Show r f r f TI it would use larger quanta jonn taniel walters says no ties or cistern water it feature of home architecture will susa suS 1 rf j f arford so much comfort and be j cubic i 11 f f SO conducive to health as abend feet which Is barrels f f of water but a part of this ant supply of pure wafer cistern is not available was a time when the farmer drank his fill from the old oaken bucket that hung in the well when his bathtub consisted of an abandoned wash boiler placed out in the summer kitchen or down in the cellar when the water closet was a four foot by five foot shanty planted behind the corncrib and when on wash days the needed soft water was obtained from an old barrel that stood at the corner of the front porch but these primitive conditions are rapidly vanishing they are almost a thing of the past no one argues now as was the case then that one or two baths a month ought to be sufficient for a healthy person or that a well lighted well warmed and well furnished bathroom Is a luxury and an enfeebling detriment to the development of a robust constitution that a water closet in the house Is unhygienic and that labor saving comforts in the kitchen and laundry will make the cook lazy we all agree on these I 1 points the problem Is rather how can we get good water in sufficient quantity cheaply and effectively where it may be needed I 1 e into the bathroom the kitchen the laundry the front yard and the feed lot the first question to be answered in anny water supply problem is naturally flow much water will be needed the answer must differ in accordance with the conditions involved in the smaller towns it is usual to place since the water at the bottom contains sediment that has washed from the roof and cannot or should not ba used this leaves about cubic feet or 8 7 barrels for actual use it we assume that the cistern Is completely emptied three times a year it gives a dally consumption of just 3 cubic feet or 22 gallons per family of five members some families undoubtedly use twice as much or several times as much soft water as the quantity stated and more would bo used in many homes it the supply was more adequate and easier to obtain the water reports of large cities show much greater consumption figures because enormous quantities 0 water are being used in factories and packing houses and for street ling and building purposes the farmer should not of course be misled by these city statistics when calculating the consumption of water in the average farm home the following conservative serva tive table Is generally used to fill a bathtub requires from 8 to 20 gallons to flush a closet each time from 3 to 5 gallons to fill a lavatory from 1 to 1 gallons for sprinkling lawn per square feet from 7 to 8 gallons for soaking lawn per square feet from 15 to 20 gallons the consumption of water by farm animals depends upon the beason the feed the age and the individual bab opec th boeti con t cuty brwn fh ben on efio ao 30 ruts will a gawl afie aper ifor at rt A ef cold mater atie diflo anen efm n opened A saws foor space anaf gives d stronger ty fo an fn auries etow ppe ce fal diw attires afy cocce turn fi ancle fp abr cow nefer fo affe eff for atol nofer anaf chawn to 9 flon lat iba cows fy aae as nar faiia iby from afef off lumping lot or coca vf w raa water supply to various Fix turca minimum consumption exclusive of the water needed for lawn sprinkling at about cubic feet per year for the average family of five means a minimum of cubic feet or about 2 gallons per month or about 83 gallons per family per day or about 10 gallons per person per day while this dally allowance Is sufficient during the greater part of the ear it la generally insufficient in the four or alve summer months few homes can get along in the summer with the minimum quantity named so that cubic feet Is probably a closer estimate of the actual annual consumption of a family of five members many homes are provided with hot water cisterna cl from which the naces sary laundry and bathroom water is pressure tank with pressure gauge and hand pump drawn the average per capita consumption of soft water like that of biard water differs very much it do on the size of the cistern and he character of the plumbing fixtures much as on the size and bulto as habits of the family most its of the animal md its surrounding local conditions the following tables will gh e a good idea however horses 0 to 12 gallons a day each cattle 0 to 12 gallons a day eacle hogs 1 to 2 gallons a day each sheep 1 to 2 gallons a day each when estimating the consumption of water for larghi herds of cattle and horses old and young as they are found on the average farm it Is safe to reckon it per head at a minimum of one cubic foot a day that Is about half of the minimum amount needed for each person every one who intends to study w atar supply problems should know following relations 1 1 gallon equals cubic feet 2 1 cubic foot equals 1728 cubic inches 3 1 cubic foot equals gallons 4 1 cubic toot 0 water weighs approximately 02 pounds B 1 gallon of water weighs 8 13 1 3 pounds C 1 gallon contains cubic inches 7 81 gallons make one barrel chemically pure water Is never found in nature it can be obtained only by distillation when