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Show COMPLETE VICTORY! Japs Agree to All Terms Of Potsdam Declaration; MacArthur Gets High Post By AL JEDLICKA Forty years after its armies marched into Korea to establish estab-lish a foothold on the Asiatic mainland, Japan's course of Imperial conquest came to a dramatic end on the evening of August 14 with the unqualified acceptance of the Potsdam declaration subscribed to by the U. S., Britain, China and Russia. Announced to an anxious nation by President Harry S. Truman, the Jap surrender came three years, eight months and one week after the attack on Pearl Harbor. With the Allied powers consenting to his retention on the throne to assure the surrender of Japanese armies scattered throughout Asia and the submission of the homeland to the stiff terms imposed, Emperor Hirohito ordered the nation na-tion to lay down its arms as the Tokyo radio reported thousands thou-sands of downcast subjects bowed in grief before the gates of the imperial palace lamenting their defeat. Having led American ground f forces back over the vast tracts of the Pacific to the doorstep of Japan following the crippling blow, at Pearl Harbor, General MacArthur was designated to accept the Nipponese surrender along with representatives of the other Allied nations. Coming four days after Tokyo's first offer to give up the fight provided the emperor's emper-or's sovereignty were respected, respect-ed, and three months after V-E day, Japan's surrender was greeted with wild enthusiasm enthu-siasm throughout the U. S. which joyously celebrated the end of the most destructive and costly war in history without waiting for President Harry S.. Truman's official V-J day proclamation. In accepting, the Allied terms, Japan agreed to the total reduction of its once proud empire, with hope tor the future based upon the organization or-ganization of a free democracy within the home Islands of Honshu, Kyushu, Hokkaido and Shikoku. Under the Potsdam ultimatum, Japan must eliminate the influence of those elements which have encouraged en-couraged conquest; give up Manchuria, Man-churia, Korea and other overseas acquisitions; disarm all armed forces; permit the revival of democracy de-mocracy and freedom of speech, religion and thought; and submit to Allied occupation of designated points in the homeland until postwar post-war security has been established. At the same time, Japan was promised an opportunity for orderly development once a peaceful government gov-ernment had been created, with retention re-tention of such industries as would maintain its internal economy and eventual access to raw materials and world trade. The war ended just as the atomic bomb threatened the obliteration of Japan's sprawling industrial settlements, settle-ments, with Hiroshima and Nagasaki Naga-saki already badly mangled by the terrific blasts. Packing an explosive force 20,000 times greater than TNT, the atomic Gen. Douglas MacArthur Accepts Surrender. bomb's destructive capacity so far exceeded that of ordinary missiles that it brought a quick reaction from a government that had planned continuation of the conflict from underground bastions despite in creasing B-29 attacks. Besides threatening to lay Japan waste, the atomic bomb also was credited with blowing Russia into the conflict, thus bringing the total Allied weight to bear against the Nipponese. In all, these two events served to climax the growing tern. po of the Allied drive in the Pacific, which saw U. S. forces virtually sit ting on Japan's doorstep at the ces sation of hostilities. Japan's Imperial Ambitions Led to War Before the Twentieth century Japan's Ja-pan's Imperial ambitions were restricted re-stricted to Korea, the coast of China and some neighboring islands in the Japanese sea. Japanese leaders suddenly realized the power of western west-ern armament During the next half century Japan was modernized so 'successfully that the Japanese victories vic-tories over China in 1894, and Russia in 1905 were swift and conclusive. With the navy and air force car rying the fight to the enemy, and with army and marine troops slashing slash-ing forward In Island to island fighting, the war In the Pacific rates as one of the bloodiest in history. From the very beginning the U. S. encountered a bitter and fanatical foe, ardent and well disciplined, willing to fight to the last