeteorologist Reed of the United States tion between the apes and modern is there a theoretical place in the structure which welds the whole of radioactivity theory into a compact unit now Lost Are Traced. In a report to the American Physical society, Prot T. R. Wilkins and Dr. W. M. Rayton of the University of Rochester present new evidence which helps make clearer the oripargins of the missing long-live- d ents of the actinium series of so too weather bureau station at man stone out of Des Moines, Iowa, told the third Dearborn conference of agriculture, industry and science session here. In support of his thesis, Mr. Reed cited recent drouth history In his own state: "In 1934. summer precipitation averaged 2.08 Inches greater than In 1933 in Iowa, yet there was a bumper crop In 1933 and nearly a corn failure In the southern counties In 1934, because of the excessive and prolonged heat, with an average of 19.7 days with temperatures 100 degrees or higher, the greatest of record up to that time. This cut the 1934 corn yield to 21.6 bushels as compared with 14 In 1894. Lost 235 Million Bushels, i "Then came the calamitous summer of 1936. The heat of July and August averaged 81.3 degrees, surpassing by 3.2 degrees the record hot July and August, 1901, with an average of 2S.6 days 100 degrees or higher. "During the last half of July, 1936, the Iowa corn crop was reduced bushels to an average 235,000,000 yield per acre of about 17 bushels. . . In small areas the destruction was even more complete than In 1894. Whole townships In the south part of Plymouth and the central part cf Woodbury counties, report only two or three wagon loads of corn. "We used to say, 'It can't happen in Iowa,' but like the Californians, we must reluctantly admit that we had some unusual weather." radio-element- s. Scientific happenings which make to throw light on the atomic "missing persons" problem are that sometimes the change from one element to another is accompanied by a loss of weight and sometimes merely by a loss of electrical charge without the weight loss. The loss of weight occurs when the nucleus of a helium atom, known as an alpha particle, is liberated in the radioactive disintegration. Then, the parent atom drops down two whole numbers In the numerical scale which rates chemical element from hydrogen, at one, to uranium at 92. When electricity is given off by the emission of an electron the atomic number of the element Jumps back up the scale by one unit Thus Uranium I (92) gives off an alpha particle and becomes Uranium X, (90). But Uranium X, gives off an electron and becomes Uranium X with atomic number It possible Combating Disease and Decay With Rays of the Sun "" much-studie- radio-element- the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. Salmon's Homing Instinct Sunlight can kill of Dispute even when its and infra- Subject micro-organis- et red rays are filtered out, Mr. Dennington explained. The rays of shorter wavelengths, from 2,537 angstroms down, are the most effective at germ-killin- Siuch rays harnessed in a lamp which has an extremely thin indrawn window or glass bubble are already being used, Mr. Dennington said, by physicians to destroy the germs of skin infections. At the opposite extreme of medical use are the eight sterilizing lamps installed over the operating table at Duke university hospital to sterilize air during surgical operations and thus prevent wound infections. For keeping meat sate by preventing mold growth during the tenderizing storage period, and for keeping mold out of bakery prod ucts, there is the tubular lamp made of special glass and resembling the blue neon sign tube. Stanford University, Calif. Salmons' alleged homing instinct, or tendency to return at maturity to spawn in the waters where they were hatched, has become a point of debate among marine zo ologists. In Science, Dr. Willis H. Rich of Stanford university takes issue on the subject with Dr. A. O. Huntsman of the University of Toronto. Dr. Huntsman has declared that salmon do not "go home," but Dr. Rich points to the existence of many distinct strains of Pacific coast salmon as evidence that they do. If salmon went up "just any old river" the distinctions between varieties would disappear through hybridization, he believes. S. NEPHI. UTAH PAGE TOREK Land" of Five States The "Mother Celebrates Her 150th Birthday By ELMO SCOTT WATSON GOOD TASTE TODAY EMILY POST World' a speech before the United States senate in 1830: "We are accustomed to of antiquity; we help to praise the Solon and Lycurgus; but of fame the perpetuate I doubt whether one single law of any ancient or modern, has produced effects of a more distinct and marked and lasting character than this one." He was not speaking of any of the great documents which are commonly regarded as milestones in the progress of mankind toward an orderly government of its affairs. Instead, he was referring to the Ordinance of 1787, passed by the Continental Congress just 150 years ago and often re- The ordinance established found the Harvard law school. the Northwest Territory out to Even if his role as "Father of the of which later were to be Ordinance of 