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Show THE PAGE TWO FRANCISCO put on a wonderfully brilliant festival to celebrate the opening of the Golden Gate bridge, the fulfillment of the city's dream of half a century. Th battle fleet of the United States navy was there, and so were representatives of the states, of numerous cities and of many foreign nations. cavalcades from OreAutomobile Which President Still Insists on Supreme Court Bill, gon, Utah, Wyoming, Mexico and Canada, as well as from parts of Raymond Moley Scores Disturhing DevelopCalifornia, joined In the great parade, with bands, floats and fiesta ments in the Field of Organized Labor. units. John Thomas, noted baritone, and a cast of 3,000 presented a pageant depicting the history ot W. By California and the West, and a week-lon- g Weitern Newper I'nioo. program of sports events was VALIDATION of the social secu-rit- y the union, an A. F. of L. affiliate, begun. The Golden Gate bridge is a single act by the Supreme court as sole bargaining agency. deck suspension bridge, the longest was most pleasing to President Roosevelt, but he did not agree with FORD employees at the Rouge single clear span In the world. It is Detroit, took matters into 6,450 feet in length from end to end, the general opinion d that this would put their own hands and severely and 4,200 feet center to center of a number of U. A. W. A. men piers. It crosses over San Francisco a atop to his prowho undertook to distribute at the bay at a height of 250 feet and congram for enlargement of the highest plant gates handbills designed to nects San Francisco by highway ditribunal He more offset the "Fordisms" card that had rectly with the redwood empire of than Intimated In a been given Henry's workers. Among Northern California. the union men beaten up were Wap r e i conference that the fight for his lter Reuther, R. T. Frankensteen, 'T'HE social security act, which court bill would be J. J. Kennedy and Robert Canter. President Roosevelt considers Bro-phfought to a finish and Frankensteen telegraphed John the soul of the New Deal, Is constidirector of the Committee for tutional, in the that he was not satopinion of a majorisfied with the Bp-- Industrial Organization, at Washingity of the Supreme 1 e n d e ton, r . Raymond asking: parently I court The unem-- I y'-In 'Will the C. I. O. liberal" majority Moley I i. vl Payment insurance simultaneous nationwide demonstra1 In the court, since a number of Improvisions of the law were upheld by five portant administration policies are tion before Ford salesrooms to prostill to be passed upon by the Su- test brutality at Ford's today and of the justices. Van preme court He cited four Issues establish the right to aorganize?"of Butler, Devanter, time same At the strike C hours raised by the new wages and and McReynolds Ford men O. closed the I. assembly bill, namely, child labor, minimum Sutherland dissentwages, maximum hours, and the plant at Richmond, Calif., forcing ing. The old age loquestion whether goods produced un- 1,800 workers Into idleness. The provisions pension der unfair practices can be regulat- cal union head there predicted were declared confrom strikes menalso He might spread rapidly ed by the government. stitutional by all the tioned TV A, the problems of flood that beginning, possibly to all the except Suthjustices Justice Ford plants. control on the Ohio watershed, the erland .and Van DeCardoxo vanter. right of municipalities to borrow federal funds to construct electric HEADS of unions affiliated with Justice Cardozo wrote the two maA. F. of L., meeting In jority opinions, and, as it chanced, light plants, and whether the government can condemn property for Cincinnati with President William delivered them on his h Green and the executive council. birthday. a housing program. Administration leaders went ahead with the declared they completely justified One of those who believe the plans to combat the President's broad interpretation President's court plan Is doomed Lewis and the C. I. of the general welfare clause of the to defeat Is Raymond Moley, forO. One of their first Constitution and his policy of exmer head of the "braip trust." Adsteps, it was inditending federal power, and it would dressing the Illinois Bankers' concated. Is to be an seem that this Is true. vention In Chicago, Dr. Moley invasion of Lewis' In another 5 to 4 decision the scathingly attacked the scheme. own union, the Unitcourt upheld the Alabama state unThe President," he said, "has ed Mine Workers of employment insurance act, declarspoken of the dangers of a governAmerica, through ing the relief of unemployment a ment of men. Well, there Is somethe granting of a valid state function. thing worse than a government of charter to its rival, men; it is a government by a man. Yet another opinion was handed the Progressive down by five of the justices, up"Most law and all constitutional IlMiners' in union government down the ages are real- William Green linois. Drives are holding Wisconsin's law prohibiting upon this ly halters and check-rein- s against peaceful picketin the anthracite fields of injunctions