Show Life in Ancient Rome I lltp I Third Lecture of the Utah Unlvlrslty Popular Serins Oo II I llvorod January 24th 1895 by Professor I i liyron Cummings I 1 In the brief time In which we are to 1 visit the Romsns this trailing It will be ImpOMlM for us to get a complete Idea ol dill wonderful people through the long I centuries of their ex stance Ro Mil 111I from the lime 01 the footed ii I i Remain to Hurt ol Constantine pre not too many cbanguo too many vary lot prestos to be discussed In one hort lecture I The Roman ol the mighty lutorlou empire wo a far Individual In-dividual from the Roman of the kingdom king-dom and the republic The former ceased to be the real Roman the pre mover and promoter ol Individual liberty and became a degenerate con I ftoawMllan of the efluntaale oriental I and the cruel barbarian The empire prewnti munlHcence and luxury In the extreme and In III tint yean especially much that we till hold of true worth In engineering architecture law and literature hut It la I to the earlier day ol the Republic we matt turn If we would ate the Roman at bin beat nee the matron the chlorite the statesmen and the generals who have lIven Rome a name name worthy to stand through the go 1el ui then direct our thought to the acllvlllcs to the teal life ol the men t = ee eo and women of the no called Roman republic and learn their atrength and weakness that we building on the nail may make the present and the future inote useful nod more glorious Rome rose flourished for a time and All Over ami 1 over again we hear thk true I saying allllili Is usually closed with a sort ol n happy sigh of rellol that MeiM to add ° how thankful we are that site Ml But Rome has not fallen Her political I dominion to be sure has largely panned J away but she still lives The real Rome thrive today In the tile and Institution of the dvllUed nations of the world Do you doubt M Study Ihtnearelully the history architecture Uw and literature and I am sure your question will be cliauged to the strongest affirmation If we let our minds tye run back along the agts we doubtless shall see a group ol mere thatched bull clustered around the IWatlne hill Ioor mean hovels they would sewn to in today and yet they were the Inusta 1 of the ancestors 01 the proud Komtru II I lere wu the soil that WM to lautli under their magical touch As they felt those volcanic I urinations tremUe beneatli their feet and listened with awe to the mighty voices of the god rumbling among the mountains or opening the earth In great hsiures at their feet no the whole world was destined des-tined to pale with tour at tho martial Ires uf their legion and bow their neck uuiniuntveiy to the 1 neohn in sn4tuite I liIei reirnnit tinder thirt cleor blue sky with their faces fanned by tin Invigorating 1 breezes from tho lofty hills about them confronted by natures Murdy difficulties and will persistent enemies uu every hand could not ml i down In complacent contentment the gods beckoned them on at every turn I Inactivity meant death annihilation 4 Thene early Komans appreciated the situation possessed the vigorous spirit J l Implored the gods lor nid and buckled on their armor lor the contest Au we review their career we are reminded of tlm saying of the old Greek lout I Bplcbaorms The gods ro all goo1 I thing tone for loll nndno nation has ought mure sturdily and more truly named l Its liberty and dominion than Iou the Roman From the time when those prouil adventurer ad-venturer began to spread over Rome seven hills and the Intervening I valleys the people were divided into trio classes the patricians and plebeians To the former belonged 1 all Roman ol pure blood all who were the descendiuts ul th < fret settlers and proprietors and artung lie latter were Included all other freemen from the wealth merchant to the poorest Uriuer and attlian Itclow these was still another class by no means small In number yet of whom the slate practically look no account I Them were the slave an ever increas hug and strangely I conglomerate mulil hunt the 1 fruit uf conquests I lo the east and lo tIme west to the north and lo the south lOulhlIh With three such distinct and widely Mparatnl classes It could hardly be X > ecid that harmony would exist HM iHtrklatH considered tlicmielves the only rightful caucus Ihiir will wu lire state and all other should think themselves fortunate that they luvc the privilege of living under such Illustrious dominion The plebuins ol course were not satisfied at the prospect of altvay being the under dug and natiir il ly began to struggle to get to the lop where iuarters were larger and breath lug space more abundant This contest 1 waged llercily during generation aftei I generation the patricmtu disputed every inch of ground with a success known only to the persistent who already 1 al-ready have the othuuto mid powers ol the government m their grasp Hut no less I persistent l were the plebilaiu Thev watched every oppoilunlt and found out und clunked every weak nolnt fiercely Tim patricians however were wise aristocrats and when compelled by force ol circumstances gave way gracefully unit admitted their plebeian nNiu il brothers lo dtlienihlp I and equal right Hitler and long wai that struggle It not only served ann means of develop hog a greet Interest and power in simile craft but also shows the wonderful vitality I and expansive power of I the people ol the Seven Hills The Roman were naturally cilm unit unpoetical llielr tendencies l wire stoical and hence when that system of philosophy was Introduced from Greece in the latter day of the republic it gnlned more followers than any other ol tire philosophical systems ol the fllo uJ Irr lime The Room I rmpected power wherever he saw It Ire beheld the Hashing of the volcano ns It spit fire smoke and steam into the hesviiu he felt the shock of the eartlinuake as the I loll shook buicatli his feet