cartridge even when completely enveloped. All through the war. the toll of Jap killed far surpassed the number captured, Indicating the nature of their defen$e. Because of the close teamwork required re-quired In the over-all operations, it would be difficult to single out one outstanding hero, though General MacArthur's fiery stand against the enemy in the early Btages of the conflict con-flict and his later redemption of lost territories made him the symbol sym-bol of the American spirit. Beside the name of MacArthur must be added those of Admiral Nimitz, who directed U. S. naval operations in the vast Pacific theater, thea-ter, and General Le May, whose B-29s seriously reduced Japan's in- iff , t r " Emperor Hirohito Surrenders to Allies. dustrlal potential in repeated heavy raids. Recovering quickly from the black days immediately after Pearl Harbor, Har-bor, when the Nipponese overran much of the Pacific, the U. S. checked the enemy tide in the spring of 1942, when the American fleet stopped the Japs' southeastward drive in Jthe battle of the Coral sea and then thwarted their eastward surge at Midway. From then on, the U. S., building up tremendous military and material mate-rial strength under a unified front at home, was on the march, with the Japanese seeking time to consolidate con-solidate their newly won position as the overruling Asiatic power by bitter bit-ter delaying action in their outposts. With the navy severing vital Japanese Japa-nese supply lines to these outposts, and with the ground forces isolating enemy units into disorganized resistance resist-ance pockets on invaded islands, the American advance in the Pacific far exceeded expectations, with the end of the European war finding U. S. sea, land and air forces perched right on Nippon's doorstep. Though the main body of Japanese Japa-nese troops had not been touched by the steady U. S. advances westward, the American navy's mastery of the sea lanes as far as the Chinese coast interrupted the shipment of vital ma terial to the home islands for industrial in-dustrial processing, and the B-29s' terrific bombardment of manufacturing manufactur-ing centers greatly curtailed output. With deliveries of materials cut, and output dwindling, the effectiveness of an estimated 4,000,000 remaining enemy troops stood to be severely limited. On top of it all, Russia's invasion of Manchuria and threat to Jap-held Jap-held China promised to tap the only remaining important enemy indus trial source outside the homeland. During the twenties Japan expanded ex-panded her commercial influence deep into Chinese territory. By 1931 a formidable boycott developed. Japanese Jap-anese troops were used to crush this organized protest. This violation of treaty rights aroused the world. Japan defiantly resigned from the League of Nations in 1933, when trouble trou-ble in the "truce area" of China was again the occasion for battling. ' ( i 'jf S4 ! Chronology Japanese War 1941 Dec. 7 Japanese sneak attack on Pearl Harbor. Dec. 8 United States declares tear on Japan. Invasion of Philippine and attack on Guam and Wake started start-ed by Japanese. Dec. 10 General MacArthur starts battle of Manila. Dec. 25 Japanese take Wake, Hong Kong falls. Dec. 26 Japs bomb Manila, despite des-pite fact it was declared open city. 1942 Jan. 2 Manila surrenders, Mac-Arthur's Mac-Arthur's forces flee to Bataan. Feb. IS Singapore falls. Mar. 17 General MacArthur lands in Australia to lead Allied forces. April 9U. S. troops on Bataan surrender. Aug. 7V. S. marines land on Guadalcanal. 1943 Sept. 5 Allies land on New Guinea. Nov. 2U. S. marines invade Bougainville. Bou-gainville. 1944 Jan. 29 U. S. lands troops in Marshall islands. June 10 Marines invade Saipan. July 19 V. S. forces land on Guam. Oct. 17 Invasion of Leyie on Philippines Phil-ippines gets under way. 1945 Jan. 10 Invasion of Luzon started by Yanks. Jan. 30 V. S. landings north of Bataan seal peninsula. Feb. 4 American troops enter Manila. Feb. 1SV. S. first air raid on Tokyo. To-kyo. Feb. 17 Marines invade Iwo Jima. Army lands on Corregidor. Feb. 26 Philippine commonwealth common-wealth returned to Filipino people. Mar. 17 Iwo Jima captured with marine casualties of 19J)38. April 1 Invasion of Okinawa started by 100,000 troops. May 24550 superforts firebomb Tokyo. May 27 Chinese capture Nan-ning. Nan-ning. June 12 Australian troops invade