in labor disputes. unlovely tendency in rulers to lose expected ing the fields soft coal Pennsylvania and their heads in the intoxication of of Virginia, where there is considpower ORDER to determine the perto Lewis. farm"There are incidental factors that erable opposition formance of alThe United Garment Workers have contributed to the defeat of the ers in the soil conservation proPresident's proposal to violate in so declared war on the Amalgamat- gram, the Agricultural Adjustment ed Clothing Workers whose chief is administration has employed thirthis way the spirit of the constitution. The change in the philosophy Sidney Hillman, first lieutenant of teen aviation firms to make aerial dominating the majority opinion of Lewis in the C. I. O. maps of 377 agricultural counties in In the Cincinnati conference John 22 states, the cost to be $753,909. the court has helped. The scatterP. Frey, veteran president of the From a study of the photographs ing of the attorney general's insincere, insubstantial statistics by the federation's metal trades departagricultural experts will be able to chief justice is another. The retirement, accused the C. I. O. and the tell how much of his acreage each ment of Justice Van Devanter has communist party of "sleeping in the farmer retired from production and same bed and under the same tent." put into helped, too. legumes. Their "But behind all this has been a Communists had obtained such a reports will be the final test of slow and powerful surge of public grip on the Lewis movement that claims for farm subsidies under the opinion. The people prefer the C. L O. leaders could not shake new AAA. Department of Agriculto, Frey ture officials estimate there may be stability of constitutional institutions them oft if they wanted C. I. O. from 200,000 to 300,000 overpayas against the unpredictable will of said. He contended the leaders, even very popular leaders." had sixty Communist organizers on ments to farmers. its pay roll and that C. I. O. tactics were discussed in Moscow long beT AM very tired," said John D. of the passage FINAL Rockefeller, Sr., to his secrerelief bill by the house fore they were discussed in Lewis' was delayed by rebellion against office. tary as he sat in the garden of his Florida winter home at Ormond the practice of "writing blank checks" which give the President PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT in a Beach. Then he asked congress went to bed, soon and Harry Hopkins power to spend relief funds as they deem fit. The to enact a new law for the benefit of fell into a coma, and in interstate opponents of this policy found in workers the hours ol industries,- reg'3 a few hours later r?ws'sthe revolt a chance to obtain a lot ulating passed away, peaceof "pork" by the earmarking of work, the wages and fully and painlessly. of His wish to live to more than half a billion from the the employment 5 Immedibe one hundred total appropriation for projects that children. was it after not old ately was of wild a would get votes. In years day Chairman Hufulfilled, but he debate these major changes in the read. of the L. Black go would have been bill were voted: senate labor comninety-eigh- t on July $55,000,000 to be set aside for mittee and Chair8 next flood control and water conservaR. man William Thus died the man Jota D.Rcke. tion work. of the who, starting with a feller, Sr. Connery $300,000,000 to be "earmarked" house labor commit- $4.50 a week job, fought his way to for PWA projects. tee mtroaucea laen-tic- Senator Black the very top of the financial world, $150,000,000 to be spent on high bills designed created the vast Standard Oil trust way and grade crossing elimination to carry out the proposals of the and built up one of the biggest priprojects. President. The measure had been vate fortunes ever recorded. to use work-relie- f Authority ill health, John D. agreed upon in conferences at the Disturbed money for construction of power White House and was promptly re- retired from by business in 1911. active nonfor sections into rural lines ferred to committees with prospect Some time before that he had profit and co operative utility of quick action. It had been ap- switched from accumulating wealth groups. proved by John L. Lewis, head of to giving it away. The giving was Unskilled and agricultural work- the C L O., but since laws setting done and representers who refuse private jobs will be minimum wages for men have al- atives systematically, of the family interests estiwork-relie- f as as for long ineligible ways been opposed by leaders of mate that his own benefactions bea private job is available. the American Federation of Labor, it tween the years 1885 and 1934, both was considered probable that orga- inclusive, totaled $530,853,632. nization would not like the bill. Mr. Rockefeller's body was taken CONTINUING its vigorous the steel inThe twin bills originally had pro- from Ormond Beach to his estate on out I. O. called C. a posed forty hour maximum week at Pocantico Hills, Tarrytown, N. dustry, the strike the employees of the inde- and a 40 cents an hour minimum Y., and there the funeral