| Show UT AH Brief Briel Notes on Its Physical Pea Fea FeaBy By J 3 II Paul tures Resources and J nt Vt r HI 1 AIU Y I Utah has 11 in General two kinds or of climate due to the tho first pro vails over those portions ot of the tho land hand surface which Ill are not more than foOt teel In elevation above time the sea amid nud most ot of the tho plaIns mold vat val valleys lays leys an amid l the great hulk bulk of oC time tho at the second extends to 10 nil a greater reater altitude blOt feet stint Includes ho o hIgher vIII lays Ics and plateaus and the tho most of oC the ranges Except for or a certain anti or of the tho air the tho first or valley climate is not sOIl different room that or of lower louver altitudes that is III the effects creech of altitude are not experienced though they exist until wo we pass feet In the second or climate the physIological effects due rlue to the condition ot of the to be manifest D Deeper r breath In lug moro blood In thu tho hit h is Ih the altitude Increases es heart troubles and insufficient ot f the blood maybo may be the results result climate lImato hM has therefore car tale wEll marked characteristics Next to th timm relative distribution of land anti water seater the elevation ot of lAnd hand masses above the tho sea Mell is III the most Important of the In that error on the same parallels of iatt tude DIMINISHED Am Alit The Tho first effect of oC hIgher ni 1 Is to the weight or pressure ot of the tho air Time The pressure de with each WO meters tet its as follows Th going sea Ilea sealevel level 1001 to meters thero Is Isa isa a decrease of oC ono one millimeter or of orAn An Inch tm for each feet teet change chango In altitude as wo we ascend From to 1000 time the decrease Is one millimeter tor rom rein 1000 to 1500 meters In altitude time tho decrease mm la pressure Is one meter foP tOI aeh meters meter of oC aseen slon sian from Crom 1500 to tim 2000 musters time tho the dc crease creaso Is S one millimeter ton tor ovel every meters meter traversed upward tram froni 2500 to 1000 meters the decrease of ono one millimeter or of pressure calls for tor meter ot of rise while between the nUl of ned meters tho ho do cr crease use or of press pressure ro Is 18 ome olie millimeter for tor over every 22 meters ot of cia elo Front From this we conclude that tho or average pressure or weight or of tile the all air decreases moro more slow slowly ly iy nt at hIgher than nt at lower lowel us Wo we ascend mountains mountaIn II I time tho change lii different at different tern tem being tho th greater time the higher the tho temperature Its III nt at the sea level unit hence greatest In ho tropics At tue tho summit ot of Pikes Peal Cole Colo Colorado Colerado rado meters say feet t the theair all air prell ure Is Inches nt at time the temperature of oC 71 canto cente grade gradd degrees below zero or 01 1923 1922 do de degrees grees Our highest mountains In time tho range or are less than H 14 eeL At about teat teet a press url uru ot of Inches Willi found at Leh LehIn to In at 1 ii temperature of oC tie do grees rees F and record would no Cli doubt correspond with our OUI conditions MOUNTAIN SICKNESS Time rho main effects of higher altitude are to increase tile tho fra and depth ot of breathing to quicken tIme heart anti to increase the Ito or of the cent to tho bruin brain often otton bring out Oil n a peculiar fort torm or of illness called sickness The altitude lit at this sickness js I felt varies great Iy hy with willi individuals and with tim tho amount of at bOdily US III mu alum Jl I L Is almost always at from 1100 II cu The flit are A tor or air 1111 dizziness in III of oC breath or of the Iho powers ot of lack of nt energy to and to danger bleed palpitation ot of th time heart beau I Iche nausea loss ot appe Ute tile Is quick luick and ular until It if the Iho greatly xa and even eveni donth unity may follow fellow The Tho writer hilLS hILs a tow ow or of thin bul bitt only on undergoing exertion when near hue tops of oC limo Iho higher Uinta anti on once co on In 11 Nebo Noho Ol Oi In ont omit Proceed ve vest often Lying downs Ilon Is II a relief Time Thu great to to the tho theU U Is nol Fita Cause ut ot is s the 11 iii pressure of nt this tho air At the ot of roil red hum In the blow ot of I ing to nr very great Is 18 not to their blood