Borneo. June 21 Okinawa campaign successfully suc-cessfully ends. Aparri captured by Yanks. June 28 Luzon declared completely com-pletely liberated. July 2 Australians landed at Bal ikpapan. July 17 British warships join V. S. 3rd fleet. July 24 U. S. 3rd fleet successfully success-fully attacked Japan's greatest naval base on Kure, Honshu islands. Aug. 3B-29s bottle up Japan with mines. Aug. 4 MacArthur takes over command of Ryukyus. Aug. 6 Atomic bomb destroys most of Hiroshima. Aug. 7 Superfortresses hit Toy-okawa Toy-okawa naval arsenal. Aug. 8 Russia declares war on Japan. Aug. 10 Japan asks for peace terms. Aug. 14. Japs accept unconditional uncondi-tional surrender terms. EMPEROR: His Background Their authority re-established with the overthrow of the military governors gov-ernors in 1868,'the Japanese emperors, emper-ors, supposedly descended from the' sun goddess, have exercised their mythical power for the unification of the country to facilitate its imperial im-perial development With the overthrow of the shogun-ate shogun-ate shortly after Admiral Perry opened the door of Japan to the outside world, the simple island people, peo-ple, previously owing strict allegiance alle-giance to the military clan, easily transferred their blind obedience to the mikado. The present mikado, Hirohito, is a -puny, nearsighted man of 44. He is called the 124th emperor of Japan Ja-pan by the Japanese court authorities. authori-ties. When he ascended the throne in 1926, he chose the word "Showa," meaning "enlightenment and peace," to describe his reign Many political experts believe that personally Hirohito wanted peace, but as the puppet of the military mili-tary clique had to go along with their designs. Actually he wields little real power. His actual "reign" began in 1921, then as prince regent re-gent he ruled in his father's stead. He was married in 1924 and is the father of one son and three daughters. daugh-ters. RECONVERSION: ' Next Job With World War II finished, and with the nation's great armament production due to be slashed, interest inter-est mounted in the government's program for switching industry back to a peacetime basis and providing pro-viding continued high employment Shortly before the cessation of hostilities. President Truman, called in War Production Board Chieftain Krug to go over plans for speeding up reconversion to prevent a large-scale large-scale rupture of the country's economy econo-my after V-J day. At the meeting, it was determined deter-mined that the WPB was to conduct con-duct a vigorous drive for the expansion expan-sion of production of materials in short supply to meet all demands; limit manufacture of articles requiring re-quiring scarce materials; establish effective control over material stockpiles stock-piles to prevent speculative hoarding hoard-ing that would endanger the stabilization stabil-ization program: provide priority assistance to break bottlenecks that might Impede the switch back to civilian goods, and allocate scarce materials for lower priced articles to keep costs down. THE LEIII SUrCLEHirUTAil" -WEEKLY NEWS vUomc-fiomb and Russ Attack Signal Japan's Acceptance of Unconditional Surrender. Terms ' Rleaied bJ Wertern (EDITOR'S NOTE. Wh.. tplnlen. "P'Tii? V..VrUr.rthU dVwVp.V!. Following in lightning succession, the U. S. use of atomic bombs and Russia's entrance into the conflict signalled the finis to the Pacific war, which had been waged with such bitterness bit-terness since December of 1941. With the second of its great industrial cities leveled by the terrific new explosive, and with Russian troops driving deep into Manchuria and Korea, the Japanese gave the first indication of their decision to throw in the sponge early on August 10 with the Tokyo radio's announcement of acceptance accept-ance of unconditional surrender terms provided the emperor's emper-or's position was respected. Later, the Swedish foreign office revealed that the Japs had asked it to transmit their request for cessation of hostilities hos-tilities to the Allied powers. Under terms of the unconditional surrender drawn by the U. S., Britain Brit-ain and China at Potsdam, and later subscribed to by Russia, the Japs were required to: 1. Eliminate the influences of those who have directed Jap conquest; 2. Submit t occupation of designated points in the home islands until world peace is assured; as-sured; 3. Limit