| Show FIRE FIE BLIGHT DISEASE OF THE PEAR AND APPLE The bulletin of ot tho Iho of Agricultural A Ex Experiment J x Station Moscow OCO Idaho 1 1111 will wi Interest orchards pear prevails Is II now upon U tho when hen the en refill horticulturist must II to those many 1 Incident Jo to fruit culture whether wh of nn In Insect ot or 01 of ot a n Of ot nil ni these probably the Klio 1110 might Is 18 th worst most to 10 bo dreaded Tho might II hl 1 IH the prop proper er ono one to 10 use uso It tt should not lot be hc willed Pear Perl might for two to ren r lI ons onH In Inthe II the place It I Is II liable to 10 bo confused with the a I which h tho leaf of ot the pear Incidentally Injures the tho fruit fruit In the next place Ihl Is II not limited to tho Iho pear It is III flIRt fast becoming too common on all tho Iho apple OB o well In II our state Ni in ninny states silte It attacks all 01 of ot the tle pOlac ous fruits nuch aa lS pear nIl pie nab rb haw hawthorn thorn thor Ind Is taking tho Ihl apricot trees In and Colorado Three years n IJO ro this was unknown to 10 tho writer wrier In tho southern purl of tho Iho state today toda thorn thoro Is la hardly on nn or orchard 0 chard In certain districts which doe I not show IlO rome Ind In many 1 1 n It Il ItIs Is 1 very Ver serious In JI Northern Idaho It has hns been heel In our pear orchards for tor over 10 hut but luckily it I has hs hardly ever Ier attacked tho apple From 1101 tho Iho devas devastation tation thU disease Is 18 In III Urn tho Southern BOllhorn Idaho apple orchards we c cannot expect that the northern par por portions of the state will wi be lone Ion exempt HISTORICAL Thou h this trouble has been heen known as 0 working havoc In for tor a 0 century or U It Is I only ani In comparatively tI recent times that Its Il true na nn nature ture has hll been heen well wel understood For a I Ions lon period of the discussions II of trouble were of oC such a I theoretic nature that thaI many ron horticultural so RO societies ROdet det a 1 being brought up In their meetings unless someone had of ot absolute knol dl to of oC offer oCt fer t r about It I Various causes cal 1 were as ns ascribed for tor Its le presence puch uch n 01 sour sap iP atmospheric olle conditions con soil Rol o and 1 Id effects of ot various I In Prof Prot of vf Illinois discovered the true and announced his discovery to th world wu WL found to be he a I bacteria dis disease ease due u to tho presence of at myriads of little litte germs In the Inner bark In cam cambium The germ gerl was called by ly ProC Prof Hurl from frol tho eagerness with which It I seizes seize up upon upon on devours the starch In these th ee tissues ts sues Prom Irom tho Iho subsequent studies of Arthur nt the Geneva station In New NewYork NewYork York and of ot In tho U H de department of at agriculture we know how this derm or bacterium lives reproduces duces duell tree Itself Iselt ond Is carted from tree to APPEARANCE OF BLIGHT Luckily the Is a f very ery con can conspicuous Ol which renders r 11 pres presence ence enco In II an all orchard the more atIlt when wall wel known It affects twigs leaves lewes young fruit and Inel even tho branches 1 or trunk From tho Iho experiments ments of ot It I has been found that U I cannot attack the plant through the uninjured bark birk or lear leaf It I can how however however ever gain entrance through h any In Injured II place on trunk limb or even leaf leut ItH Jl most common points of ot entrance natural ones These ara aro the tho young Ups tips of the branch tho Iho stigma of ot the tle flower ower or the tho glands which so 80 noi Therefore the Mower crell tra tt anil on l the tho branch or 01 trunk blight are nrc nil 11 forms torms of ot disease In the Ih the young twig especial especially ly Iy If Ie It be b growing rapidly turns black blackIn In II both leaf I at and anel and wherever the tho leaves are Iro blighted they th y remain I tho ensuing black and Ind dead through winter This black hinck piratical ling ng Is tho surest lt evidence of ot Us 11 hunch bunch In the a n whole of lowers or frequently every hunch will affected Rna dy dying upon the tree IreI wi be hI ole back the beginning of or the tho ing InK Illek to 10 spur hold the blackened and young fruit also ulso through tho Iho entire eltro year This hIR hIRIs Is tho most moat common form torl on tho ap apple lP Ill Frequently FI nn an entire limb or even tha Iho will bo affected for tor only ft 1 short hort distance 1 the Ih top lOP will wi still bo he h tree fre from the Ils o this cnn only bo 10 when whon we speak Break of how tho I Is 1 More frequently upon the peor sev several M eral limbs 11 even eel Ihl whole trunk will wi hI affected ted and when this Is In the Ihs iso tho Iho tree should be bo cut out root branch M ANS OF 01 DISSEMINATION If I the young olne of or u tree tre affected small of ot with blight be bo examined smal drops sticky thick will H bu l found exuding tho edge of oe the tho ell area Irea If I one of drops bo ho examined with u I high power of a n microscope copl myriads of oblong bodies will wi bt b seen len some short hort chains Bf f pa rate aoma somo In II urn lrA bacteria Arthur proved 1 that these holls into