rites were pendent companies that refused to wage. But, at the last moment, conducted by Dr. Harry Emerson sign contracts for collective bar- these limits were eliminated and Fosdick of New York city. Next spaces in the measures left blank day the oil king was laid to rest in gaining. These companies were Inland SteeL Republic Steel and for congress to fill. Lake View cemetery, Cleveland, beYoungstown Sheet and Tube. More side his wife who died 22 years ago. 85,-0BALDWIN, prime than 20 plants employing about Only two of Mr. Rockefeller's chilSTANLEY men were involved. Philip MurGreat Britain, enter- dren survive him. They are John ray, chairman of the organizing tained the king and queen at dinner D. Rockefeller, Jr., head of the busicommittee, said it was the purpose and then retired from his high of- ness since the father retired, and of the committee to conduct the fice. He is succeeded as head of the Alta, wife of E. Parmalee Prentice strike peacefully. In the Chicago government by Neville Chamber- There are eight grandsons and five district police arrested a number of lain, who has been chancellor of the granddaughters. men for violating the rule against exchequer, and a few other changes mass picketing and for other of- in the cabinet were made. to SOVIET Russia is planningconnecfenses, and there was some trouble If another war comes, the British airplane regular in Buffalo. empire will not be caught unpre- tion with the United States by way Employees of the Sharon Steel pared. The imperial conference in of the Arctic ocean, and in purcorporation followed the example of London turned its attention to this suance of the plan is building an air those of the Jones & Laughlin con-- . matter and a special committee was base on the ice within a few miles cern and voted in favor of the S. formed to organize all the empire's of the North pole. Four scientists W. O. C by a large majority, so the resources for an instant shift to war have been landed there from a plane C L O. gets contracts from those footing if that becomes necessary. which first flew over the pole, and companies. A subcommittee studied the probwill remain on the floe for Operations in the huge Pittsburgh lem of American competition with they a keeping in connection with plant of the H. J. Heinz company British shipping in the Pacific. Brit- theyear, world by a powerful radio. They were Interrupted by a strike of the ish ship owners charge that the have named the floating ice field Canning and Pickle Workers' union. Americans are them out of "Comrade Stalin's Land." The conThe strikers demanded a 10 per cent business there driving because the latter templated air route will be from Wage increase and recognition of are heavily subsidized. Moscow to San Francisco. News Review of Current Events the World Over EDWARD TIMES-NEW- mil II' IKIIMW.) i Thursday. June NEPIII. UTAH S, - , U.J y, r" sixty-sevent- ... g f: 1 l 4J Continental SkeLkl 4 A rhnMr j . 4 IV .JL&I .1 -4 1 I 1 4 'CO JflHEI eAdii! Washington. I have frequently ment'pned in these columns the that problems Buine$t have confronted ProbUmt S AS distant horizon, his feet threshold of an enormous empire, so vast in extent and population that the achievemnts of the haughtiest rulers of mankind are dwarfed by comparison. Though fleets sail over its depth, they make no significant impression upon this immense realm. of this empire The subjects swarm through the waters In myriads totaling far greater numbers than all the life of the continental world. In fact scientific investigations Indicate that the oceans were the original abode of life on the globe, and that the continents were peopled from that Inexhaustible reservoir. Geologists believe that the depressions now occupied by the oceans have been located in approximately their present positions during the entire history of the earth, and that the foundations of the land masses likewise have been situated nearly as they are at the present time. But during the great geological periods, the ocean has repeatedly invaded their edges and even their interior basins, sometimes to an enormous extent forming shallow epicontinental seas. Thus, all the continents of the world are bordered by a strip of shallow sea, the continental shelf, which slopes gradually from the coast to depths varying from 100 to 1,000 fathoms at its outer edge. Beyond this limit there is usually a more rapid gradient to the main floor of the ocean the continental slope. shallow strip is This world-wid- e of major importance to the life of the seas. North Atlantic Shelf. This article deals especially with the mollusks and other small creatures inhabiting the continental shelf which borders the Atlantic coast of North America from Nova Scotia to New York, and includes the extensive New England fisheries. A most remarkable stretch of shore this is. Its southern half is of comparatively even contour, but beginning with the region of Cape Hatteras, the coast to the northward has subsided and is indented with deep bays and irregularities, finally terminating in the long curving and tapering indentation of the Gulf of Maine. The latter is the