1787" had not been carved five new states and enough to guarantee his fame, his this month their citizens are founding the school, out of which have come so many distinguished celebrating the one hundred lawyers and public officials, would and fiftieth birthday of the have done that. "Mother Land" of those five His long and useful career states with pageantry and pil- came to an end with his death in grimages to historical spots Beverly, Mass., on February 15, in the "Old Northwest." Dur- 1835. ing the celebration will be To understand fully the impor heard once more the names tance of the document which won of Americans who played im- such a tribute from the lips of Daniel Webster, it is necessary to portant roles in establishing recall the conditions which existthis "Mother Land" such ed in America at the close of the names as Thomas Jefferson, Revolution. Although all the AID Daniel Webster in law-give- Buy Gift Only If You Want to and Are Able law-give- r, Rufus King, Arthur St. Clair, Charles Thomson and, last but by no means least, that "forgotten Dane. man," Nathan You never heard of Nathan Dane? Well, you're not much different from other Americans in that respect. For you will search your school histories in vain for mention of his name. All tell of the Ordinance of 1787, of course, but concerning the man who drafted it, they are strangely silent. So, before proceeding with the story of the birthday party of the "Mother Land of Five States," it seems appropriate to tell about the man who made this possible. Nathan Dane was born at Ips wich, Mass., on December 29, 1752. He was the descendant of one of three brothers who were among the first settlers of Gloucester, Andover and Ipswich and the son of a farmer who sired five other sons and six daughters. A Harvard Graduate. Young Dane worked on his father's farm until after he had come of age, then, having pre pared himself for college in eight months, he entered Harvard. He was graduated in 1778 with a high reputation fox industry and scholarship. Next he began teaching school at Beverly, Mass., and while doing so studied law in the office of Judge Wetmore of Salem. In 1782 he hung out his shingle in Beverly and soon became prominent in his community as an able and skillful pleader. Elected as a representative to the general court of Massachusetts, he distinguished himself by his ability in debate, his knowledge of public business and the uprightness and directness of his views. So it was only a question of time before his state selected him to represent it in the Continental Congress which was then struggling with problems. First chosen in 1785, in 1786 and Dane was again in 1787 and served on many Chief important committees. among his services was his drafting an ordinance for the government of the territory northwest of the Ohio river. In 1790 Dane retired from the national arena to become a member of the Massachusetts senate in 1794, to which he was in 1796, and again in 1797 and 1798 and he then retired temporarily from public service to devote his time to his law practice. But the year 1811 found him again active in public life with an appointment to revise and publish charters that had been granted in his native state and the next year he was delegated to make a publication of its statutes. He was a Presidential elector in 1812, a member of the historic Hartford convention in 1814. Founder of Harvard Law School. During all these years of public service Dane had been active in other matters. He gave $15,000 well-to-d- o Foremost Authority on Etiquette Emily Port. rs 91. Radium Best Known. Thus in stepwise fashion, but sometimes up and sometimes down the scale of atomic numbers, go the Deprecates "Cycle" Theory. disintegrations of the heavy radioDiscussing the much - debated active elements, of which the best question, of weather cycles, Mr. known is, perhaps, radium with Reed found some difficulties, but atomic number 88. Common, gray also offered sweltering humanity and soft lead are the final offspring of all these spontaneous changes promise of some relief: "Considerable has been said about and there are four different kinds of lead; radium lead, thorium lead, precipitation cycles but since precipactinium lead and just lead. The itation is a resultant of many comradium, thorium and actinium here plex factors of which temperature is the major one, the search for mean that it is lead which had each precipitation cycles Is not likely to of these specific origins. Plain lead be very fruitful. There is, however, merely means that scientists cannot specifically fix its origin. a rough rhythm to the temperature The ability" of the radioactive graph for the state of Iowa which can, with a little imagination, be atoms to lose or take on weight at divided into cycles or periods after various stages means that there will eliminating volcanic and other in frequently be two or more varieties all having the same chemical propfluences. "There is little doubt that we have erties but slightly different masses just passed a historic peak in the even though they may have the temperature cycle that must be fol same atomic number rating. Thus lowed by