Show I The Development of the Submarine In Naval Warfare VI S Tiny T ny Craft Which May Put Battleships Out of Commission T I the present pre ent limo Uma f T J thelo Is 15 much naval ox ii Iy y O 0 perls over tho the matter of ot submarine navigation lion tion This Is I tile due III In r p but bitt not n t wholly to tn n the tho almost l t th III I f He Ih Jn ne a and their 0 II I t t e any t N r w waff effective I Ilk lik to prove aff wl Wi Id d t f I quarter of a u century r UP t in I this hI branch bra of naval n 1111 I the it Ir r i m 1 been subject to period periodS L HI HI recently how in I i H III II r st U al OU by tho the her here herver ier ver t II ng submarine no won en Ii InI nf tI I It t tu I hP l I a II test failure In InI del r M Ii h II II the tho l I rot rn 5 lm iw of the Improbable ble It I to I tl in It t f the submarine tor i f by the UtIl Id bot Q off ort LCJ COI II id exploited 1 II i for f 11 tin this benefit b of at the navy i id pcr and survey urey goes Roe goesl IC d i l t h public faith fulth liti I ii In this Ir t r i ii The rhe recent tests If vIr I r IP peres by a 1 board composed x II a 1 h V experts I the i d t x IP le for tor or the of ofa of 01 ID tl fact liS ii to or orin orr orny a tn ny in type e of r merit l 1 to war Wal LlOS Ct 11 I It dI nt lii III expending the ih Lb the I fl I I l by y for tor lIi hg V H IL was expected ex that II purro r Lakes kales m I i f Tilt va 11 tI tile tue II competition but hula n a nM IW lie Ilke boat was M I Ym Ir ft 01 fl and It Is SlOW now IU I government I uhl tiit Ot pi ur I her heri IS PUI i i doubt that the Fulton Is IA IsI 1 p fl if I I f i t specimen of ot the tho Hoi Hol I II L craft In exist hn t 1 1 o D untiring pains vero wern veron varnI Vie I IS e I I n I I instruction I 10 t to avoid tion for fer a n aJ t tIon J It f Ion In the litti I was W U to a variety of ofir dr ir I t Iii to prove her w A mg ling to Il the HIP examining I 0 IS e I 1 le Ie e j 1 mum Ullon possesses nil ull of tho the merits of her predecessors the Adler Adder the tiis the Porpoise ami others other of the Holland typo tylO which the tie govern government government ment ill ready owns Tho board Is aleo aIo al o of the opinion Mint she Is IB superior to tholo boats In III In several Important par particular particulars Tha Tue In the way woy of submarine submarine rine rifle navigation have been Icen HO so HI numerous that It was felt by naval engineers that touch much hud laul been accomplished when within recent years they had been re ye reduced to live of securing safety of obtaining fair speed of ot steering of Insuring and of directing and discharging the tho torpedo Tho ho Fulton tins eliminated the tho problem of safety AH Au to In speed peed It linn has been found that an nil excess of ten knots knotH when Is not lIot to bo be accomplished us 08 yet Tho The motor roost most available for or under water service hUH probably been beon tho the subject of more moro conjecture and ex experiment than any uny other point connect connected ed ell with thin this species of navigation Storage batteries ns n at al present con can constructed are ure too heavy steam la is It out of ot tho the question tor oy or obvious reasons And tho other uther usual means of propulsion are uru equally In subsurface navigation The Tim most feasible motor has ha been boell found In a 11 gas ga engine which develops high pressure by means of ot explosions Until recently It Il was wan Im Impossible possible to keep tho thu th exhaust gases from escaping Into the tho boat There Thero was wall also tho the danger of detection from tho tue escaping escapIng ing Jog hubbies bubbles anti the smelt of gas AH As AHto AIto Asto to steering there thero remain obstacles yet yetto yetto yetto to bo be b overcome When under water sater It ItIs ItIs itis Is not possible to see nee more than feet fol folIn In advance even n when at rest when tho the boat hont Is In motion tim tho th difficulty Is III greatly great Increased The Pulton la Is pro iro provided vided with ith a n sensitive compass which will give Sc warning of at the approach of u a 1 hull huh of ot copper bronze e aluminium or orsome orsome some somo other metal The Tho most mORl Important however Is the periscope H It Is If In III reality a sort of circular camera When those below vIsh Ish to find Ond out nhat hat Is IR going on above tho the water waler they thay thrust It II upward through a 11 circular In the top of I I II I 1 4 I c ci 1 I Iii T r I i 1 L Ls Li s i S I Vt I J k I r q I IlcI I ii I 1 I I it t Hc 0 0 tl ir f 01 I V iii 1 A Ait HoP ADY 70 TO 1 II I it il f A AI AMI 1 S SS I S f t g I JJ JJ I i