Deseret Evening News | 1895-03-02 | Page 10 | The Cell, the Plant and the Animal

I The V Cell the Plant and the Animal I We herewith preient the subetance of 11 I the lecture 1 M It was delivered at the I I Utah liverslly Thursday evening Peb 1 Uih by Professor C A WhitIng As ll was Illuitrtted by blackboard drew j i lags to which reference was frequently I 1 j I nude come of the e planallor have I bn omitted It ta I not without deep ilfnlftcanee that torn and appreciative I audiences greet I the varloui lictiiren who hive the honor I hon-or of f occupying this platform week II after week Were all other eidcnce I wanting this alone would how that hrwollh there f e demand on than part ol the I public for the laical thought on the I great quetrtont of the clap While I hive neither eipectallon I nor hope of I adding anything nn to biological I eec the evening I earnestly uiilrr to present the latest nnd Ilnt 1 he beet thoufht of three whoae lives are devoted de-voted in the Investigation 01 the great I mystery of lIe PM fundamental unit of all life whether animal or vegetable la I the cell I The typical cell la I microscopic in nbc 1 I ud contlili of a membrane enclosing a clear or aenil clear ibid known ai pro tonlaam Within the protoplasm and enclosed I by It 1 amall 1 iiuanthle of Hater arc usually lound SuipemM i r In the I protophiam minute ttranulei of maltT may If detected when the cell Is I hlichly magnified As a usual thing careiul I elimination above Hut the granulea are crowded cheer together In one part of I the nil than In any other part The ruaHol granule thut formed la I known aa the nucleus Within the nucleus a a j paint ol special condensation to seen this point la the nucleolun Ills proba talc that the life of the cell center around the nucleolus I The outer or enclosing I I mtmbrane ol the cell Is simply dead mailer and may or may not be preient So fir as known at tIne I present time Hie U I manifested only In connection with protoplasm and because ol Ilili it hoi Ih bain called by Profesor Huxleythe physical basis ol lift It Is almost retulii that protoplasm It formed I onlt I II C by growing tells but it Is not certain that all protoplasm Is the same In iliem lest 11 composition and conalllullon l in o1i i the varied conditions under which U ippears In the different group of plants and animals There li t tome return to believe that It may vary In the different ur ann of Ihe lime Individual I moor present state ol knowledge < < we can regard the term protoplasm as little more than n convenient name for an unstable un-stable living substance of tcry complex composition which varIes widely In structure specific properties and probably I prob-ably In chemical composition Until recently protoplasm I was classed with = the protelill of which I cheese I lean l example a ex-ample but III U now generally admitted l that its composition and structure Is I much more complex than any form ol proteld now known to exist Vhllelt has been Impossible lo determine either the exact structure or conipotillon of protoplasm there U abundant evidence that prutelJ fall and carbohydrate sugar starch gum enter Into lu complex com-plex molecules Who protoplasm ls I I decomposed all ol these constituents are found and frequently teveial kinds of protelds have been detected Although Al-though protoplasm appears to be struc tureless with the exception 01 the granules ll I U capable of absorption digestion I assimilation I and Ia I reproduction reproduc-tion The reproduction of cells ll accomplished ha I ac-complished in three dillerent ways 4 These methods of reproduction are 1 and I known as conjugation budding J divlilon The proces of conlugallon first consists 4 con-sists of two cells uniting to form one I I 4 Within than 1 cell thus formed the nude I olus divide Into several parts which develop Into what are col fan I daughter Aurhltr cells When these are properly developed a devel-oped they escape through the ruptured wall of the mother cell Iluddlog consist con-sist sat the outgrowth ot some part of the cell wall Thin outgrowth Is supplied I with protoplasm by nn outgrowth of Hut In the otljlrul cell and In nucleus Is a portion ol the nucleus In the parent a cell The bud remains attached lo the t original I cell until It Is capable ol 1I 1 main II rI r rlo talnlnc an Independent life when It I mayor may-or may not become detached Multlph rations by cell division Is only modified loins ot budding toy In Hilt method the cn W II UUI 11 nucleus each divide Into two eqtul or nearly mynah II parti and pasting through I a the various stages ol division assume I the dumbbell shape and ultimately all a connection ceases and two cells appear where t one had I previously I been ft that has