to tie sut suf lIet supplied with the at loss less of life giver time Iho higher tin 0 go but lifter II a In u it ow slays i thor tutu or of the tho ii great iy 1111 I na reused a ho Ire are thell lieu to to bo be tested h buforo oro h tho Ilium Plateaus ot of Peru leru COli lied HilI 1111 live ot if red roel blood I corpuscles iter tuilt III he mists lit at Limo hut Bul it II MIll ot of I U 1 4 till days ILl at lit iii ant all altitude ot of 1400 fuet the tho rose to III on unit ii 1 mm lO i to In rise cc In III lie Ille l o of blood of taken trout roUl time tho to time the was In thu Iho ratio rullo tit of ij in 10 i 7 limit tho h imst or n lit II I sickness is III tutu often kept It titi ii cli hy by I tog OX ulI Ito 1110 I o of the they to III fuel CIl t lusters shout foet set In l tIro ule 1 ut of tIm tho Amiss 1107 1 feet ace 11 by mountaIn eel all anti 11 fainting elicits nt at tight flost with hush at al the tho ot of six or seven time tho of at the Iho hlll the tho open blood bloo tuna rises I 1 r from the lips ani ammO hose IOse and III at night the faco and hands swell In III ono one Bol 1301 province a colony colon ot of miners live ut at nil an altitude ot of 1640 feet teet At thimi elevation the nil air pressure Is not 1101 much snore maIo that halt half that ot at the sea Mn but oven even the natives show the tho cITed or of residence In iii places above feet teet Paul laul Bert found that the efforts of pressure remained I tibIa till time tho oxygen Is reduced one fourth which takes place at about feet teet above the tho semi Not many places In Utah permanently inhabited are arc much hIgher than this notes that time tho Indians who bring down sUlphur from tho crater ot of and who therefore live IIvo It at altitudes bel and amid fact teet seemed strong healthy nl iii though they had been engaged In that occupation between 20 o and 30 years cars and similarly for tor laborers In Peru It Is therefore concluded that tho t such altitudes as aH ate ule populated hero here are aro not nol at al all 1111 unfavorable to health while the dearer breathing requIred by the tho organism develop the lungs amid increase the general power ot of tho ho body MOU MOUNTAIN rAI TE On mountains the tho suns SlIns rays ras having less lees andu and a drier r atmosphere to pane than nt at lower levels possess n a peculiar brightness and power The Th rays mys become moro inane intense that Is time the sunshine on en high mountains Is verY hot hotOn hotOn On the other ether hand tile the shade Is very cool Near the sea Ica level the tho difference between the temperature or of places In Inthe the tho sunshine and In shade amounts only to 10 to 20 0 degrees while at an attItude ot of I less than I feet teet an extreme difference of oC 1 7 tie de degrees grees hM hes been recorded the tho heat ot of the tho sun lIun Is tempered more b by shade shado at nl at 10 low al altitudes Time amount of at sun cull sunshine I shine receIved may bo be nearly twice as al much nl at the top ot of high mountaIns us as I that received by the area tn In th lowlands The chemIcal action of oC sun sunlight sunlight light may likewise be twice as great at atthe the tho tops tOilS us mis lit the tho feet ot of mountains The Tho ground Is but tito tho air above the ground Is cooler loin In the low hands ThIs lust lost difference unity be as S Sto Sto to 1 In these two places These condi conditions ions produce many on aim our mountain tops covering them In sum summer nr mer with dense masses eS of oC ored flowers So o the difference bu be the day und anti the nIght tempera tunes tUles Is much Grea greater cr on high mount moun mountaIns tame than In time the lowlands Tim beat radiates es escapes from time the earth eurth near II twice liB as mist by reason of a dIffer enl In altitude of feet teet COOLING OF THE Am The ot of the nil air us as we go up averages about onn one degree F for ev every act a 0 valley and ond a mountain top differ snore more In tempera tune turo them do two alley whoso whose attitudes differ as the mountain top being cooler time tho valley ot of the tho same Ume height Dc cause causo or of the tho 1 ocr ot of land masses to retain the suns beat this decrease Is ismore more mora rapid on the tho sunny than on the tho shaded elopes s sLed Is least rapId In like mountain districts Tho rate ot of