Show EARTH ROADS necessary tools and machinery needed for building USE OF ELEVATING GRADERS machine may iba operated ope rated successfully with 25 horsepower tractor or twelve well trained horses horace scrapers sera pen and prepared specially by tho united states department of 0 agriculture the uso of cleva elevating tIng grinds Is sometimes desirable lit the lie construction of earth roads thu the essen thil features of this tire arc i it plow with 11 n heavy III nil pip elevating belt it n suitable frame for supporting ilia ho plow and belt bell and driving nud mid adjusting mechanisms for operating tile belt bell and controlling the ole work tin the plow loosens 14 ilia and throws it onto auto the be belt balti which conveys and d deposits li it either in tho the roadbed or wago graders are adapted os cs specially ally to up lip with froin sli borrow til ditches along ulong each side of it lilt ho rond road tiey they also may inny be usei 0 to o ml ad vali in excavating long shallow through cuts cun and loading the mut erial thus excavated into wagons for use in building up till tit nt other points tin tilt latter use however IM restricted tu to where there Is space sinco to operate lio ilia grader ri and nt at tho the same time passage way for the lie tennis duns lilt binl to fol low under the alio end of the lie licit belt to rc calve tile successive loads fill n ilia grittier cruder Is drown drawn forward operating elevating grader it Is 18 customary to employ empl oy a 0 traction engine for operating ilia grader thoi iRli tennis tire used saint til limps tilliea lieg ordinarily ilia lio innel itne inny bo be operated successfully either a 25 borso power tractor or with 32 well horses the ritto rate nt at which carth c ann cnn nn ila ho ex ted with till nil elevating grader la Is relatively very high alien conditions tire favorable and ilia lie grader call lie in kept moving lilt kut there fire it number of rather com parts about such a which get t ct out of order and the lio work also Is usually by ninny many unforeseen contin genales gen cles such ns is hogging bogging of the lie wheels rhems choking of the ilia plow or the llie elevator bolt bell occurrence or of burled buried stumps or stones lit in tile etc for these reasons the actual ell cit fifi city of ole votIng graders considered over a long period seldom self loin li Is wore more than about one third or ono one half oo 00 t rated capacity and where ilia Is loaded into wagons its it to Is other carth unusually to loosen hither typo Is drown drawn by fon horses or lit in soine some cases ty by n traction ruction angine and Is operated liy by chrep filen including ilia lie driver such plows liver iner nebout pounds lit in weight nail mill isell tit nt oil nn average price of from froin 1 12 l S to 10 18 lint heavier alowa of this 11 i hillige in III cost up lip to about 10 30 sive rago will soll conditions ley inny bo b hindu to turn him it furrow about 7 er cr 8 indies inches derp deep ind find from 8 to 10 inoichi in ban wide tin the plows plo akry toil con in III weight and selling larico arko but cost more than ilia turn plows otte ono renson for tit thu higher cost on is that lint the ibo must he bo ninde of it very aty high grade of steel lit in order older to bu be durable drug DHIR scrapers nn in III llor l 1 horse lor l borso wid 2 horse biros leh have re rated of 3 1 5 and 7 s cubic net feet drug scrapers have lin till 1111 wi eit ilAy of if fro ft 75 7 ti uld mid un ill I 1 nf capa elty of about three fourtly f tile rated capacity the price f a 0 b 1 factory averages from ft 4 to 0 6 por per scraper in III operating drug sc ropers the eris erh bulbo inny loud load and empty tile alio semper but frequently it la Is eco leal to 0 o provide litho for this purpose with a imul amul length of fit fret feet into nix file tel lills moving stead lly ono one laborer should bo be able to lond tir or empty nud mid the material for about three sern pers VM for scraper work to ln be effective eff n ettive tile mater ifil to ho be excavated excavate must bo a thoroughly plied by li tho plows und and 6 trva frea froin aiom large roots or stones sto ius airro mich obstructions occur little ho 1 saved 1 ly having them removed by hand liand during lio ho process of plowing tile ti binell organization for carrying on rond road work orli with frnk drag sern pers Is anade till dp ns no fol fill lows vorce I 1 foreman 4 to in 0 6 scraper drivers 2 laborers fur for loading scra scrapers pets 2 laborers for dumping and up reading 1 driver for plow Ila 1 boier to lo liola plow I 1 for trimming shoulders etc 4 in n 0 two borso tennis tor for scrapers io 1 or r 2 two horse horge for foil plow to tit I 1 man 14 insurers Inbur ers cro aud and 1 7 I teams tools roots 6 ira scrapers capacity 5 cubic feet ag 1 0 plow baxes 2 2 ahei 2 3 bevels mattocks matto the force fotto employed should vary soine what fill tho 1110 jintil length illich ilch Is usually between 25 feet oni feet under average nM inK condil lorm nn lilt lion ilon such its hint nuovo mow move from froin to vio cubic yards of barth per lier 10 hour day alny objectionable feature at an objectionable or of dang scraper work aik oik la is that ilia tend to settle very tito deitson Is lint hint tile successive londa loads tire not dispread api riia out uniformly ui its they tire iro duvil wil