Inlo a I Bound tree treeby by hy n f needle neele would 0 u II produce tho Ils caso I i j roved to 10 us beyond dis dispute that especially wen bees are the main Instruments In their dissemination In They arc IO attracted by b tho vis viscid Is cid rd lon nap suck up part or all 01 of ot tho drop and then winy thousands of or the with them to flowers hoots or wounded In tho Lurk Undoubtedly heavy em rent a of ot wind t In spreading tho and ant probably account t for the Iho commonness of ot twig Wight The Tle question queston comes comel right here Shall I keep bees If I have huo an orchard Certainly and for two 11 First the honey tho revenue derived from It are nr often oUen no small object to the fanner Second the bees bell ore are absolutely IY needed to as assist 0 In Jn proper or n pol pollination of ot the flowers This leads us to the subject of remedies for tor preventives tives Ive there thero ar none nn An toon onn an All tho bacteria are aro carried to young flower nOler or wound the effect entrance an living upon the cap up and multiply rapidly Jf I th the y gain n 1 limb or er trunk th they y live In II tho Iho Inner bark and cambium Iv layer loer which adds AMI yearly to tn iho lM growth of both bark and wood wod Jt cnn can readily bo seen from this that thay I aro It w ll covered and a d consequently dots dos no good h only rm rem ely edy far Cor found hns hn been Is Iho careful Ind continuous use of ot the tho saw pruning knife Imle All I diseased sed shoots end limbs should be cut off or at lt from six to one foot fool below helow tho place of evident Infection lon or 01 as tho bac bacteria teria toll gone down dowl deeper In Into to 10 tho II limb than to 10 be he the case from Crom Urn outside Many have havo havethe the of splitting down don the Iho bark barlt In tn Inse se Be hr he v far tho has hu proceeded hut this practise In to bo be condemned as 0 I they never win 11 nee Hee how far the disease hag his l the Incision of tho Iho knife may mn carry luny the from tho diseased to tl healthy tissues IRl If I the tho blight la I bad In either the or apple orchard tho knife knie or 01 paw should houll be he each ench time Ife It Il Is IR used by L either passing It I through a I or 01 dipping It III t Into weak wale or Into hIla The pruned limbs or frag trag menU mentH should be 1 collected burned and both bolh pruning und burning buring should be done donI mainly In the dormant reason before he Core the sup UP hns started the bacteria have ha awakened the tho been IJ nrc lre Ing the Ihl OI Thin U Is tho best het time for tor pruning burning hut but not the Iho only ono one It should bul be he done whenever the disease IU 18 All Al huge wounds should be over with Ih ns soon loon us 18 the tree tr 1 Is I trimmed to In prevent the through the exposed Where the Ihl blight Is hud bad even ovon young or water sproul should have their cut eH painted for It has hu been shown time again that the limbs oven he ine been heen through these theMe cut stubs Tho he pear In IH much more easily Olly pruned for tOI this disease than Is Ie th apple oPle On the tanner former It commonly manifests It II relf nelC In dead or 01 dying limbs or trunks which ran readily bo be cut away below belol the Iro ress reRa of ot the disease On 01 the Ih apple It II Is commonly the shoots nil 11 over aveI the thc tree and especially the fruit spurs their clusters of ot fower which are most affected Prun PrunIng Ing In here here becomes a n much more and even een serious Where only a 0 few fel shoots and anI fruit spurs nio affected cnn can be cut ut away close to the tho tree eo and Ind tho Ihl wound Immediately I covered with paint point Where When however t all 11 of ot the fruit spurs on the tho I tree Ime have died tho best way Is III Isto to cut off olt entire Inree limbs cover the tho rounds with stimulate tho production of oC new ne shoots Hub suh fruit Many luch trees nip nl to be hp found In and New No Plymouth many other places In the former place my 1 attention culled ull by hy Inspector McPherson to a acry I cry Interesting though sad sll evidence old of oC the tho of or bees In 11 spreading tho disease dl All Al the thE splendid large apple leea near the tho hives were without ex seriously ly Injured by uy us we proceeded on radii from the hives the blight grow row less leRs and less al 01 almost most disappeared on the edge of ot the or from the hives Ives OTHUR HELPS It H has been often ofen noticed that rapidly growing trees are more subject to blight llIght than slower that those In low ground or are more subject than those on drier ground Orchards should therefore ho planted on well drained d should rot fat bo stimulated tel by too much water alor or 01 too much fertilizer Though all al of ot the of ot tho fruits aro subject ct to this disease e as 18 wild before some Rome varieties 1 1110 been found moro more subject to tf the at nt attacks tacks of ot blight than Ihan others Of the pies Illes the crabs of ot all 01 kinds hay have been heen found COln very ver to blight Amongst t tho pear In most places the tho Anjou fcc ol aro uro most resist re Belu t lre less le s so while the tho and ond Win Winter Winter ter are arc very subject to blight L J F J Hl |
