| Show mCERN GROWING IN THE FAR WEST Success Achieved in Handling This Valuable Home Crop PRACTICAL SCHOOL LESSONS 1 J Chen h n nt H I Oil on 1 by h x crt bj by b J T H II Paul PaulIn In Ui pursuance ot of the tho plan to elementary into the work of tit tho common school of ot Utah Prof PIt Hogenson of tho Uie Agricultural his ot of interesting lee lec lecture ture tuTe on In Monday Ion ny before the study sections of ot tho thu fourth Nor XII maLi maL nt at the university Ills His top It l I niM 11 or 01 alfalfa Ills HIs object i rg d n to show Ils Importance to tho zig rl of ot thin this tho the bUll of It making It a II subject of ot school u Tho rho of n id with lucern and bOlli pro over a i l df M t foreign productions was va clearly though incidentally Illustrated LI PLANTS Tin classes Ies had already maclo f fu fX u rim nod and IId outlines outline for rr c lessIns leH II upon lucern set 51 s net t Inv r white while clover sweet pet pez ond rJ rd I ver er cr ol theIr F i i tun I appearance mode of growth for s curing clo iia n lion Ion tt II had of the Ih tt peculiar value of thoi pod I iJ 4 collectors of freu free nitro nitrogen gen sen genThe genTh The Th lecturer stated that the tile lucern or alfalfa Is 1 1 by fir far the tho most moot Import Important ant crop crap In this part of or tin Iii country 1 It U not only an hay hll hut hilt It tarts starts growth arIy t In the tho nS grows BO ro mil ami nd keeps l groon so RO long log that It pro 1111 tIcs green train from early larJ spring till late fall fail this It IL i rood In Improving tho for fer or of the son soil ol by adding the nitrogen 1111 n OK OF I rn N Is I ono onn of ur the th oldest plants It U Is 19 i a native natle of ot v lr extern tern Asia Ania and ald was well known to 10 iii s awl Persians hen X Xer r xit Iadell are e about 13 C ho brought with him and anil so In ll It Into l At tho the limo of or the th Christian era ern It had hud become well veil established c In 11 Roman iero It IL was known as 18 the host hest of ut fodder plants Pliny the tho older speaks f 1 It II not only n aK a it good food tood for tor un tin Imal hut hilt mentions also aIo that It Im in Improves proves 1100 the soil soli upon which It 19 Is grown From Home It Into Spain und and France At itt t tho t hI time of the tho Spanish invasion It a brought Into South Smith and Mexico Front From l rom South America a In 11 1854 It was waR brought Into litto t The Tue plant received intention there thero at nt first but hut In 1171 a demonstration of ot Its It worth orth aroused tho interest of or thi people A Mr tIr Miller M III I it hiI id sown hundreds hundred ot of acres nf ot In I Ii ti iti of ot l rich valleys of ot California lilli UK na 11 fattening thousands of upon It HIM His success led leel to Its rapid ra until the plant mode made Its way wayt to t and surrounding states It t thas has 1 steadily made Its way eastward and und In I SSt the first was Wf sown in Ohio In ln an early day da It had boon been Introduced Into tIm tho eastern States before It como coma to California In n nI 1191 I It brought from rein Europe to 10 New England but It made mado little HUla head headway headway way WM and a during durinA the rapid westward expansion of agriculture It was a soon forgotten until It made mallo Its Us way east cast eastward ward from California FACTS LUCI lt Lucern Is III a plant Its Itz root system sYRl m consists of a a single Ingle top topi toot Oot i running down from ono one to 10 feet md them than dividing Into a 0 few fo branch roots Sometimes several brunch branch loots I set et ot out from thu tho top tall root near the crown The Tho ninin roots are very vory smooth and anti tree freo from front fibrous roots rot Somo root hairs are found In to the first surface foot fool of ut soil oll and an also lU at the tho extremities ot of the tho roots routs or nr alfalfa as It Is every everywhere eor where whize called in lit 11 the east cast has hns the pow power lo