decrease becomes very ery sloW In winter sinter when wo we experience little Illio dif terence In tent nom our mountaIns On European mountains In winter Hann flana says saYI altO must ascend on tile the average O me mae tars torI In order to tD hare a tallot fall of tern tem of at 10 C In spring 1 0 nn III In iii summer HO nu m In autumn mu m amid In the tho mean for tor the year mu m mAt At another place the tho temperature falls ono one degree I for about feet teet ot of as ascent ascent cent In hi the winter but In summer the tho its Is otto Olla degree Y F for tal feet teet ot of ascent while tho n average for tor nil sea BOU seaSons Sons Hons is II feet for tor one degree F When time the Is reached mm sum summer mer iner the tho of at temperature Is often oUen quite sudden Is greater realor than In wIll winter tel when there thero Is snow In the val valleys leys grunter than In tall fall when thoro thero Is no IIno snow In the A pass In the tho Sierra Blem Nevada range whIch the tho Central Contral railroad crosses III at an 1111 of oC about feet Imas aim average yearly tempera tune tura or of 42 degrees I whIch Is 18 do lower cooler tho than 11 that lint of oC th thalley the valley alley ThIs gives n a rate of at toll fall equal to one degree for tor cat teet of oC el atlon Time Tho greatest contrast is III In late lato winter early 23 22 to 2 24 and thu least In JUly August 10 0 to 1 12 degrees hut Dut this mountain has an unu unusual depth of at snow tie heat ot of early IN Thu curious ot of our lur valleys Iii is well known to ul turista that while on aim frost frosty nights or of spring 1111 fluid 1 full the tho lower ut ot time the 1110 ar frost III hilton tho tree lops rua remain while time tho tomato crOItor for tor In tho louver Parts ot of tile al II t injured b by time Iho frost that on time often without con COli is III to II the suet that as tao earth cools itt at It lit at lust time tho 1111 next tl tG It nl wo that high em iii hut but later laler It cools so 50 hint the air next to tn the Is colder Then hon the ohler layers ot of stir from thu tho huh hili ill It if aided by 1 it gentle MeEk th hue lowest levels III will libya dowum into Inlo the lie valleys uller It If lie tho air Is IH lit It rest nisi the tho coldest nt itt sir or toward morning interning wilt will willI I mc foUnd neatest time ground hut but If IC In iii time tho IIII a I r sc wIll Ii I bo be 1111 tine Iho warmer hayi nit Ill fiust will occur e lucre thero Is likely to 10 so 10 more or of this tho air 1111 time tho than In th tilL harts ot of the valley we tee eun se see holh whY IL a gentie ward ott olt a 11 must why the hills are arc liable to tu to 0 thill ace the tho joints ot of hut Iho valleys time loss ot of heat Iy hy IJ in III Iho ha remIt onto ono to two 1 earlier In tilt thu annd IlISt lii In lie For the tho high catch time tho last lint rays raya pf of the tho sui aUn or the tho first to tiu bu In the tho Therefore tog fogs will of often Ion lI lie In time valleys M t ho i clear cleur It follow that houses built on ha sides or tops of at hills hili have ho advantage ot of less wi as well ns as ot of hIgher tunes tures by night than those In time the viii I lays Ics lit In the mountains Ic Dowell has hns noted that when after a In March am 01 April the tho wInd sub subsides sides a heavy tro frost t may 1 time the vege ege and the clothed In iii verdure theda the day before now looks clack and dreary these condItions condition the beautiful phenomenon of oC the lie vor VOl dant Sante or thermal bolt bell itself upon tile the sides of oC tho mountains A belt bell about t cot wide untouched by trost frast belt traverses the mountaIns In II a vast horizontal line lIke n a ribbon wIth time the black frostbitten vegetation both above and amI below It Th Thin lInes are so drawn that mn may bo be frost trost killed while tIme tho other half Is i unaffected Phenomena ot of this kind probably occur Itt In Utah are n from the tho eye by the sparse and Ancl hardiness of our mountains vegetation Yet Yot frost trost areas are often otten but whether tIme dif differences In iii night between the cold tops or of the tho or Un time cold valleys beneath and the tho thermal zones that 10 Ici between extremes amount to M as much 18 as tho do do doin In North about 6 degrees s 1 F 1 yet been ascertained |
