Show JS FROM THE 9 Y MAX MAN AND NATURE synopsis of four lectures on na tural theology each on organ onan 0 an of tho the body performs perform a certain worl called its function by division of labor the work done bi by the whole body is divided amon among ats organs 0 each performing 11 ar dis distinctive tive part each organ 2 is divided into tissues sugg each performing ill a distinctive share of the labor of the organ the tissues ire are again divided into cells each of which performs its share nf the labor of the tissue the life force resides in the sub stance from which the cells are formed it produces cells which sire are in some unknown dav way distria buted arid and arranged D so a as to form tissues the tissues so distributed and arran arranged ed as to forni form organs the organs so combined and united as to form bodies carl can we give auy any name but that of art and industry to this interior work performed formed in living bodies this work is a nice and progressive adaptation of means to enda end in proportion as the animal body becomes more complicated adf and has greater wants nature divides the work that tha t supports the animal mong among the different organs this the first division of labor is made by the intelligence that AVO works through h nature and we ire shall show that human industry is nothing else than the prolongation and development of the work of nature in the first place nature makes hands and arms and human industry prolongs and renders borc effective the work of these members by the use of instruments and tools that can be used by these organs nature creates teeth for 21 grinding food human industry extends that art and carries on some of its work by constructing mill to grind rind food knives saws etc with which to cut nature provides a chemical laboratory for dissolving tood food taken into the body man supplements this by devices le vices for cooking and brewing and by preparing pie paring 0 food before hand by bv means of firo fire water and salts the whole art of cooking is hut but an aid to tho the process already begun by nature nature gives us organs of locomotion which are marvels of mechanical workmanship and power human industry prolongs the ahe use of these by means of skate sleighs wagons railroads rail roada and steamships and also by taming beasts of burden nat nature ure gives us a protective covering of hair the whole art of clothes making is but the he carrying out of what nature has alread already y done for us in part and completely for all inferior animals so the building of houses is but the carrying out of the same process nature gave us eyes to see and we extend their use by means of telescopes arld and scope 9 nature gave us cars to hear bear and we extend their use by means of the telephone and phonograph it therefore appears that all our arts industries and occupations pat ions are but a further carrying out by conscious action of processes already begun and already at work beyond the sphere of our control thus human industry is not an exceptional phenomenon in nature it is the last of a series of phenomena which one a ater after r ter another with increasing 0 degree of consciousness mani manifest fe s t ahem themselves with a character essential essentially lv in namely the use of many means to reach a certain end in the organ and its function there is evidently a series of causes borki working ug to produce a certain result as the heart working I 1 ay as a force pump to distribute tire the blood to all parts odthe of the body hero the agent is not conscious of the result attained or of the action by which it is attained A step higher in instinct there are acts that evidently lead to a definite end arid and tho the animal exercising 0 it is conscious of the act itself but only dimly if at all conscious of the necessary results or th alie e purpose of the act this is ti the e case with the bee in building her cell the hen in turning her ec eggs q etc A step higher we have probably ab ly in sonic some animals L and cei certainly ceita in in man series of actions directed to an end and the actors are conscious of the acts themselves arid and of the reasons for cluing duin them or of the results to lobe be accomplished by them now we have shown that instinct is a prolongation of function and human industry is a prolongation Dg i or further carr carrying ying out of function and instinct we might explain human industry and intelligence by referring it to instinct arid and ali function tion arid and say that it is simply a natural result of the development of these laws powers and pro processes processed cesse or or bAt erwe might explain function and instinct which we do not understand awn their analogy t to 0 wc awe might say identity with human action now ilow 11 human uman action is go governed veried by b intelligence and is ia also known to lie be a envelopment of instinctive arid and functional action therefore the latter actions must be guided by intelligence li 0 gence since like effects are the production of like can causes ses the identity of function and instinct is more clearly manifest when wo we observe that that which is instinctive in somo some animals is functional in others ilius animals called viviparous bring 0 forth foith their young alive the production of the fully formed young being r an internal function of which the animal itself is unconscious in other aminia animals Is the young is not perfected