left in contact with common clr or with earthy or organic substances water rapidly absorbs parts of them and becomes impure even the water that falls from the clouds Is not entirely ame but contains dust particles ammonia and traces of numerous other ingredients however as most of these ad mixtures are harmless the problem Is therefore not how an entirely pure water can be obtained but rather how to obtain a water with an admixture which Is not harmful for the purpose for which it Is intended many spring or well waters contain large quantities of lime in solution this lime prevents soap from lag and lathering it make the water hard and almost insulted for laundry purposes the chemist has means to extract the lime from the water but it Is a process that could not be cheap ly introduced into the household however for drinken drink ln purposes lucli spring or well water Is not harmful other substances that are frequently held in solution by water from the earth or from rock are common salt magnesia and alkali when any of these are present la large quantities the water tastes bad and Is unfit to drink only the practical chemist by means of carefully conducted experiments can positively determine whether or not euch water can safely be used other frequent ad mixtures of water are sand or clay these may badly discolor the water but they are usually harmless the most dangerous contamination of water la produced by organic poisons and the bacteria or germs microscopically small plants these organisms invisible to the naked eye enter the intestines of man with the water which he drinks multiply there at an enormous rate when the conditions are favorable and may produce disorders diseases or death they are the more dangerous because they can not be seen in ahe water even it they exist there by the million when examined by the eye alone the liquid may appear entirely or nearly clear it la a fact however that these germs cannot live long in water which does not contain organic substances in bo called surface water 1 e drainage water from fields meadows or barnyard in water from roofs or roads or in water from forests and cemeteries they are always present it Is for this reason that cistern water Is not always so harmless as Is often assumed and that water from ponds creeks and rivers or from the old style open w ell Is positively dangerous the question Is often asked if such surface water Is generally polluted b germs why la it that the farm I 1 pump and ar pressure tank ers and their animals who drink it freely are not promptly killed tho answer ishac most germs cannot lle in the perfectly healthy body of man or animal only certain kinds of germs have the power to live and multiply within the larger animals mot of them die when they are deposited in the stomach others are harmless and still others are necessary for the purpose of digestion A comparatively small number of species produce sickness and death and the only way of avoiding the effects of their attacks Is to use only pure water or to boll all drinking water that comes from contaminated sources the refreshing taste of or well water Is due to several cause first the water coming from a low stratum in the ground Is nearly always quite cold second it contains much common air and considerable quantities of the dioxide of carbon these qualities make the water able they can be impi to tepid water artificial but not readily or cheaply water can be boiled to rid it of dangerous germs it can be cooled by ice or by means ot an ammonia apparatus the so called ice machine air and carbon dioxide can be forced through water to freshen it there are many different kinds of pumps or contrivances for lifting wa combination ANO section of house showing complete water supply and plumbing ter from wells or cisterns into the kitchen the laundry the bathroom the farmyard or into the storage tank according to the mechanical principle involved in their construction or operation they may be divided into several classes as follows 1 water hoists L e contrivances which raise water by means of buckets fastened to belts wheels or levers the old fashioned cistern pump belongs to this class another form Is the tread wheel employed in orient t 0 n hii i H r c alq V jr 1 i 3 m 1 I L ia ja i sat section of house showing location of compressed air tank electric pump and plumbing fixtures countries to raise water a few feet for irrigation still another form Is the worm hoist of which a short description may be found in almost any dictionary another form Is the old oaken bucket 2 compressed air lifts or steam lifts 1 e contrivances that hoist water by means of air or steam blown into the lower end of the outflow pipe or into closed tanks filled with water 3 centrifugal pumps or pumps that drive up the water by means of rapidly revolving tan wheels a pump form which Is used much in bridge buildings to raise water from foundation pits and in irrigation work 4 suction pumps and force pumps or pumps that hoist water by means of piston action the usual form of band pump and windmill pump the smaller kinds are single acting pumps and the large aro double acting pumps 6 hydraulic rams pumps which work automatically by the energy of a stream of water which them |