Show M nd aud iamie Rii eray nv j nf like matter is in ill EC like matter J L it may be changed in form but no part of it can call he be obliterated lite rated coal burus buru fiand and all that is left apparently is tile the bell hut but there are other elements which leavo passed off in in invisible form forin in ill gases frases etc it is quito quite 0 generally Z understood that nothing in tile material can call be dest destroyed roved hut but few reco recognize recognise 0 nize the fact that the heat in coal caused by the I 1 uniting illi ting of its clo elements ments earbon carbon hydrogen 1 etc with tile the oxygen of the air ail is is but the liberating 0 of the energy stored up 1 by the sull FUH many hundreds of years scars ago in ill the vegetation tio of which thecial the coal is composed heat and energy have thus far been considered consider etl as synonymous terms cicat bleat is one line forni form of energy cj I 1 and in fact almost every everi to form ill of energy may mil bo be traced to heat as its gour seand ultimate end work is applied energy tit the c amount of energy in the world his has practically no limit but the amount that may be converted into work is somewhat circumscribed A any n N form of energy may be conn converted arted into is ork but much of it is in such forni form that the expense involved in its ita application is s much greater than the return 1 every very square foot of the ilic sun suns surface give out every minute lica heat t equivalent to ll 11 orso horse power if a fraction of this could be bc utilized it would add greatly to our pos possibilities zi bili ties cs we do utilize a yet very y small fraction of the cicat of the sun still through b the agency of water in our water power but this is ie so 0 o ver very small in in comparison with tile alie total that it is hardly worthy of mention we frequently frequent read of it discovery of perpetual motion this phantom has been given more consideration oil than an any other imhof impossibility si that has ever occupied the alie mind of man that it is an utter impossibility is ie evident to any one who will study the forces of nature if the time given icca to seeking for perpetual motion and to kindred subjects were given to the study of the natural known laws the world would be much the wiser the man who will invent some nican 8 by which tile energy no now w at it our command may all or even tho the greater portion of it be converted into useful work will receive as much w aage from the world as the anve inventor nt or of perpetual motion could hope for the mechanical equivalent of heat is 72 foot pounds that is lie file heat required to raise one pound of water at its C greatest density oi 01 c do dc areu Faren fahrenheit heit is equivalent to the energy required to raise lbs ibs one root foot or one lb ib ft we lve consider the team steam engine one of the greatest means of applying force at our command and one the absence of which would in a great measure stop tile worlds progress 0 were lvere it possible that this principle might be revoked the world would be revolutionized yet tile the steam engine with all its merits is ie one of the most wasteful machines in existence lit in the best steam benl enl engines ines less jess than one eleventh part of the energy stored in the coal is converted into work and less than that part into useful work the above facts are given for a double purpose first to lead those who might 0 be interested in ill tile laws governing out our prime mover to an ail investigation M aaion and study of the powers which surround them second colt to make clear thy the fact that in the application of energy 0 or putter we ive can nos noi gut ra ct something 6 for nothing moreover when we use sonic mechanical 1 agent I ent the same law holds true as when alu n wo we use a 1 commercial agent tho rho IN work ork in the former like the price in the latter is advanced we nc inest pay our agent the iner merchant charit may sell ns its the cheaper than we have procured them without liis hir till aid in III like manner with the machine we may reach the desired end with greater ease by its use ilbe but the required energy has been put forth and ome tome t of I 1 1 it lias has bet been 11 lost work appears lit in any form forin its equi equivalent or more than is ifs it s equivalent of energy buerg atia h huic ave 1 disappeared I isy in machines machine ener enery energy t y ih fis walace wai bcd in li eating cating of bearings 0 d due tic to friction and in numerous other ways depending in upon construction one of the f forms of tile the machine is the lever tit in using the lever there is very little lost ener energy py since itice 5 work is the overcoming of resistance through space ail any crushing of tile the fill fulcrum crum or bending beldim of the bar is loss of energy which ahiel i appears in cicat in the materials of which they are arc composed if the power and weight act parallel in the lever the power rilay may be found by multiplying 6 the he weight by its distance fro from the fulcrum and dividing by the distance of the from the fulcrum 0 or r I 1 if the power is given eiven the wei weight lit that may inay I 1 be raised raise is found by b multiplying multiply in tile power powel by its distance from the fulcrum and dividing liv idill by tile the distance of tile the isei weight n lit from the ful fullum if tile the power is twice IH as far front from the fulcrum as tile weil weight ailt it il requal flics a t power only to one half tile weight but lit it must move through twice the thellis distance that all the weight moves lot 10 t energy is I 1 here tere disregarded A system of known as block anil and tackle or tackle mocks locks li is another lOther tI ample forni form of tile ilia machine lit in this ca case cac c alfo power is gained only at the expense eapen zo of distance if we wish to 00 I 1 pounds and exert a force equal only to pounds this force must list ll 11 pass is iqs through 11 live five times the alie distance that the lie weight is rai cd the means liy by which this ilia may lie be accomplished complis hed is by so s o arranging k 0 the system thit that the number of ropes by which the weight is slip supported pOrted is i five each bearing oil anc c fiat 11 of the t 11 e it would lie be necessary to have tile power enough licater icat r than hau pounds to overcome the friction in the pulley I 1 This would lie the loit lo it work the only advantage n 1 gained by tile use ilse of a ingle pulley i is duo to change of direction another anoche r simple i machine in common uso is is the jack crew py ny its use very TIT heavy weights 0 may allay ile be rai raicel ra icil oil it pe iiii thit tile exertion is small compared with tile I 1 it seems wonderful that by a ples pies sure of say fifty pounds on it a bar that two tons toils may ile bu raised but by invests investigation I 1 aaion we find f that tit it in older to rake rii e the two tivo tons toils one fine incle the fifty pounds pressure must pass through eighty ur or six and two thirds tr I 1 i ads frit fe t an additional additional force would be ne necessary essary to overcome friction the tame saine law holds hold if wo we with to gain bain speed we must do di it at the expense 0 of it power it takes very little force indeed to move the balance is alicel of a watch yet ret the main main spring is quite stron strong g bikit the main skiing cylinder making ing 0 only ci ciglio revolutions causes the balance wheel to oscillate lato late the equal of revolutions thus the power exerted by the main maill spring must be 0 O times eliat ali a t required rca aire 4 I 1 to move the balance wheel hence we find that there is no gain gain in in at solute absolute work by the use uc of a machine tile thu only advant advantage go being in ill tile method illethe 1 I of application of the force this adv advantage antan ill in many cases I 1 is very great reat indeed especially in ill cases where the force is small and the speed is very great or rice vice ver acra sa isy by means of the ho machine also inanimate power may inay be usco to it 11 much r greater extent lit and greatly reduce tile lie cost of production thus we find it i is iut but idle folly to 0 o seck any III supernatural power or gain any ail y advantage from following other than the unchangeable unc laws las that we tind rind in nature wf must give ire an ail exact equivalent for what we receive receive N nature lias has no bankrupt stock to dispose of and never sells below cost there is however abundant room for improve ill ing the methods of appl applying yin 0 ia na 10 ture s bounty |