most noteworthy feature of the coast, its wide mouth being guarded on either hand by Cape Cod and Cape Sable, and its inner reaches narrowing to a double apex in the Bay of Fundy. All this northern half of the Atlantic seaboard is a succession of drowned valleys, and its topography and geological history indicate that it has subsided beneath the waves of the sea during relatively recent times. On the other hand, the even outline of the coast from Hatteras south to Florida shows no evidence of such sinking. The oceanic shelf to the line widens rapidly to the northward, reaching its greatest extent off the Gulf of Maine, where it is approximately 400 miles wide. The central floor of the Gulf of Maine is an ancient river valley to which the river systems, represented by those now existent contributed their drainage, to be emptied into the prehistoric sea by a single channel and mouth still traceable on the sea floor at the edge of the continental shelf. Throughout this extensive and oceanic shallow comparatively margin, well illuminated by the sun's rays, conditions are favorable for an enormous development of the marine plants on which sea animals feed: namely, the microscopic d diatoms, algae, and the larger seaweeds. Nursery for Food Fishes. Here numerous streams empty their loads of silt, rich in nitrates, phosphates, and other chemicals needed for plant food. The strong tides rushing into the narrowing channel from the open sea keep the water stirred with upwelling currents plentifully supplied with one-celle- Hordes of small crustaceans, the copepods, feed upon this plant life. At certain seasons they swarm in these waters in numbers so vast that they give the sea a reddish color for miles. These tiny creatures are rich In oils and are greedily devoured by large schools of mackerel, herring, alewives, and shad. Bluefish, cod, hake, and haddock pursue and devour the smaller fishes, and even the huge finback and humpback whales do not disdain to feed upon the herring. ery for the Important food fishes of our coasts, and thus connect mankind by an interlacing food chain with the microscopic plant life ot these shallow waters. The evolution of the animal world, as we know It, would have been impossible had these primitive plants not come into existence. From such forms, also, all the higher land plants ot the world originate. The Intertidal Zone. As the open seas were peopled from the oceanic shelf, so the freshwater streams and swamps received parts of the overflow. Countless species found food and a measure of safety from enemies by creeping into the area between the tides, where they acquired resistance to exposure to the open air at the intervals ot low water. Here a rapid evolution took place, so that the intertidal zone became densely populated with life. Finally, from fresh-watswamps on the one hand and from the upper of the marine tidal zone on parts the other, first plants and then animals invaded the land itself and produced the highly specialized types that now reign over it. North of Cape Cod, the coast of New England is predominantly high and rocky. Beginning with the headlands of Nahant Marblehead, and Cape Ann, north of Boston, the cliffs are at first isolated to local regions, with intervening stretches of sandy beaches and fiats. But from Portland, in Casco Bay, northward, the coast is an almost unbroken succession of granite cliffs, sloping promontories, and reentrant bays and harbors, with occasional beaches. The tidal waters flowing from the open sea are gradually confined by the narrowing outline of the Gulf of Maine, which forces them to a progressively increasing height and reach a climax in the Bay of Fundy. From Massachusetts Bay north to Portland, the tide rises nine feet. It continues to increase northward, until it becomes 18 feet at Eastport and 37 to 48 feet at the ends of ths two tapering horns which terminate the Bay of Fundy. Here, too, there are Interpolated stretches of beaches, flat points, and swampy meadows, and these are entirely covered at high tide. Naturally the width of the tidal zone on the side of a vertical cliff is measured exactly by the vertical rise and fall of the water. For example, the cliffs that surround Bliss y island, at the entrance of bay, are exposed for 22 feet from the top of the barnacle frieze that marks the high-tid- e limit to the water level at low tide. Crowded With Life. This region between the tides Is teeming with life, both plant and animal, in crowded array. On the vertical granite walls ot Bliss island, the various species are arranged in overlapping zones, with the conspicuous white band of rock barnacles. Below this, the rockweeds hang in thick, gracefully festooned clusters down to the low water-marConcealed beneath the rockweed, and succeeding the base of the barnacle zone, the rocks are covered with a dense layer of young black mussels. Among them are closely crowded groups of the common dog whelk, feeding upon the mussels, and layd ing their graceful egg cases, tinted rose and yellow, in mosaiclike patches in the crevices. The latter mollusks secrete a purple dye, formerly used by the Indians