I I J 1 the tho boat Jon There Them Is formed on oti the re ro reflecting table a picture of the surface with any object that thal may mil bo ho upon It In plain view The fhe periscope Is IA tui so slender anti and RO so long iong that the motion mollon of or tho the boat hoat Interferes with Its 1111 steadiness It may Inny provo prove also al o to be a II means of detection I n C nfl nd a n well velI directed shot from n II war warship warship ship would be he likely to render It Ineffective All iii boats arc fitted with small conning towers projecting a n short distance above tho the hull huh and Ind hav has having lug ing III glass covered peepholes towers can be he used URO tise 1 when cruising near the surface and tub tho th tOt top may be opened If It the Is line In itt most mORt boats l the tho opening In the conning tower forms erms the principal way WilY of ot Ingress and egress V To ro secure a reasonable rea habitability In a 1 boat host 1 n us IIA a II problem that constructors fur tur n a 1 long longtime longtime time The Jhn recant r test teAl of that feature on the tho Fulton d the fact that tho the little cabin of that craft Is h I Quito an as safe oaie ns os quarters on a II battle bottle i ship now W there therl has hall been effort made mado either to warm or cool these the e boats Hitherto It has been teon pos ios possible sible Ible to remain In tn a it 1 submarine only a short Woe time without experiencing discomfort from rein the change of or temper temperature attire this there h has hAK n been no adequate provision for tor eating and sleeping and the light has haR not nol been bern good enough to admit of accurate ob oh H All this has haH been overcome The Pulton went down In one of the slips at lit the tho torpedo station at nl a I few minutes 11 one evening and reappeared next morning at a n few fel minutes 11 I 1 tho the test teAL having coy cov covered CO ered a 1 little over oser twelve hours houri The nine men who spent the night at nt the tho bottom of the tue slip not only ate drank talked road rend and play oil cards cardo but cooked lighted their apartment bril brilliantly with electricity and might have wormed It with the agent The Tho revelers declared that they could have h o remained submerged for forten forte fortin tin ten te fI days luB the greatest of at alt 1111 altIs Is III Ii to lo be ie encountered In the discharge of the torp in In lis n addition 1 to In tho the con confined tined lined spare space e In which torpedoed urn sire op I orated and the of nt giving driving It then them the correct nt at tho time Urne of fir firing tog ing It IB is necessary that thal the boat hoat should bo be nearly horizontal it lit the moment elie ele the torpedo will take ton tori deep delp a II or ur rise to the surface at the be beginning beginning ginning of ot KM its ruts run Th fhe shock hok of firing also Ill o reuses great real longitudinal disturb aire In tho the boat The ht tests made with the Fulton how dhow that much of ot the trouble formerly experienced from this thU cause cauan tins hili ha been overcome It Il Is tR of court unfortunate that Lake latest Improvements In sub luh ut navigation were not Ilot made le pub public public lic by h the tests teI The rhe of ot tho the department was WAI to show the ut Utmost most mo 1 In the th matter of or R II choice and for that reason the competition was waR arranged Since the tho c astern t rn com corn complication came caine to a 1 anti and for or n a 1 along long lime time before belore that both b tb IAk ami tho Holland l have had abundant opportunities to put their In to into service It would be ho an nil Interesting Interest coIncidence If the tha two little destructive agents agent 8 should now mice HUD active service lI on opposing sides When hen n or by whom the first submarine rUse rine boat bORt was sas built hullt will probably never be lie known Alexander the Great Ireat was all Interested In navigation and It was suggested In the thirteenth century In lii 1372 some seine English ships were svere by II a 1 machine carrying HIP iii under water In the tise early part nt ot time the seventeenth century submarIne boats were numerous and by 1 1727 no noless noless less than fourteen types of submarines had been alone alon In 1776 David DAVI l built hullt Isle his first boat bOllt with which Sergeant Lee attack attacked ed cd the British ship I In III New York harbor h Iee Leo actually Kill got t unties under the tho ship hip isis his at tak foil I ly be because e cause caust the screw with ss lIh Ii h a tho lito tim tor torpedo torpedo was to be t I th of ot the Eagle wax wan Out nut hr W V JONES JOES |