| OCR Text |
Show What Is the tIle Human Mind MindIs ? Is "Mind'Reading MindReading "Mind-Reading "Mind Mind Reading "Mind Mind " " ' . - Reading " " Poss Possible ble ? , : Duke University Experiments May Prove ProveExistence ProveExistence Existence of Telepathy . By WILLIAM WILLIAl\1 WILLIAl 1 \ C . UTL UTLEYMISTER UTLEY UTLEYTVriSTER Y MISTER TV/riSTER TV riSTER / , have you ever ever"played ever"played ever1V1 "played played " a hunch hunchTransacted " ? Transacted a business busmess deal dealagamst dealagainst dealagainst agamst against your better Judgment judgmentbecause judgmentbecause , because "something something "somethmg somethmg " told you youto youto youto to " ? Moved over to a new newfishmg newfishing newHshmg fishmg fishing spot because you "had had " "hada hada " a feeling feelmg " the bass would be bethereand bethereand bethere there-and there and - and they were were7 were7Lady ? ' Lady , , has your ' ' intuition 'mtwtIon mtwtIon " ever evertold evertold evertold told you anything anythmg your eyes and andcars andears andcars cars ears could never discern ? Almost everyone has e penenced experienced experiencedthese experiencedthese penencedthese these things thmgs or known someone else elsev.ho elsewho elsewho v.ho vho who . has Some tell of or the most moststarthng moststartling moststartling starthng startling e experiences penences " < with a sincere sincereconvIction sincereconviction sincereconviction convIction that cannot be demed denied demedOf deniedOf deniedOf Of dreaming dreammg that a n dear relative relativehas relativehas relativehas has died , and finding upon investi investl- investl Investi- investlgahon Investigation investigation - - gation gahon that it is true , ofultmg of \ writing \ultmg ultmg on onsudden onsudden onsudden sudden impulse to a friend who has hasnot hasnot ' not been Heard lieard Beard from in 111 3 ) vcars ears , only to reCel\ reCel receiv receive reCele \ e'a ea e 'n n ' a letter , written wntten by the thefrIend thefriend thefriend frIend on the tile same kind kmd of Impulse impulsein Impulsem m in the next ne\.t ne.t ne .t t ' \ . mail matl , of experiencingan e.perlCncmgan e.periencmgan e\.perlCncmg e.perlCncmg e .perlCncmg perlCncmg e.periencmg eperiencmg ' \ . an Ine inexplicable , < plIcable premonition premomhon whIle whIlevlslhng whilevisiting whilevisiting vlslhng visiting that there is a fire at home homeand , , and rushing rushmg there ) just ust in time tlmc to torescue torescue torescue rescue the baby from a flamIng flammg flamIngdea flammgdeath flamingdeath flamingdeathWhat dea death th deathWhat thWhat What is the explanation7 e\.planahon e.planahon e .planahon planahon explanation ' \ . ? ' Chance ChancecOIncIdence Chancecoincidence Chancecoincidence7 cOIncIdence ? ' Or ' ' sixth sI\.th sI.th sI .th th ' \ . sense " . , . . , . . . "mind mind "mmd mmd " reading ' ' . . . . . , . telepa telepathy th , ) ? Is there any mcins me"1ns me1ns means " of reaching reaclung the themInd themind themind mInd other than through the five fiverecorded fiverecorded fiverecorded recorded physical senses senses7 ? ' SClCnce Science SClCncebas Sciencehas Sciencehas bas has scoffed in ill m the past But today todaya a controversy fanned by newspaper newspaperstones newspaperstories newspaperstories stones stories , popular books and radio pro pro- programs programs programs - grams has whetted the country to a anew anew anew new boom of interest in telepathy telepathyScoffers telepathyScoffers telepathyScoffers Scoffers are still in the majority maJonty . . , .but but . but few of them can e explain , < plaln away awaythe awaythe awaythe the amazing amazmg implications of certam certain certame.penments certainexperiments certainexperiments e\.penments e.penments e .penments penments experiments e.penmentsh1Ch ' \ . which \\h1Ch h1Ch \ \ of recent months monthshave monthshave monthshave have fascinated fascmated millIonsWhat millionswhat millions millionsWhat What