for coloring their deerskin garments. They are related to the murex of the Phoenicians, from which that people derived the famous royal purple, later arrogated by the Roman emperors tor their personal use. The dog whelk has a thick shell with a characteristic spindle-shape- d opening. It is extremely variable in color, size, and sculpture along the New England shore. The common periwinkle creeps everywhere over the rockweed from mark to the highest the part of the barnacle zone and even upon the bare rocks far above it This remarkable sea snail can stand exposure to the open air longer than any other marine creature of the northern coast It is in - a transitional state of evolution toward terrestrial life, for its gill seems to be on the point of being replaced by a lung. It has a very wide range, being found on both sides of the Atlantic. In England it is the common "winkle" sold in markets. er rock-ribbe- d Passa-maquodd- vase-shape- low-wat- of economic recovery. Business, moreover, is affected to a greater extent than you or me by any governmental policy that is pursued or any legislation that Is enacted by congress or by state legislative bodies. In consequence, it seems to be a fair statement to sa that business lives by the will and the whim of the elected representatives whether those representatives be local, state or national. Those observations should demonstrate fully the Importance of one piece ot legislation now pending in congress. I refer to the so called permanent sugar bilL Seldom In history, I believe, has a single unit of industry found itself in a position where it Is so utterly dependent upon federal policy for its existence as is the case now with those eighteen or twenty plants that refine about seventy-fiv- e per cent of all the sugar we use on our tables and otherwise In this nation. The situation, succinctly. Is that President Roosevelt has recommended to congress that it adopt legislation of a permanent character "to protect the interest of each and assure group concerned," meanwhile that the interest of the consumer shall have due consideration. Pursuant to the President's proposal of March 1, last the house committee on agriculture Is working out a piece of legislation which seeks to reconcile the differences of all the various interests and make thereby a permanent policy which this country may follow as regards sugar. It must be remembered that the United States imports something like seventy-eigh- t per cent of all the sugar it consumes. The other twenty-tw- o per cent is produced by our sugar beet and sugar cane farmers a consequential industry worthy of protection from its government but still quite unable to satisfy demands for the commodity. Some of the sugar we import comes from Puerto Rico; some comes from Hawaii; some from the Philippines, but the bulk comes from Cuba. Since Puerto Rico and Hawaii are insular territories of our nation, they must receive consideration as an integral part of our nation. The Philippines are no longer a possession and yet there is something of a fatherly interest, or should be, on our part With reference to Cuba, the United States long has attempted to help the islands economically and politically in order to insure the independence which our nation helped them to establish. it is seen that we have in the sugar problem questions involving (Da home try; (2) an So indus-Ther- e indus-Sug- ar an insular ry industry in a possession; nation (3) an newly and which we are trying to into a position of complete born lead inde- pendence and solvency, and (4) the maintenance of our chief source of sugar supply in a nation for which our government yet feels somewhat responsible. That summary indicates the complexity of the general problem to be dealt with in the current legislation but the picture omits a most important unit in the industry. I refer again to those plants who must refine the sugar and must make it ready tor home use or other consumption. To make the picture complete, it ought to be recalled that for several years we have had a temporary law which fixed the amount of sugar that could be imported. It was managed through what is called a quota system; that is, the law provided authority for the secretary . of agriculture to prescribe much sugar could come in how from each of the regions that I have described. This had the effect of stabilizing sugar prices and guaranteeing to the cane and beet growers of the United States a dependable market But it had another effect which was shown by the operation of the law, an effect not so painfully evident when the law was enacted. This effect was to encourage the refining of sugar in the areas outside of the United States where the bulk of it was grown. In consequence of that, our own sugar refiners began to suffer and they continued to suffer because refiners operating in Cuba or Hawaii, to mention two examples, were able to employ labor that cost about as much as the standard ol Wages paid in this country. The one-fourt- h Ys. natural result was that our owa workers were thrown out of jobs and the refining industry was runof its ning at barely two-thir- ds