Show I GRAPE GRAP GRAPIS IS IS ONE JF OF S SUREST ST FRUIT C CROPS OPS J I Ir r i I l I I U II II II J i iA A B C CVine f Vine at Different Ages Showing Training by Horizontal System System System-A A Pruned Vine In Its Third Year B Pruned Vine In Its Fourth Year C Vine In Its Fourth Year When planting grapes the exposure should be to the sun as os this fruit revels revels revels rev rev- els in sunshine and the place should admit of oC cultivation on all sides One or fir two year ear old vines may be used At planting time the tips Ups should be cut cutback cutback cutback back three o or four tour eyes and ond the Ule roots well spread out Fine soil solI should be dug so so that the roots ma may be about six Inches below the soil solI surface and andell well ell spread out Fine soil solI should then be worked around them and well firmed down If the season should be bedry bedry dry a mulch of coarse litter may be spread around the vine l If all the buds start the stronger one or two may be allowed to grow v. Remove the others In order to understand the growing of grapes it should be borne in mind that fruit Is borne on wood of ot the present season which arises from wood of the previous season To illustrate II- II lustrate a growing shoot or cane of 1015 makes buds In l 1915 1015 15 a shoot arises from each bud and near the base of this shoot the grapes are borne orne on one of four clusters on each While every bud on the l 1915 1015 15 shoot may produce shoots or cane in 1916 1 16 only he tile strongest of these will bear fruit Th The Tha skilled grower grape-grower can an tell by bylie bythe the lie looks o of las IBS cane at pruning time which lucli buds will give rise to the grape- grape producing wood the following season The he larger and stronger buds usually give best results but i If the cane Itself itself Is s very cry big find and stout or if It Is very verJ weak weal and slender he lie does not expect good g results from nn any of its buds A Ahard hard lurd well-ripened well cane cune the diameter of Dr f a U tunas mans little finger is the ideal size ize o. o Another thing to remember Is this a vine should bear only a limited number number numer num- num ber er of clusters only from 30 to 80 should be allowed to develop on one onet t l. l t. t t C J L hW t J. J rr A Y r I t.- t. lJ 11 r r. r v kit B. B b iJ I r Pruned and Vine at Different Different Differ Differ- ent Ages Showing Renewal System of Pruning Pruning Pruning-A A Second Year B i Third Year C Fourth Year D Un Un- pruned Vine in Its Fourth Year vine lne If a n vine is strong enough to bear 30 clusters of grapes about 15 should be left at pruning time and If strong enough to bear SO 80 clusters 40 10 buds should be left lett With these principles in mind It will willbe willbe be seen that the essential operation In pruning grapes is to cut back a limited number of the best canes to o afew ti n few buds each ench season and entirely remove re- re move Inove the others The more Usual method at the present time is to cut rut the canes back to S 8 or 10 buds and to leave but 3 or 4 canes all of ot which should start from near the head bead or trunk of ot the tho vine Ine New arms should be taken out from year ear to year as na the bearing wood gets farther away from tho the trunk There are various ways in which the objects of pruning are are are- For Por Instance the growth and aud health of ofa a plant are promoted and the size of the fruit is Increased 1 by removing all the he diseased parts am and suckers 2 by shortening extended I shoots side shoots and laterals 3 3 by putting upright the part whose rapid growth is desired and aud 4 by removing the fruit buds or fruit Th The plant Is retarded In growth and made mad to bear benr earlier and richer fruit b by Shortening the leading shoots and leav leav- ing the fruit bearing wood and by lending bending down the branches and ring 1 pruning them The healing of ot wounded wound wound- ed and antl diseased plants Is promoted by removing remo the Injured parts and antl dressIng dressing dress- dress Ing ng the wood The head of ot a plant plants plantis is s renewed by cutting off orr the branches above the head Is made to grow thicker by cutting back the outer branches and to grow thinner by amputating am ain all nIl canes on which there Is Isoo Isoo too oo much growth There are so many ninny species of grapes each having peculiarities of or orIts Its ts own and therefore responding most readily to certain cultural methods methods- that each grower must In a measure use his own judgment in the matter of training raining the vines There are many more or l less ss popular methods of or o training raining all of which have some goo good points and according to location locution and other considerations have been used usell successfully The principal methods of training are ire as follows The trellis the high high- renewal or upright uptight s system stem horizontal arm irm spur system horizontal block block- system the fan fun system the Hudson horizontal system four cane Kniffin system umbrella or two two cane cane Kniffin s system stem Munson l system overhead overhead Ca Caywood system Chittenden system f multiple wire cross s system stem or overhead over over- over over- head ead arbor overhead trellis or par 1 vales ales system wire cross-wire s system stem the spur pur stool or short pruning system used in most ine vineyards ards in ia the long or cane pruning system also used in California Vines Vine trained rained on trellises are comparatively I rare are in California Grapes do not require stimulating fertilizers Woof ashes about one- one half alf bushel per vine is one of the best best fertilizers to apply An application of or three pounds per vine of the following followIng follow- follow Ing ng mixture is recommended by some of f the experiment stations Ninety pounds acid phosphate 90 pounds kalnit and 20 pounds cottonseed meal Grapevines are sometimes girdled or r ringed for the purpose of hastening hastenIng hasten- hasten Ing ng maturity and fruitfulness Experiments Experiments ments at the experiment stations In New York Tork and Massachusetts l show that hat fruit on ringed vines Is sometimes sometimes some some- times lines ten days daJ's to two weeks earlier than on vines and larger both joth in bunch and berry Shoots bearing bear bear- Ing the bunches are ringed between the fruit ruit on and the arm firm bearing the shoot The ringing should be done when the grapes rapes are arc about third one grown a aing aring aring ring ing of bark about one Inch wide being being beng be- be ing ng removed from the arm or shoot implements for this purpose are to toI tobe tobe be had I |