Jap sovereignty to the main islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku; 4. Give up all foreign con-' con-' quests; 5. Disarm all forces; 6. Remove all obstacles to freedom of speech, religion and thought. In return, the Potsdam terms promised Japan retention of all industries in-dustries to maintain the civilian economy and provide for repara tions in goods; access to raw mate rials and free trade, and withdrawal withdraw-al of occupation forces upon organ ization of a peace-minded govern ment in conformance with the wishes of the people. In first indicating the Jap decision to give up the fight, the Tokyo radio declared that the Nipponese had ap- proached Russia to act as inter mediary in peace negotiations with Ihe U. S., Britain and China several weeks ago at the request of the em peror. Having failed to establish contacts, however, the government Having first announced the V. S. use of the deadly atomic bomb, President Truman warned of its continued con-tinued employment until the enemy quit. finally determined to accept the unconditional un-conditional surrender outlined at Potsdam, with the reservation that the emperor's position in the nation be respected. While neither the U. S. nor Britain Brit-ain had ever officially discussed Hirohito' s status in the event of a Jap collapse, it was felt that because be-cause of his standing in the Nipponese Nip-ponese community as a supposed de-scendent de-scendent from the sun goddess, he would be able to preserve order in the home islands following defeat It was argued that his forcible removal re-moval might well throw Japan's whole social order into confusion and chaos. Though the war in the Pacific had been a long and bitter one, with American forces pushing steadily ahead ever since the Japanese tidal wave was checked in the battles of the Coral Sea and Midway in the ' spring of 1942, the terrific explosive ex-plosive effect of the atomic bomb and Russia's subsequent entrance en-trance into the conflict was seen to quicken its end. Even though admitting that "it is an awful responsibility which has come to us," President Harry S. Truman declared that the U. S. would continue to use the atomic bomb to destroy Jap munitions industries in-dustries and reduce the enemy's ability to wage war until cessation of hostilities. r t ", w i . . - i i - 1 f s f$l ' 1 Foreign Farm Help Jumps in U. S. Though the number of hired people peo-ple doing farm work in the United States in midsummer this year reached a new wartime low, the department of agriculture reports that the number of foreign workers and war prisoners working on farms in the United States in midsummer was about 149,000. The foreign workers come from Mexico, Jamaica, the Bahamas, and ANALYSIS. Newipajwr union A milestone in the scientific age, the earth-shaking potency of the atomic bomb tempered the jubila tion at first expressed over its use in hastening the end of the Pacific war. First objective of the new atomic bomb, the rail and industrial cen ter of Hiroshima on Honshu island lay in ruins, with buildings splin tered and an estimated 100,000 persons per-sons killed. Only a few concrete structures remained standing in the heart of the city with even the in Pioneer in atom splitting, Dr. Er nest Orlando Lawrence of the Uni versity of California stands beside cyclotron he developed for experi mentations. terior of these burned out by the fires following the explosion. So ter rific was the .blast it rocked the B-29, from which the charge was dropped, while it cruised 10 miles distant. Goal of scientists for over 40 years, and the result of combined U. S. and British research since 1940, the atomic bomb has been secretly produced in two great plants at Richland, Wash., and . Oak Ridge Tenn., with two billion dollars re quired for its development- With Maj. Gen. Leslie R. Groves in over-all charge, and with Dr. J. R. Oppenheimer of the University of California heading the technical work, manufacture of the atomic bomb involved the use of uranium, a metallic substance found in south western Colorado and eastern Utah as well as in Canada, the Belgian Congo, Austria, Russia, Sweden, Norway and Cornwall. Principle of the new explosive lies in splitting atoms the tiniest particles of matter and releasing the electrical charges they contain with the attendant energy. Besides energy, heat and light can be recovered, re-covered, thus leading to wide post war possibilities for the material In announcing- the use of the atomic bomb with its magical substance, sub-stance, however, Secretary of War Stimson revealed that postwar adaptation of the product to civilian use will require additional experi mentation to design machinery capable of harnessing the tre mendous force. 