continue to capacity. To show confront the comnd merce and industry of the United States. However one may regard the ethics ot the business Interests of the nation, I think everyone must Landing a Giant Tuna In Nova Scotia. Prrparfd hy National G?rapMc Society, banks off New admit that business has its asprobThus the shallow the lems that are just as serious 'hinKton. U. C. WNU Scrvk. England, especially Georges and ONE stands on the Browns Banks, at the entrance to job of earning a living is to you or at the full of the tide the Gulf ot Maine, as well as the me. This bas been especially true looks out over the swell- Grand Banks of Newfoundland, far- during the period of the depression and It is equally true at this stage ing floods surging in from the ther away, form a veritable nursare on the oxygen. 1937 L PICKARD pum-mele- 3. by figures what has happened: Imports of sugar, ready for table use came from Cuba to the amount ot about one thousand tons in 1925. In 1933. more than five hundred thousand tons of refined sugar was Imported. It has grown some sines and for every ton imported, naturally the refining plants of this country have had their volume reduced. The President wants legislation is fair to all interests but It seems that some Fair to All 0f those Interests r desirous of us- Inttretta Ins; cheap foreiffv labor in preference to Amtrlcan labor and they are fighting the President's bill. It Is too early to forecast what is going to happen but there Is every evidence that American owned sugar companies in some of these foreign areas are doing their utmost to kill the legislation which would substantially reduce the importations of this refined that sugar. Now there is a question of foreign policy that is Involved and that part of the situation in congress concerns the State department The home industry, of course, concerns the Department of Agriculture but there terior Is the Department ot the Inalso to be considered because of the insular territories over which It has supervision. On the surface, it is made to appear that the secretaries of these three executive departments are at loggerhead over what shall be done and as far as I can see none of the three is paying much attention to protection of the refining people who have been caught between the upper and nether millstones. My conversations with members of the house committee who have studied the problem backward and forward convinces me that congress had better for once do its own reasoning and pay less attention to the three cabinet members, each of whom is seeking to push forward the In- terests of his own department The whole situation can be summed up in one statement; if congress wants to preserve the sugar refining industry in this country-CaIndustry that Is more than two hundred years old) it can do so a low limitation on the amount of refined sugar that can be imported and it can protect the cane and beet growers of the United States by establishing a quota of of both raw and refined small enough to permit market to absorb the comoutput of the American cane imports sugar the-hom- plete and beet growers. I reach that conclusion because I am an American who believes in a of American in- dustry as far as it is possible to go. I take the position further because-nother leading country in t fails to protect Its home dustry in the handling he-worl- In- of sugar. Nearly everyone has realized lately that prices are climbing at an . rate, alarming 'rices This has gone on period of Climbing over a two about years is there and nothing on the horizon to indicate that the top has been reached or that prices are becoming stabilized. You and I feel it. of course, directly in what we pay for the things we buy shoes or clothing, food, furniture, and essentials for the household. The situation is a bit disturbing for several reasons. For one thing, if prices continue to skyrocket sooner or later we are going to be con- fronted with another condition like of 1929 and no one can doubt if prices get too high, a tail-sp- in will follow. If there is another tailspin like that of 1929, I am afrsUi that this nation as such is likel- ygo to pieces. Numerous factors are at work to cause the price increases. New-Dea-l policies were formulated, first ot all, with the idea of raising prices to bring us out of the depression. President Roosevelt contended it had to be that way. that that His program to force prices er has been eminently high- successful. In fact, it has been too successful and in that lies one of the grave dangers. Effective means of control are lacking and there is every possibility that the upward movement may reach the stage where it will fall of its own weight Another cause of the price inflation has been the labor movement. Throughout the nation, organized labor has been demanding higb and higher wages. I think t)jFi can be no doubt but that labor is entitled to higher wages than obtained during the depression. But in many cases, according to government records, the demands of organized labor have been to great as to constitute a burden on industry which it cannot carry. C Weitern Newspaper Union. |