a summer in 1937 much Uranium X, and its three isotopes cooler than recent summers and (as they are known) all have atomic probably averaging near or slightly weight of 234. One has an atomic number of 90, another is number. below the long time summer aver age. And the cycles that have gone 92 and two are number 91. While chemical methods are not before lead one to believe that there will be a tendency for the next 2 or sufficiently exact to permit distin3 summers to grow cooler." guishing between all these varieties, other methods, and in particular, the range with which alpha particles are emitted, serve as experimental checks. Drs. Wilkins and Rayton have studied the alpha particle ranges as their method in seeking actinium's "lost parent." The investigation also throws much needed light on the Toronto. The day when way alpha particles are emitted the nucleus of atoms; a probman will fight and conquer from lem which has bearing on the d micro-organisof disease and important field of the and decay with the sun's constitution of the inner cores of atoms. rays or their laboratory-mad- e Details of the methods used will to seems drawbe equivalent interest scientists but need not necing near. Steps already taken essarily be presented for the layin this direction were de- man. Suffice it to say that a Isotope of uranium scribed by A. R. Dennington indicated, at least tentaof the Westinghouse Lamp has beenwhich might well serve as tively, company at the meeting here the parent for the seof the Canadian section of ries of actinium s. ultra-viol- TIMES-NEW- states had ratified the Articles of Mrs. Post: Doe an to the wedding reception or to the wedding at the house always necessitate sending a present to the bride? I know It la a rule bat I wondered Just how hard and fast It waa. The question of buying present constantly Is becoming a serious handicap to our already rather strained income. In some cases we hardly know the bride and groom and in others we don't know the young people at all. Answer: The giving of presents is much more a matter of personal feeling, and of your ability to buy them, than of rule. Although it is always rather expected that you send a present when you accept an invitation to the house, this Is really not an obligation to the extent of preventing oni who can not afford to send a present, from going to the wedding. On the other hand, if the bride (or groom) is a personal friend or their families are very intimate friends you would certainly try to send a present even though her wedding was so small that you could not be invited. DEAR fej1! A) 3 M V'f r;.'''';t'''iVTV' ft - '''ij ilii t sjr',,.-.- ' Iamb claims of ORIGINAL V' lands to the federal union and a short time later Virginia did the same. The other four states soon followed their lead, and this action had the happy result of giving the various commonwealths in the Confederation a common interest in a common property. It thus formed a strong bond of union when such ties were badly needed, if the new nation were to survive. Government Needed. In accepting these cessions, Congress declared that these lands should be settled and "formed into distinct republican states which shall become members of the Federal Union." So the next step was to devise a form of government for this territory, looking forward to the time when the new commonwealths would be knocking at the door of state- Confederation by 1781 and by these Articles had been formed in what purported to be " a firm league of friendship between the states," this was little more than an idle phrase. The Continental Congress, which provided what little central authority there was, could pass legislation but it had no power to enforce its decrees. While composed of representa hood. tives from all the states, as a body In 1783 Congress appointed two it was heartily disliked by most of committees to report upon the imthem. Any attempt which it made portant questions of land sales to regulate the disordered affairs and government in the Northwest in any one state was certain to be Thomas Jefferson, who met with fierce opposition of that Territory. had returned to congress after citistate s provincial-minde- d serving as governor of Virginia zenry. for two years, was made chairIn an era of depreciated cur man of both committees. rency, financial distress and comThe one on government made mercial disorder, each state its report on March 1, 1784, the sought tc gain an advantage over very day that the Virginia cesits neighbors and increase its sion was finally accepted. Alcommerce at their expense. though the report was adopted, it was never put into operation. Western Land Disputes. The delay was due mainly to But most fruitful of the causes for dispute were the conflicting the fact that government could claims to western lands. Even not be established in this terri before the end of the Revolution tory until there were enough set there had been such quarrels. Six tlers to justify such action. A of the states New Hampshire, land policy which would encour Rhode Island, New Jersey, Penn age settlement was necessary. This was supplied by the other sylvania, Delaware and Maryland