been said of the cell up to this point applies with equal force lo t IIri l n r ol a ea both the plant I and animal I cell I but now a r I 1 shall I speak with reference only to the rr lryl plant cell although I miny uf my state t a latent will be equally true ol the aninul I I cell Hants naturally fill Into two grand dubious those composed I ol n single cell unit those composed of jeviral cells The plants of one cell may he I dismissed with the remark that what han ha-n said of the cell mav be laid of thorn Than tatony cehiral pisaatc ave taasaho at of 1 r III il I gethe aelaicha brat oluaui bIle aonae rolataoat ship to each other that bets bear to the swarm to which they belong The evils ol than many celled plants ur multicellu lar plant as they are called may be divided nl Into i those which contuiu chloro phll or leal green In some of the cells and those which do not Our common com-mon green plants may be taken ia example ex-ample of the first clot while moulds anal toadstool may be 1 regarded a < typical typi-cal eiamplei ol the second cliiu Chlorophyll appear a < small grams In protoplasm of the cell Indeed 1 the only difference which can be distinguished dis-tinguished between than granules ordl a nanly found In I protoplasm and chlorophyll I lr phyll grains ha I that the latter have a deep green color Hut irom the known action of chlorophyll I I ills evident Ih it tome profound ihuerence colds llIAW of 1 I those plants which hate chlorophyll are capable of forming I plant I tissue from water ammonia mid ciirbonic onde I when their leave where i the I chlorophyll lllle I phyll I r ll l mosll loundl Ira exposed I to I Ihe light of tlie sun 1 lioie plums winch ai I are destitute of chloropli II are uiuble to combine those belure named simple compounds Into plant tissue and hence hate to draw upon compounds already organised hut their food nuppl lii U i It for f that reason that toadstools t mushrooms I a mush-rooms etc ore found grow InK Oaly 1 on decomposing organic compounds and never in plate where It would he necessary neces-sary lo combine their itus005 from the a simple or binars I compounds Whether the mulilcellular plum has or bait not chlorophyllbearing cells I than cells tIthe fl rI the plant I as u whole are brought Into harmony with each oilier by muni ol threads I of protoplasm which paw I inrougn me ceil watu tnu > uniting the cell with each other I and inducing fl liar mnnlousaction between them There are three will nurkcd modes ol plant reproduction though thev may rflI ol probably all be rtlerreJ n one common origin The e modri am dUbion pore and sexual or seed reproduction Self division hi Ihe usual way In which In unicellular plants are reproduced these races Ills limply mother example of cell division Spore reproduction belongs lou higher grade uf vegetable In in simplest form the poe It a epe 1 cialited h cell which under favorable con dilloni miy leprodue the original plant In Its more complex form the ipore reiull 1 cone the union ol two Illlerent cells Of tills litter form the fern may be taken as an example II the back I of a lol fern leaf I nl is eosmheed s In I August ill back Is I usually more or less I dolled over with small black points heic I black I points are spore cases and later eI in the summer Iho walls of themes the-mes are ruptured and the spores iwapc than tporei ire inully Irregular 7 Irregu-lar in form and will rrow only I under the most favorable inndltlons When one chancel to alight in some place which Is favorable lor growth an outgrowth out-growth of Iba spore orlf t place i and a small flat acale like plant I it formed this plant Is called ihe prolhallui and i Is I fixed la the earth by small rootlike hairs Ai a general tiling It is I about hall as large as the little linger nail 01 Its underside two kinds of c lie are procured pro-cured which by a union with each other produce the api > re which at oncv begins lu grow tending ill root Into the earth and its steel Into Ihe air I I When this plant Is rln rl developed it I lathe la-the hero plant m that plant Is ordinarily known To than botanist hIs known as the iporophye or ateiual generation while the prothallus is I known as the oBphlle or sexual generation The growing point which results from the union of I Ihe Iwo cells Is called the nncia are When as In the case ol the terns It requires two generation to eooohcesiescheisal 1 tlill Inure it said i lo be an ashterAtIooot f generations The highrst form of plant I reproduction dillers from the aexual reproduction of the ferns in degree rather than In kind In the higher plants a cell la formed in that which grows Inio the pod or iced vessel This I cell which is usually a large one it called the ovule The oilier reproductive