Is the \ Blind l\1md l 1md Mind ? These arc are the e experiments penments " < con conducted conducted conducted ducted by Dr J B Rhine Rhme and sev several several scveral eral associates in the department of ofpsychology ofpsychology ofpsychology psychology of Duke university umverslty , , at atDurham atDurham atDurham Durham , , N C Of late an adapta adaptatlon adaptation adaptation tlon tion of these experiments expenments has been beenemployed beenemployed beenemployed employed by the Zenith Zemth Foundahon Foundation Foundationin FoundahonIn Foundationm In m a weekly weehly Sunday Sunda ) night mght radio radlo pro program program program gram which WhlCh invites mVItes listeners to be become become become come "guinea guinea "gumea gumea " pigs P1gS " in the Interest Interestof interestof of science . , Dr Rhine Rhme sought an answer , or rather some hope of an answer , , to tothe tothe tothe the age old questions What is the thehuman thehuman thehuman human mind7 mmd minds ? Where does it belong belongif if an ) ; > where , , in the scheme of OUI out OUIknowledge outknowledge ouiknowledge knowledge as a whole7 whole wholes ? " . . . . , . . . It If a century of Inveshgahon investigation investigationby Inveshgahonby by hundreds of able minds mmds has left leftthe leftthe leftthe the nature of the mind mmd still so pro profoundly profoundly protoundly foundly obscure , " he writes wntes in New NewFrontiers NewFrontiers NewFrontiers Frontiers of the Mind , " his book bookIuch bookvvhrch bookwhich \\Iuch Iuch vvhrch \ is currently a best seller , 'It It 'ItIS ' it itis itis IS not easy elsy : to go on hoping hoplllg that thatbeatmg thatbeating thatbeating beatmg beating the same pathways of re reserch research reseirch se\rch se rch search ' \ , , even for another htUldred hundred htUldredyears hundredyears hundredyears years , will bring brmg us to the goalIf goal . . If the recognized and the usual usualIn usualin In our search have so far failed us usit , It is time bme to turn in m the ma matter Her of ofour ofour ofour our method , to the UNrec08nJzed UNrecognized UNrecogmzedand UNrec08nJzedand UNrecognizedand and the UNusual " Thus he explams'why explains explams why \'why 'why \ ' Duke UnI urn UnIverslly.s urnversrtys university-s- university s universityspsychology verslly.s versllys versrtys . - - psychology department departmentseven departmentseven departmentseyen seven years ago began a long and andlabonous andlaborious andlaborious labonous laborious In\ In inv investigation Inestlgatlon \ estlgatlon estigation of what he hecalls hecalls hecalls calls 'exh exh ' ' exli extia a sensory sensory sencor ; , ) percephon- percephon perception- perception percephonthe perceptionthe perception " - the ability of certain certam persons to per percelve perceive perccive celve ceive through some channel other otherthan otherthan otherthan than the senses as we know them Students , faculty members and andtheir andtheir andtheir their families intct in ! - fict -tct tct Fact almost any anyone an nn anone ; > oneho one \ who \\ho ho vvho \ could be interested mtercsted , were weresought weresought weresought sought as the subjects of the tests testsPreference testsPreference testsPreference Preference was given to those vvlmo vvlmocould \ whocould \ ho hocould could recall some psychic 'pSYChIC ' ' ' expo exporience e cxpcnence , < pe penonce nonce rience in m their 11\ 11 lives 11es lies \ es or in m their fam famIlles famlies familics Illes lies ( , on the assumption that they theymlght theymight theymight mlght might be bcttci bettel better subjects subJccts for ESP ( extn extr"1 extr1 extra " scnsoiy senS01Y sensory perception percepl10n ' ' ) e\.pLr e.pLr e .pLr pLr expcr e.pLriments expcrirents cxporiments cxporimentsHow ' \ . iments irents imentsHow irentsflow How flow Tests Were 1'crc 1crc % ' \ BIidc l\hdc l hdc Made . . Dr Rhine Rhme and his associates aSSOC13tes de devIsed devised devised vIsed a special deck