er ci of ot taking the tho free lU nitrogen from the thu air 1111 of ot using It In iii Us Ita growth and of ot storing the Iho nitrogen In largo titles In the tho soil soli to be bo used by b 1 lug Ing crops It 11 does this by hy means of ot bacterial organisms which fay favorable cH ble condition develop declon upon It tt roots If I r we e examine the tho small roots 1001 ot of a 11 lucern plant wo we notice small oval al knots or 01 nodules on them These nodules are ole the homes of the bacterium or 01 j microscopic plants which have hao tho the power of ot taking the nitrogen from the tho nir and storing It In tho the plant and In Inthe Intile Inthe the tile soil polI The Thic lucern leaves which contain a 1 large percentage ot or the mineral minerai mat matter ter tr held by the time plant aio armi very easily lost In handling so that great caro care should be bo taken to have havo the hay hoy In III just the tho proper condition at attempting tempting to move moo It 11 from tho field or stack cl The Thc leaves leaven Pave have about CO G C per pur percent cent of tf t the tho total nitrogen In Inthe Inthe inthe the Dart part oi ot the lh hut plant that Is ground COMPOSITION OP Or LUCHUN R and amid all of or her Per feeding fc tuff may be he sail 10 to 10 contain tho following folio 1 11 II combination of ot III In llio Ih of food I wal 2 dry JI nat tel tar which of or isi I r mutter matter thu tho or containing con tai ni zig protein p rot ala In iii tIme the forum form of and auth until also I SO fats futH and HOd carbohydrates consist of o nitrogen freo free extract and crude crudo fiber Wo We 0 shall speak of those In tIme the order given ghen AND ASH AHil Time Tho amount of water In III a R plant va varies vane Has ries greatly according to the tho stage of ot development of ot tho plant being most abundant In young pianist and Ing Int lens hess as the plant matures Tho Tile dry matter Is 19 that part of the tho plant which remains after tIme the water has been driven ort off Ash IB is tho the mineral mineraI matter which Is left after thin plant hns has been burned The organic matter IB is that portion of the tIme plant which 1 IR iii destroyed by b burn bUIn burnIng lag InS OH OR FOOD PAnTS Protein Is 1 the name namo nf ot a 11 class of oC compounds containing nitrogen They may flay bo ho divided Into and amid Tho The aro are tho Limo ni nl nitrogenous substances which go o to make mako makeup up tho the flesh of or the body boly The Tho are arc nitrogenous enous compounds soluble In water They ThC are nrc found principally In Immature plants Time The fats tills are ama the reserve materials which the plant may draw upon In Incase case caHO of ot need The rime carbohydrates rates consist of comb combi combinations nations of or tho the elements carbon oxygen and hydrogen They are tho the heat bout producers In the tho animal body bod Tho The nitrogen en free extract consists of tho the part of the tho plant The Tho Th crude crullo fiber Is Js the woody wood part if t the tile plant and amid Is I the least digestible of tho the food tood constituents of which the plant con consists THE AVERAGE A COMPOSITION CO POSITION Tim Tho following figures give tho tha aver liver average average age composition of ot lucern fresh freh from tho field air all dry d find and water tree free Ash Prot Proto Flit Fiber Fresh 8 89 81 1227 Air Mr dry r 1615 1511 2384 1030 1018 1660 30 20 2012 2612 00 Tho The above table Is compiled from the tho analyses of ot fourteen experiment sUm sta stations Lions WHEN TO CUT CUl LUCERN The Tho value of ot a crop of ot de depends depend ponds pend upon three factors factor first the time composition second the tho digestibility dl and third time the amount ot of each cach constituent If IC wo we consider tho time yield lucern Increases IncreaseR In dry ry mutter Inn to 10 tho time thoon end cad on of or the time season the tho heaviest gains being made ma o at nt the Limo time the tho buds are