celltire called pollen grains A wed I results Irom the union nf a pollen gnin with in ovule It differs from the ooipore ol the fern In I several Ihe seed Important 1 Is found an intent particulars plantlet Within called an embryo which after a period of rest may develop Into a plant which may once more begin the endless round of activity As before Hated nn positive line can be drawn between animal and vegetable cells Sllll woody fiber called cellulose starch and chlorophyll arc eminently vegetable product while albumen fibrin fib-rin and gelatin are characteristic animal I products still many example of the first named products may be lound among the animal and the last named compound are by no means unknown 1n the vegetable world The lame three forms of reproduction are found among inlmals which are found among plants In some animal which normally reproduce repro-duce by meant ol eggs which are formed from Ihe union of Uo different cells a kind of budding sometimes occurs anil the second generation appears without eLlIlr true egg Tiaving been f formed The IInOIal thus formed may give rise to buds 1 which may again reproduce and In tome cases this asexual f or fiarlkttto gtiielit reproduction miy continue until un-til checked by cold weather scarcity of food or some other circumstance which renders lurther virgin reproduction Impossible Im-possible All animal apparently develop from the tame kind of a cell This cell re lull from the union ol two oilier cells one ol which U known as the ovum and Ihe other as the permataxon At first Ihe development 1b 1 aeems to be the same for all I animal but sooner or later a point is I reached where each class and finally each specie of animal begins to ro f lo II develop toward its ipeclal la form The more nearly related animals are the longer do they develop along the same line Thus If one placed the egg of a full I the if of a lien and II the I egg of a dove side by side all would begin their development In the same way and up ton to-n certain point no diflerencci could be observed between the developing fish and Ihe developing birds but vvnen a certain stale of development It readied thin fish branches oil nellie road which leads to hshdom while the bird 1 continue con-tinue their upward course In parallel lines A ihort lime belore they hatch they part company hoc ever one lob ing the roid which leads to lIe land of doves and Iho other the road which leads to the land of Ihe hens IllsgeueMllylme that the young of animals I are not so highly I developed f as the mature lora When lIds Is I the case they are said tu hate a progressive development de-velopment but sometimes thin young lire more highly developed than Hie mature ma-ture lormi anal then they tile tald to 4iave retrugreislvii or ilegenfrate development devel-opment A lew examples of the latter form of detelopmem are Ihe oyster tIle Kpoage Jn coral 1 01 t ° 17 All of these arc free swimming animals when they are young but become fixed when they approach maturity Ihe philosophical philoso-phical muanliig of degeneration In tha Individual growth ol nnlniali probably Is that they have descended from tome form hlilur Hun themselves that evo lution I has carried I I them I backward Instead In-stead ol forward Dnrenerate forms are not confined lo the lower form of animal tile home implet appear among the t erlebratn Thus the Miake Is I a more pt rleet amnul in embryonic sute than In its mature Mute rIIoI1II embrvo It has leg whieh It uaually losea before it bayou the oc At In the former case It Is I probable that this Indicates a descent Irom an ancestral form with leg 1 rom what ha been laid It will be anticipated Hut no clear dUllnctlon can be made between plants and animal I he Higher plains are wlilely aeparaled from tlie haigbi r animils but ai we ox iinlnti Ihe lower forms ol each the distinction dis-tinction become less I and loll I apparent until in liar lowest forms we feel that any disllnelloii which we nuke la totally an arbitrary one that both branches of the I tree of lI life r start from a common trunk If tunis Iota ue and In the light ol modern HCience II teem certain then hem Is a grand unity ol life on the with and hoc the moil part lint tile is to elites to Ihe world lhat in ten ellI Is I aver upward toward more iwrlect forms Solar as material 1 i 1 lurin Is concerned con-cerned it may have reached its utmost limit In the loran of man but with Ihe advent of nun came the capacity for I mental or Intellectual evolution and I while the comparatively iliort I age of tlie earth has bevn kiilhcient for hhi material ma-terial evolution we trust tliit u I U I not unreasonable to hope Hut the ages ol eternity hasp prove none lou long lor hrl mental ami spiritual I j f evolution