deLk of 25 cards as asstandard asstandard t:1I1dard t1I1dard standard : equipment for the tests testsThe testsThe testsThe The deck contained five cards each eachof eachof eachof of five different dlITerent characteis characleis characters a asqual asquare asquaic squal square e , , a cross a Cll cucle circle cle , , a star and anda a series senes of wa wavy wavytines wavy ) ImesHere tinesHere 'mcs mcs Imes tines 'mcsHere ' Here is an exa example ple of how one oneof oneof oneof of the eailicst eallicst earliest tests tcsts worked The e experimenter penmenter " < took a shuffled shumed pack packof packof packof of ESP cards , in unknown order orderand , and laid them before him , face facedown facedown : facedown down The subject subeet ) was asked to toconcentrate toconcentrate . concentrate upon the cards while whilethe whilethe whilethe the experimenter e\.penmenter e.penmenter e .penmenter penmenter ' \ . removed them themfrom themfrom themfrom from the pack , one at a time timewithout , wllhout without looking loohmg at them The sub sub- subJect subject subject - ject called for each cird crd card , the symbol symbolwlucIl symbolwhich symbolwhich wlucIl which first flashed into his mmd mind mmdThe mindThe mindThe The call was recorded When the theentire theentire theentire entire pack had been disposed of ofand ofand ofand ( and the original ongmaI order m"1mtamed m1mtamed maintained muntaincdthe " ) ) the actuil actu\l actu l actual ' \ order of the cards would wouldbe \ wouldbe ould ouldbe be observed and checked agaInst agaInstthe againstthe againstthe the order cillcd c"1lled c1lled tilled " by the subJectSince subjectSince subject subjectSince Since there were five cards each eachof eachof eachof of five different dlITerent symbols in a pach pack packpure , pure chance would permit permlt a l : correct correctcall correctcall correctcall call of 1 card in 5 or 5 cards In in25 25 But more than a few of Dr DrRhme's DrRhine's DrRhine's DrRhines Rhme's Rhmes Rhine's Rhines ' subjects'were subjects \ were \'were 'were ' found to be benble beable beable nble able to call consistently an average averageof of far more than 5 right nght out of cvery every every25 25 ca1 caids cards ds , , in m a scucs se1lCS seucs of 01 : several thou thousand thousand thousand sand runs through throubh throujh , freshly shumed shuffled shumedpacks shuffledpacks shuffledpacks packs Some of the consistent lugh high lughscorers highscorers highscorers scorers at times hmes scored 21 and C\ C cv Cen even25 \ en 2'5 25 ' hits out of a possible 25 The Thechance Thechance Thechance chance odds against agamst such perform perform- performances performances performances - ances , , even in thousands of runs runsthrough runsthrough runsthrough through the cards are so enormous enormousas as to be of astronomical D.stronomlcal Dstronomlcal . propor propor- proportions proportions proportions - - tions ' ' Subjects who under the right can con candItlons conditions conditions dItlons ditions , , could consistently call from from6 6 5 to 10 or 12 cards per 25 ofTered offered ofTeredwere offeredwere offeredwere were not highly unusual The ' ' rIght rIghtcondItions rightconditions rightconditions condItions " were a feeling feelmg of can con confidcnce confidcnce ! fidence fidcnce in their ESP ability abtllt abilrt ) , ) , interestin mterestIn mterest interest In theYork the \ work \York York and physical and mental mentalwakefulness mentalwakefulness mentalwaketulness wakefulness E\ E Even Een \ en the best sub sub- subJects subjects subjects - jects were found to slip bick b"1ck b1ck back " to tothe tothe tothe the chance average when they the ) were wereself wereself wereself self conscious , skeptical of theIr theIrablhty theirability theirability ablhty ability at the time or growing boredSuch boredSuch bored boredSuch Such subjects found little appre appreclable appreciable appreciable clable ciable differences in their averages averageswhen averageswhen .hen hen when , . they called the cards 'down down 'downthrough ' downthrough downthrough through ' the pack , that is , Wlthout without Wlthoutthe withoutthe withoutthe the observer removing removmg any cards un untit untit until tit the whole 25 had been called calledCom calledCons calledCony Com Cons meed mced raced : ESP rSP Is Answer . , In fact it made little dlfTerence difference dlfTerencewhether differencewhether differencewhether whether or not they were in the thesame thesame thesame same room with wllh the recorder Tests Testswere Testswere Testswere were conducted exhaustively wIth wIthsubJect withsubject withsubject subJect and experimenter expenmenter in m rooms rooms100 100 and 250 yards apart , a telegraph telegraphsIgnal telegraphsignal telegraphsignal sIgnal sIgnal'would \ would \'would 'would ' indicate each ten sec sec- - seconds seconds seconds - onds that a new card had been beendran beendrawn beendrawn dra\\n dra n drawn \ by the experimenter e\.perlmenter e.perlmenter e .perlmenter perlmenter ' \ . from fromthe fromthe fromthe the pack and the subject would . " ' - - - " . , . - . - - - . " . - 4 + . " Ex , 4 9 ) . ? t tr \ \ 5 s W 4 'bas bas 'basw ' r t / Yo f I II I 6 6Ysfpy w + nr ' Ysfpy 11 : ' Ya ' t as asc c I ; Yaa a k3rr ft " " " 9Y 9YRSaf9e RSaf9e Q Qvx -vx/ vx - vxq vxt 9 / q ' rYt , ! F 8 9 9T T a aQ Q 9 J . , S . _ Woodruff ( left ) and C . r E : Stuart , members of Duke unl\ unl unlerslty university universityparapsychology \ erslty ersltyparapsychology parapsychology shfT staff , conductIng clun clairvoyance : 0) 0 ) ance tcsts tests with will rSP ESP : cards . write wrlte down what he thought the thecard thecard thecard card cardas \ was \\as as vvas \ When the test was over overresults , , results would be checked agamst against agamstthe againstthe againstthe the : actual lctual order of the pack Some Somesubjects Somesubjects Somesubjects subjects actuilly actu"111y actu111y actually " had more success successwIth successwith successwith wIth this thlS method than when they theywere theywere theywere were seated in m the same room rooml1th roomvrrth roomv/ith roomv ith \l1th l1th vrrth \ / the experimenter e-perlmenter e perlmenter experimenterTo eperlmenterTo , - To Dr Rhine Rhme and his Ius staff such suchphenomena suchphenomena suchphenomena phenomena are convincing convmcIng proof ofe ofextra of ofextra e extra , < tra sensory perception " They Theyare Theyare Theyare are convinced convmced that cheating cheatmg con consCIously consciously consciously sCIously 01 of unconsciously unconsclOusly , has hJs : been beenruled beenruled beenruled ruled out , by their methods , and andthat andthat andthat that the odds against aga1nst such sustamt'd sustamtd sustained sustamt'dperformances sustainedperformances sustainedperformances ' performances arc are far , far too gre\t gre t greet gretto greetto grcitto ' \ to permit permlt their explanation explanatlOn on the thegrounds thegrounds thegrounds grounds of cOIncIdenceOne coincidenceOne coincidence coincidenceOne One recent series senes of sCIentIfic sCIentIficarticles scientificarticles scientificarticles articles purporting to ' ' debunk ' ' the theDuke theDuke theDuke Duke experiments e\.penments e.penments e .penments penments ' \ . offcrpd ofTerl"d ofTerld offered " sever"1l sever1l several severalexplanations sever"1le.planatlOns seveniexplanations " e\.planatlOns e.planatlOns e .planatlOns planatlOns explanations ' \ . , , among them that cues cueswele cueswere cuesweie wele were being bemg given gl\en gl en \ probably uncon unconsClOusly unconsciously unconsciously sClOusly sciously , , to the subject by the ex expenmenter experimenter expenmentcr penmenter perimenter But this could hardly hardlybe hardlybe hardlybe be possible when the expenmente1 experimenter expcnmenteldid expenmente1did experimenterdid did not know himself the older order of ofthe ofthe ofthe the cards until the time pac pack ( . had been beene.ammed |