unfolding During time the first weeks of ot bloom we se have havo time the highest t percentage of if which are easily di dl digested digested After early bloom as mum time tho plant grows older Its food fond value vallie pound for tor pound decreases To obtain a 11 largo large amount of ot dry I matter matt I and the time largest percentage o of oC other amid fats and tho low lowest Out est percentage of if fiber lucern luccill should ho cut In early bloom only ft tOll am 5 0 to 10 10 per tiel cent of Its blossoms have hlo appeared Wo 0 get then thell a larger Irl el yield which contains a IL higher per percentage of time tho most valuable nutrients a n larger percentage of or leaves and a ut I greater proportion of digestible matter than thou It if It t In is cut at lit uny city other now hOW TO JT IT IH Is not hot suited to nil III t solis timid climates It appears to 10 ho ime bout best adapted to Irrigated regions of ot thu west where lIure time tho moisture can caum be he con COli controlled trolled Iud and whore the time plant gets IL a maximum amount of ut sunshine and nOli a minimum amount A u mm t ot of The jho dittoing dl of ot a mm lucern field flaM all nil surface rooted lOoted plants but doug dous not ant antI I tho Iho I troll drop i imo teti I 1 U Tint l tm cutting C and splitting II 1111 tt I IIII nm of at the Iho t lie In iii the th growth gro vi and thickens trio time stand Thu Tho first few fem fo months of or if the time life lire of or luconi IH is Its most critical put period Ion Tho Ihu plants should he ho cut cult orIon often lur thur luring ing time the Hint year not lIot tom till the UIO sake lIko of time the hay but hut to 10 thin weeds nOli nOlito to strengthen time tho lucern plants i Tim Fim young you mm g plant Ida itt IH is easily checked by hy lack of ot moisture and killed hy by h Do Bo Bouro uro planting rut iii g tho ize I land Ia nil should l ho be deep ly IS plowed In ium time the full tail In time tile spring time the disc dime hurlo should bo be finely U eui to 10 smooth time tho you itoh ami to time tho moisture Mulching Is hi quite generally In time the wrist limo tho con Oll tiC lit itoh o moisture In Is of ot the Lime mm t ii I u ii it mm ci About bout boil t two to or three I ii roe Inthea of uit tutu thu mill on top tOil should 1 ho lit OH Aim Io u as all possible In III sin fin a n mulch IH its of time the Just crop erOll which Is B left loft on au 01 tha tM ground dining lime llio Manure also l o unity may set Herni a n nil mis u mm mulch to 10 protect time the roots train from the Ibo notion of or freezing and thaw thiam thawing ing 1111 LOWING AND ANI I DINO lii III the states chutes It t U Is I t elu eluI n Hid I imily iii i zoning rASI uig that I lie I lit I Ii lure ci May lIll Al ILl ng th lie Ihl I favorite tim month I Ii ii ii u I limo tho toed Is lit I sown IIII The Lime host hot way to 10 FOI U Is with u a 1 drill coveting limo tho setti from an 1111 in an amu Inch and a umul a n half t In und it ad down dowum the tho nn so as nil to In draw drat up tip wu tu tuI n t I eu i from fro room I Ii by II thu he I notion action of or o t Ilium my Ii I I it lIon Tim The ii umu mm I I y of nood to sow HOW per imer ado depends upon tilt limo Holt und furl tint tl I conditions im s Ii thu h m Is III In lii be Brown To I tilt limit highest yield under um u ul It lotus nix III 1 I I or ur tout tOIl pound 1011 lid mm par mitre I ii s III In from in ill to to 20 pound HOP I lern 1111 bo be to t QUICK HAlt O In tim an experiment ou on at itt tho the Colorado station Ita to tho time loniea In cutting tumid tho LImo fol tel following folh lowing h wore scoured left lett out U 16 days daYH after cutting lout liMit 27 per lIeI cent lucern left out one OliO loit 10 poe per Ol cent lu rn 1 kUll tho the same oame 1 duty day d y as ns cut aLit and hauled to the time barn tho next duty day av lost only 6 8 per pUI cent nt of ot Its weight t tAS AS A rite average annuli I beet beef product pm an acre