but bill III nio deposited fig i 11 slon ot of rather coment comp nt cores corca with thol splices spaces ot of com colt loose mater hil thol loose W lass awl TYPICAL CRO CROSS SECTION FOR POAD W M width of toad between ditches not less ls than 20 0 fett affet 0 avanes varies vanes from 2 feel a 6 feet depending on the rainfall fa ind and araas raj varies fr from 1 i inch to the foot for grado aw to I 1 inch to lo tig I 1 the foot for fora a 0 of ax S ed ea tile actual cupa capacity city at 0 tile machine may lie ile reduced still furi further fusilier lier 1 cevat ing graders 0 the size used ordinarily in rond road aik work oik lieve love it rated capacity of about cubic yards per hour use of scrapers Scrap erB wagons etc to T grade it road of oily considerable length no mutter matter where it la Is located usually will require n ail amount lount of work woric with devices other oilier than tho the grading ichino int and elevating grader the latter machine na as previously explained may inny avry avery economical for special conditions condit lons to which they tire adopted adapted hut but these special conditions prevail for filore than short stretches of rond without sections in which require that hint a delit relit id large volume of material ho bo moved from excavation to einband ment within a distance of only it 11 few hundred feet figure 1 shows u typical cross crash section for put fui earth road chere ilia grading macli lne hardly could be used advantageously except for tile rond road surface to accomplish com work of till kind eco icalla the devices for loosening loading and hauling the material must nil IIII bo adapted to turning around quickly tn in it ii emilli splice all und not infrequently must lie tsuch as to be handled readily over vcr very cry rough lough ground such mettle uy wagons wheeled scrapers dasig pers and plows therefore should firul a part pan of 01 the equipment on oil practically till rood road grading broj ecim acl clio chaleo of proper implements to t employ in moving mat erint from ex cava cavatino tinn to depends farat on oil the nature anil of tit ahn to IP be moved lind and second on thio length of amul imul lit in i hure liro thit consists of earth it IB plows ilow nil and the economico method of hauling in hi fixed by tilt tl length about na as follows fol lowB for lengths if f not IW fet feet drug drag for lengths k of haul between feet and GOO fret feet heeled sc for lengths of haul above GOO COO feet wagons where the material consists of solid rock it must be loosened by drilling and blasting and eways Is battled lo in wagon or carts regardless of the haul length types of plow UMI tivo typed of oe plows commonly aro are used lit in road grading gril ding one is in tho ilia typo type generally used for loosening bollan while hlll the other Is IK used lor break ing ine up louo lode road surfaces anti and material settles more flinn tile lio colt coin packed hoofs and lili lids settle produces packets lit in tile surface which hold water liter and gradually ile he conic cattle deepened under law hj acolon of at traffic use ue wheeled scrapers wheeled scrapers are used it to a greater Kni ilir extent jn in rond elther drug drog scrapers or tho th reason for this Is IH that in road work the baul length fulls falls more frequently aban otherwise lllian willian ll liln tho fur for which wheeled Ne fire sey KUY crul different sizes of sudi scrapers tire nry it in its line tile size most ailts lilts lin nn III load capacity of from froin 11 to 10 15 cubic feet no cording cord ln to how tit alio load Is in fiva lynnd lied scrapers of thim size lly fly sell for fruin from W 35 to 50 t f 0 1 factory lit in opera wheeled merti liers tile liu ls Is loosened liy fly plowing odis rl in lio innizer ninni Hr til ready aind la is loud ed cil by ilia die nallon nc tl of thy file scraper two to boroug usually niu aru built clent to draw the schoper after it Is li loli bilut 11 team colle 1 I it 11 til latell teft ill Is 19 lilt ched in III nt at fill front of UK aniio to jn III loading loti Illig slin slindell tell tellin should consist co nilst s of 0 either two to or threat horses according to tit character of tile material und allt switch nam should serve se aeverill verill scrapers the londing wid dumping of tin the sern purs are done liy by lubor ern provided for that purpose pur roio and not dot by tile drivers A chinall organization for varr carrying yIng tit oil gri tiled with uh wheeled scrapers allay lit he inneo up about as ab given alven below force 1 0 to 11 drivers 1 for plow lne i 2 la horora for loading scrapers 3 laborera labor cra for or dumpich and spread liis 1 1 laborer to win trim aloies oto ate 1 I 1 iwo horsa team tor for plow fir ato 4 to 8 two hoime fm scrapers bior 1 or 2 two to horto horse tin rach teama f total I 1 foreman ito 17 laborers labor cra it 11 tennis T 0 VIA N w wheeled lice teil scrapers tc capacity it II tp to is 16 ell cu tile feet acot 1 road plow i low 2 ich a 2 2 aboa xem 1 S eli ovela t the force em plo should vary w with ith the jintil length usually feet to a COO CM feet six to eight scrapers should be employed where tile the haul exceeds feet where lic ono one 1 of the snatch tennis telling may inay ila ho lined to ns as slat hist ilia plow team na an outfit should move inove froin to cubic yards of earth per 10 hour bour dy day |