with their boundaries strict committee, headed by Jefferson, ly defined, could set up no valid which drafted a Land Ordinance, claims to it. But the other seven adopted in 1785 and immediately asserted their sovereignty to lands put into effect. It has been de stretching west to the Mississippi. scribed as "one of the great South of the Ohio there was little pieces of American legislation." Having provided for land sales. ground for dispute. Each state made another effort to Congress terof take the possession might a satisfactory ordinance for ritory lying directly to the west. draft But north of the river was a land the government of the Northwest. not only rich in soil but also rich The stimulus for thisn activity was of provided by a in cause for dissension. Massachusetts and Connecticut based Nathan Dane's Rev. Manasseh Cutler of Ipswich, who had their titles to it on their old charthe ters and each claimed a strip ex- served as a chaplain during Revolution and who came to New tending through the Old NorthYork as agent for the Ohio Comwest. New York, curiously enough, pany of Associates to bargain with based her claims upon the activi Congress for western lands. A Bargain in Land. ties of those who had been the deadliest enemies of her citizens The established price for land during the late conflict the Iro- was one dollar an acre but, since quois Indians. These fierce warri- the company wished to purchase ors were accustomed to send their a million acres, Cutler demanded the scalping parties far into the West wholesale rates of and to force other tribes to ac- usual price. Furthermore, he knowledge the sovereignty of the asked the privilege of paying at Six Nations. Because of her least a part of the purchase price fellow-townsma- two-thir- Marietta, Ohio, in the Early Days. treaties with the Iroquois, New in Revolutionary war certificates York now claimed ownership over of indebtedness. Since most of most of the Northwest. Her chief these were worth about 12 cents rival was Virginia who based her on the dollar, the Reverend Matitle, first, on her early charter nasseh got a bargain for his comwhich described her dominion as pany indeed eight or nine cents running up into the land "west an acre! and northwest" and, second, on Meanwhile a committee of the conquest of this country by which Dane was a member was that intrepid Virginian, George working on an ordinance for govRogers Clark. ernment of the Northwest. In Some of the six states, which 1785 Rufus King of Massachusetts were hemmed in by definite bound- had introduced a resolution that aries, had hesitated to sign the "there should be neither slavery Articles of Confederation because nor involuntary servitude in the states described in the resolution they feared the increased influence of those who had a great po- of Congress in April, 1784, othertential dominion beyond the moun- wise than in the punishment of tains. Maryland especially had crime, whereof the party shall refused to sign until she received have been personally guilty; that definite assurance that the west- this regulation shall be made an ern country would become the article of compact, and remain a common property of the United fundamental principle of the conStates. In 1780 New York author- stitution between the original ized her representatives to cede states and each of the states her entire claim to the western named in the said resolve." ( rf lyV.V.VMf wm4 To th Allaghaar Uammtmtat ud monk Ohio Ihwt. briomg to the Su Mew ";'-- f It the thirteen STATES la 1783 tt (he lux we This resolution was never acted uane drew up nis ordinance, he included in it the resolution of his Bay State colleague. He added to it a pro vision for the surrender of fugi tive slaves, as a concession to gain support for the measure from Southern delegates. Except for this, sound doctrines of civil liberty were contained in the ordinance. No person was to be mo lested on account of his mode of worship or religious sentiments. Each citizen was entitled to trial by jury and the right to invoke the writ of habeas corpus. Still another clause declared "That religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." As for the form of government the first officials were to be a governor, a secretary and three judges appointed by congress. As the population increased, the people were to be allowed representation in the national government. Not less than three nor more than five states were to be formed from the territory and admitted to "a share in the Federal councils" and to remain forever "a part of this Confederacy of the United States of America." The ordinance was passed on July 13, 1787, and signed by Gen. Arthur St. Clair, president of the Congress, and Charles Thomson, the secretary, who, eleven years earlier, had signed the first draft of another famous document, the of Independence, Declaration "The Ordinance of 1787 was passed by the dying congress of the Confederation," says one his torian. "Its trials and its failures had been many, but the honor of this act rests with it." And an other observes: "The importance of the Ordinance of 1787 was hardly overstated by Webster in his