in the edg before it leaves the body of ja the lie mother but is developed afterwards afterward aften vard 4 from the egr by the instinctive instinct ve care over it by bv the mother thus it would be difficult to say whether the hen ben exercises a function or an instinct in haL hatching chine tier her eggs 0 0 this function internal in iso some m e animals is ex external or instinctive in others it would also bo be difficult to say which is function and which is instinct so with the bee but building her cull cell is an in instinct and also a function for the wax with which the cell is built is already furnished by a function of the bees body arid and no doubt the bee builds in order to get rill rid of this material it is the varne rame with the spider in spinning his web the beaver in building his hir dam etc these acts acta have the three fuld a of function instinct arid and industry and it seems impossible to say eny where one ends and the other begins the rodents would scarcely know what to do with their teeth if they did oot cot gnaw with them so tle the beaver might be said to be exercising id a function an instinct and also a conscious industry in cutting down trees tree sand and building a dam we have here in oue animal an illustration that function instinct and intelligence are different steps of one inseparable series of actions it should be observed that all these actions especially function and instinct are directed to wise ends and also that uncertainty of result and hesitancy of action increase us as we pass from instinct to conscious forethought 15 what is the difference betge between on the intelligence of man inan and the function and instinct of animals the results are identical Ink instinct causes the bird to build a nest the spider to weave a snare the bee to build a cell etc but intelligence causes man to build a house I 1 to weave a coat to 10 plan the destruction of his enemy or the capture of wild animals for food human intelligence telli gence and industry are the last of a series of orderly actions foad bund in nature we know that pa part rt of the process carried on by ourselves is carried on means of what we call intelligence and will how much more 0 ought bulit we to to assume that the alie whole process of which we perform but a small part is carried on by intelligence gence and will or can the part be greater aleater than the whole for we ire are re a parts part of nature and if we have intelligence there must be mind in nature no other oilier cause than mind has ever been known to produce knives machines looms etc by me euins iu ins it t which e are fell fed anu unu clot clothed hed arid anil while ne e make by 11 lelliE tefle ent actions to im iiii abe eye mill stones stoned to grind food etc all animals in common ourselves have received reuh read made from nature machines of tio saine name sort but better mae machill hill than those with which we further carry on oil the process can we call machines that chat do the fame earne worl work the product of if intelligence telli 0 gence in one case and of chance liance in the other no the fact that function is i the working of a machine already created while human industry i the construction of lie new I 1 machi xi achino nih for enlarging upon the work of function in no way disputes the analogy that both at arc machines machin cs both do the same kind of wor kinc merely prolongs prolong the work of tire the other no one denit that in the llie process is tin the work of mind therefore eith aith i matter is in itself intelli intelligent 0 ent and esthe is the cause and explanation t 0 mind or mind directs matter and is bom some beurce higher 41 than mere matter that the latter hypothesis hypo thiis is more reasonable is proved from our own exper uin in which mind does direct mato and mould it to its use and service we have c constant 0 n Is t alit know knowledge knowledg leg 1 n I mind matter and creating al all I 1 sorts of thin things ca out of it but aut we have no aptitude for conceiving conc eivin hoid matter can use or direct mind since man is at the of nature arid only carries out part of the great plan observable in nature it foll tim that the author of the is not nature herself for that thai would place the rest of nature man main which is absurd Lb surd the rule of logic that says liko like causes produce like effect is and since we knowin takes intelligence 0 and will to carry on our part of nature na work we also know that it takes take like power to carry on the whole process of which we perform but a part J A christansen i LOCALS The class in physics has taken up the study of electricity Lar language guage lessons are to be taken up in 1 methods of teaching to today day the class in physiology is now studying 0 the bones bon es of the human skeleton f the class in english classics is now reading story of Eva it kal 4 hould n bo be at the 1 nov 21 2 1111 tha A good program g r bl fit islo is to be e rendered many new students en entered school 01 at the beginning of thi term arid and they are coming M in every every day yet probes professor or miller says that about the best way to get new facts concerning history is to read examination papers at the Philonia thic friday evening J A gave a very interest interesting 12 lecture subject naturel Na theology monday our drawing class completed the study staily of tho the cube they will now try drawing the cylinder in its various positions |