1 Meanwhile, Stimson said, the U, intends to share the secret of the atomic bomb only with Britain and Canada, and in speculating on its use as a factor in maintaining peace, it was suggested that the English-speaking Allies would hold on to the explosive and restrict its use on behalf of the United Nations postwar security force to American and British planes. Regretting that the atomic bomb' inventors did not destroy the weapon, weap-on, the Vatican newspaper L'Osser-vatore L'Osser-vatore Romano declared, that it "made a deep impression (here)l not so much for the use ajready made-of the death instrument.' as for the sinister shadow that the discov ery casts on the future of human ity." Because people never can learn the lessons of history, the publication said, the atomic bomb will also remain a temptation for un scrupulous statesmen. Newfoundland. Of the 56,000 Mexi cans, most were In the West but around 8,000 were on farms in the Midwest The number of Jamaicans came to around 16,000, and there were about 5,500 Bahamians. While Ja maicans are working through whole country, the Bahamians the are in Florida and other truck-growing areas along the Atlantic seaboard. ini ii iint "iiiimi ai n at I EUROPE: AW Developments With America now committed to keeping the peace in Europe, politi cal developments on the siricxen continent commanded the nation'i attention more closely. Foremost recent developments in cluded the U. S. and Britain's decision de-cision to grant occupied Germany a larger measure of local independence; independ-ence; the Allies' move to separate Austria from the Reich, and plans for the determination of a new government gov-ernment in Yugoslavia. Declaring that it was up to the Germans themselves to re-establish their country in the eyes of the world, General Eisenhower an nounced that local trade unions and political parties would be permitted to function wherever the Allied military mili-tary government ordained. Warn ing that the winter ahead would be hard, Eisenhower urged the Germans Ger-mans to repair damaged properties now, gather cordwood for fuel since coal will not be available, and go into the fields to harvest a good crop. In determining to separate Aus tria from the Reich, the Allies planned for the creation of an independent inde-pendent state in free and open elections, elec-tions, before which the country would be divided into four occupational occu-pational zones under U. S., British, Russian and French military commanders. com-manders. The U. S. zone constitutes the north-central portion of Austria below the Danube. Meanwhile, Yugoslavia" prepared to hold a vote on the question of the form of a new government, with Moscow - backed Marshal Tito call ing for a republican system exclud ing the monarchy. Charged with having been identified with Nazi col laborators by Tito, 21-year-old King Peter retorted that the country was now under a wave of terror by the Partisans, with all law suspended and no opportunity for a free and open vote on the future character of the government Nation's Losses Within a day America lost an outstanding out-standing soldier and an equally notable statesman. . No. 1 U. S. ace of World War IL Maj. Richard Ira (Dick) Bong from Poplar, Wis., ' died when his jet-propelled "Shooting Star" blew up shortly short-ly after a takeoff at Burbank, Calif. Entering the air force in 1941, the then 20 - year - old former farm boy topped all other U. S. airmen by shooting down 40 Jap planes in action Kit- Maj. Bong extending from Australia to the Philippines. Just before the "Shooting "Shoot-ing Star" exploded, Bong was seen leaping out of the cockpit only to be caught in the air by the terrific blast. One of the famed "irreconcili-ables" "irreconcili-ables" who fought to keep the U. S. out of the League of Nations, and also opposed ratifica tion of the United Nations charter. Sen. Hiram W. Johnson John-son (Rep., Calif.) died at the naval hospital at Bethes- da, Md., at 79. Al ways a rugged in dependent, who tread according to