famous debate with Hayne. Settlers Pour In. Through the efforts of Manasseh Cutler, who had found it politic to cease advocating the appointment of his own candidate for the post, General St. Clair was made governor of the newly- organized Northwest Territory. But even before he could arrive on the scene of his future labors, thousands of settlers were pouring into the Old Northwest. They came afoot and on horseback and by covered wagon over roads that were little better than dim trails through the wilderness. They floated down the Ohio by flatboat in the first half of the year 1787 nearly 150 of these boats bearing more than 3,000 people had passed Fort Harmar, which had been built "at the mouth of Muskingum to protect the surveyors and the daring Kentuck-ian- s who had ventured, across the river to take up tomahawk claims in the Indian country. In 1788 the migration had grown to a flood nearly 1,000 boats and more than 18,000 people. Among them were the colonists who, led by Gen. Rufus Putnam of Massachusetts, established the first important settlement north of the Ohio Marietta, named for Marie Antoinette, queen of France. And it is in the mod ern city of Marietta that one of the most important celebrations of the "Mother Land's" birthday will be held. There on July 13 will be enacted a pageant depicting the memorable scene in the Continental Congress on the same date 150 years ago when the Ordinance of 1787 was passed. And on December 3 of this year covered wagon caran avan will leave Ipswich, Mass., for Marietta which it will reach on April 7 of next year, the 150th anniversary of the arrival of General Putnam and his colonists there. Then it will start a trek through the states of Ohio, Indiand ana, Illinois, Wisconsin Michigan, presenting at various places in each state the same pageant that is being given at Marietta this month. For these states of today are the "children" of the "Mother Land" of 150 years the Northwest Territory ago which came into being through the Ordinance of 1787. upon, but when ox-dra- C Western Newapaper Union. He Should Escort Girl Home If Hour Is Late Mrs. Fost: How should a answer a man when he asks whether be might aend he home alone in a cab instead of going home with herT This happened to mo when I spent the evening recently with a friend and his family at their house. Answer: I think the only answer you could make is, "Don't think of coming." Of course, if the hour were late, then someone should have gone with you. DEAR When Not to Tip I have gone for expensive establishment and have always left a tip for those who take care of me. In discussing the question with a friend, she believes that their prices are exorbitant enough so that no tip is necessary. To substantiate her side of the argument she gave me for example some of the better restaurants in which no tips are expected. Answer: Unless the restaurant or the hairdressers have signs plainly explaining that no tipping is permitted, you would be expected to tip at the usual rates. And unless your total bill is very high your percentage would, if anything, be slightly higher than in similar places having cheaper rates. Mrs. Post: DEAR years to a very hair-dressi- ng Use of Monograms. Mrs. Post: What is the DEAR of initials proper arrangement in a monogram? I am thinking now of the monogram that has a taller initial In the center. Also, is a monogram ever carried out on the envelopes, and if not, may a return address be put on the flaps of envelopes to be used with paper marked with a monogram? Answer: When the initial in the center is larger it is always the initial of the surname. It is proper, if you like it, to have the address stamped on the flap of the envelope for paper marked with a monogram, although strictly speaking formal notes are sent without any return address. Paper marked with a monogram is more formal than paper stamped with an address but of course you can use it for any personal letters. Women in Night Clubs Mrs. Post: I was much in your article In which you said that women should not go to a night club unaccompanied by a man. Won't you please tell me whether this also applies to the early dinner hour? I sometimes go to New York accompanied by my mother, or other older woman relative, and instead of having dinner in a quiet restaurant we like to go to one that has Broadway atmosphere with music and show. Answer: A young woman dining no matter where and staying for awhile with her mother or other older woman relative is quite a different situation from that of two young women going late to a night club without a man! DEAR Use Logical Form Mrs. Post: Is there a answer to make when someone expresses thanks for a birthday card or other slight remembrance? If I say, "I'm glad you liked It," then I feel that I am assuming they liked the card when all the person may have said was "Thank you." I always find the situation awkward and wonder whether there is some suitable reply to be used at such times. Answer: If they admire the card or think it amusing, then you say, "I'm glad you like it," and if they merely thank you for having sent it then you say, "You're very welcome." DEAR WNU Service. i |