ot Is I pounds poun s To Lo an all equal weight of boot boef J ar from other kinds of at hay hoy would require 9 ii pounds lI of ot timothy pounds or of red lud IU clover and amid pounds of com fodder fo er erTho Thu Tho that cattle can tul be bc fattened BO 60 per cent by bythe time the tI use u of than LUau by that of other fodders fedders fu It also produces milk cheaper than any ny other othor vow cow food Lucern Is ron cou an nn excellent food foO 1 for horses cattle attie piss pigs and poultry Thurn are aro two kinds of ot IU common and The Time latter was Willi brought blought from Asia a it fw fuw years I ago ogo by the United States of ture It Is IR to II be h better time the common kind Clover r peas lIR beaus beans and many JU II II other uth JI leguminous plants are In III our state stale but the thu crop croll just discussed dl Is le by tar fill the tho most Important SCHOOL WO UK OX ON In Inthe the school room the lucern plant should be hO closely examined as IS to lu Its It method of ot growth Its leaves eA seeds E and root 1001 system s Time The seed need K Nt ought to be lie tested to determine Its lIs germin germinating power hower anti and 1111 compared with seeds c s sut of ut other othol plants so that they will bo ho h known Plants ought to be bt dug up imp toots and nil and am time the roots examined for the tIme nitrogen cn fanning nodules which are HI upon them Lucern peas IIla bonus nud other leguminous seeds should bo h planted ami thou their methods of or atlon antI and growth should bo he noted Sam Ham Samples plea ples of pe Re ds and amid time till whole plants ot all legumes grown In the state should bo bl selected and studied both hoth In time tile school chool I room and amid In the time field Out Ing different stages ot of growth It Is ii I good 1001 to make a tt theoretical geographical study as liS time till schools is do If Ir the growing of ot cotton other products not hot raised heio but hut It Is bettor better to 10 make an actual examination of at tho time wonderful more valuable more morn available plants phillis at nt home which furnish the wealth and the time conditions of or life lite tom for o BEST BESl NITROGEN COLLECTORS sweet Koet clover eloer soy soybeans soybeans o beans beM I red rd and clover clor are arc the best besl of oC LimO tho nitrogen collectors Of the time multitude of or plants of or economic time the Michigan station hilts has found tOil 11 11 that the following In lim Indicated Minin value as mis grin specially I Oil on sandy soils the lupines kidney vetch retch goats rue ruo crimson on clover and 1101 the tho vetches while the tho following gave a vo some Profuse as q a mm I food supply for tOt stock sleek crimson lIn clover l nud Japan clover For various reasons I the tho following Indicated no Imo value Rlue for tor Michigan sweet clover simIle sulla peanuts goobers Clear and lentils We Ve 0 have havo many native leguminous Ic plants In Utah making mucking the tho virgin soil soli naturally fertile IMPORTANCE OF NITROGEN Nitrogen Is ts the most Important food of plants l because It IB III tho the most dim cult for thrum thom to get Rot and aad tho the most ex expensive pensive for tor man to supply It exists free tCo In tim the atmosphere mind and n hence In tim tho th soil which normally contains n mm good 1001 deal of ot air nIl Hut But soil soli nitrogen cannot be used usel by h plants plant until It Is changed to the form of or nitrate nitro nitrogen gen by h the time nitrifying bacteria Atmospheric nitrogen cannot bo ho used by hy any nn agricultural plants excepting legumes and even leguminous plants have hare no rio power to tD obtain nitrogen from the air all unless their roots lOOts are arc provided with tho the proper bacteria As At a n rule each Important agricultural must have havo Its own particular species of bacteria BACTERIA OF TIlE THE SOIL Two groat Ireat classes of ot bacteria are In first the nitrifying and second tho nitrogen gathering |