Sen. Johnson his conscience rather rath-er than party interests, Johnson took most pride in his governorship of California from 1910 to 1916, when he led in the adoption of woman suffrage, workmen's compensation and elimination of partisanship in municipal and county elections. CIVILIAN GOODS: Sloiv Coming Though War Production board officials of-ficials declared that the reconver sion program gradually was gather ing momentum, there, are small prospects that needed civilian goods will reach retailers' counters in sufficient volume before well into 1946. In reviewing the situation, WPB held out hopes for substantial production pro-duction of electric irons, baby carriages car-riages and alarm clocks during the present quarter, with limited output oi washing machines, vacuum cleaners and galvanized cans and pails. To date, only near sufficient quantities oi razors, razor blades, hearing-aid batteries and dry cell batteries are being manufactured, it was said. Though comparatively laree amounts of electric ranges, refriger ators, film, lamps and fans are scheduled to be turned out in the present quarter, most will be reserved re-served for military purposes, WPB revealed. SOUTH AMERICA: Export Surplus During the years 1940 through 1944, the other American republics accumulated a surplus of exports over Imports totalling $3,531,000,000, according to a recent compilation by the federal reserve board in Washington. Wash-ington. In 1944, the compilation shows, the export surplus of these countries was $1,115,000,000, compared with $450,-000.000 $450,-000.000 in 1939. before full effects of the war were felt in western hemisphere hemi-sphere trade. E I- 5i Canary Designs Will Enliven Your Kitchen 244 A BRIGHT little canary en-livens en-livens any kitchen. Use these 6 by 6 transfer designs on tea towels, on cottage curtains, on the corners of a breakfast or luncheon cloth. Besides yellow for the canary, fed, green and blue are the other colors needed. To obtain six transfer designs for th Canary Towels (Pattern No. 5244), color chart for working, illustrations of stitches used, send 16 cents in coin, your name, address and the pattern number. Send your order to: SEWING CIRCLE NEEDLEWORK 709 Mission St., San Francisco, Calif, Enclose 16 cents for Pattern No- Name- Address- At home Any flavor Deliciout Smooth No ico crystal No cooking No r. whipping No lcorched flavor Eay Inexpensive 20 recipe in each 15 pkg. Please tend thi ad for free full-size sample sam-ple offer, or buy from your grocer. LOtlDOflBETlRy Brand Homemade Ice Cream STABILIZh LONDONDERRY-835 H0WSR0, IAN FRANCISCO 3, MUF. feuppiemenis bugar Honey may be used cup for cup instead of sugar in canning or cooking, cook-ing, up to one-half of the sweetening sweeten-ing called for. If it is measured in a greased or moist cup, it will pour easily. If honey granulates, put the. container in a bowl of warm water' until the crystals are melted. When, baking a dough or batter containing; honey, it is best to use a low tenv-. perature, between 300 and 325 degrees. de-grees. Garden Peas Garden peas, when just at the-; right stage for eating, will be sweet-1 er if picked in the morning than at; the end of the day. Vegetables mature ma-ture rapidly in the heat of the dayj and, as they mature, become less sweet and more starchy. Peas gath-f ered first thing in the morning, j therefore, are sweeter as well as- fresher and more tender than if left; until later in the day. Sweet Teeth American people eat more sweets? than any other nation. Previous? to the government rationing of su- i gar the approximate average con-t i sumption of sugar alone for each 'person was one-half to three-fouras cup a day. This included all sugars used in homes in candies, bakery products, cold drinks, Ice creams and other uses. i f Medieval Hunters Medieval hunters used to carry onj the saddle a cage containing a; shrike (a small oscine bird) to keep; ;an eye on the falcon. The hunter; i knew that as long as the shrike was; ! excited and fearful the falcon was 'in its sight, although the hunterj : might not be able to see his bird of prey. You CAN relieve ATHLETE'S FOOT 80.6 of ce showed clinical improvement im-provement after only 10 dayt treatment with SOSETONI is impartial, scien tific test SORETONE d Mas ky HcKsssan I Robbhn SsM ink suatr-ksck pamtst 'O 50 and WO pangs! 1,1 niU irim-Mr iSCE 611EliivlI fM "i is? |