and said the aods are angry with men He heatil 1 the thunder rumble among the mountains moun-tains 111 culled uon his lellowmen to appeue thi wruft of Jupitir 1lius he returned qmiUy ram inflect to cans Hi I also 1 curly li I irncd limit system i nr rtcd i mist m u lion ujs nocc nary todtf u1l I tan Irom the Inr ala al-a of Hi urtoi 111 if truly mirtil inn n nil I rnlu Hi Im I undin II ir r tot 11 lU ni dlo n ycl on J love power i I aH s m and dominion and develop that fondness r1 r ol for system unit order su characteristic the Roman people Surf a nation could not long be sallsded with a lew square miles 01 territory hut gradually with a courage and conviction that was luvln dble extended their border until they not only Included the cultured Etruscans on the north the hardy mountaineer on the east and the Greek colonies on the south but leaped beyond these am encompassed the wholt peninsula and Sicily nmi sleidlly marched over southwestern south-western and southern I urope and then not satisfied set sail and planted their tmdanls In Asia Minor and northern Africa paving the way lor the mighty empire that won to be tint Rome over remained the center the seal of government She was the ancient Hub of the earth Horn her I radiated all those political and social I Influence In-fluence that sI the empire what It mute 10 be here I wore gathered Ihe wealth the culture the manhood and womanhood of the nations whom the Roman Terminus Hie god ol boundaries had urioundcd the vest spoils of merciless conquest At her dictation tales lived and thrived or yielded up their store = treasure and beauty to lIt the cullers of Home and adorn her temples and palaces and sent their Inhabitants to grace the triumph of ambllloui cil ins and fill the slave mart ol the proud clip Such In I general I was Rome mis Iras ol the Mediterranean and dictator of the world In the Roman stale the right of citizens were ol two km Is I public and private The private rights were I I the lower of legal marriage with the ami h men of all other cltisens oh the power of making legal purchases and sales I and of holding property 31 lime right to by nuealh omit to Inherit property The nubile right wree i the power ol vot log wherever a dIm unnwu permitted to volt ned oh the right to be elected to any oilier Ior some time the plebeians were excluded Iron all I thesu privileges The patricians were the Iopulu I Romans Ro-mans the cilliens The plebeians were free lint they I had no political i right and no tonal standing in the I eyes of tIle ruling clean But they gamed one altar another of the above named fhI until hey IIr lought their way to full political I utrd jclal i recognition to lull citiicmlilii In the state 1 ire Inhabitants of manic pal cities municipla and of KomAn colonies could I exercise the lull right ol cUlnm when at Rome while the inhabitants in-habitants of municipal cities of a lower rank and lalin I IO colonies I possessed r the private right of citizen The first general assembly ol the paliiaan citizens wu called the LomilU Lurlata The people were divided Into thirty Jislrkls called curl mil each district Into ten families or gente The Comltia Lurlata I elected the king and afterward tho consuls The senate represented the lInt or lamllle and 1 at first wu made up ol the lathers ol the famllle the oldest representatives of the dlf lerent gente and probabtv numbered three hundred 1 Tire consuls however seem to have hail the power ol giving cllliens 0 se it In the senate anil soon the number was Increued by the Initiation Initia-tion of other patricians and after a time wealthy plebeians were thus honored in return for their aid aO Influence f A senator held his oflice during life The senate dlicussed measures made laws and formed an advisory I council the consuls In the last days ol the republic repub-lic i It i numbered le about ld six hundred and was chlelly clurgetl with legislation on l I foreign affairs religion coil finance Hut accordmcto Servian contlitutlon given by bcivnis ulltus who was elected elect-ed king In 57K U C 1 new division ol the people was brought about The equite or knights the cavalry which before had consisted ol r six patrician companies were increased by the addition ad-dition ol twelve lumpanle ot wealthy plebeians The infautry wu reorganised without reference to rink The soldiers were graded according to the amount ol landed property they possessed eulh whole people whn owned any taxable r iIJ fl i1 3rnAI land were thus divided according to the ariblocraiy ol agraram wealth into five chasers and when they came together formed thrComltia LenluriaUoraueni I buy ol hundreds In Ciceros lime there were three hundred and fifty centuries This assembly eve long acquired the right I lo eleit the consuls to liearapiwal i from this consuls I verdict In capital I cases II r accept or reject J bills nl laid before It This gave Ihe land owning plebeians a recognition and wa the first step In Ihe direction 01 plebeian clilienalnp Hut in the assembly tIme vast majority of vote was iilvcn to the highest classes so that tho patricians were nbl to control con-trol affiln to suit themselves 4 > Another division brought about R little later wu the tribal At lirst there were tweul afterward twenty one and finally thirty e tribes them I formed the Comltia Tributa In which for n long tlmeal leastthe plebeians were lIme sola voters The olhce ol Tribunes cf the people was established and the plihelan were allowed to elect their representatlvi IlIlhe frlbuta ThU was a long stndo for thu plebelani The Trlbulle had the right to interpose an absolute veto on uny legislative or ad mlimtrativu measure they thought harmful harm-ful 10 thu peopli und lo secure them In thIn right their persons were held in violable Whoever did them violence was conilderud an outlaw heir I power at lint roan merely protective hut It came to be controlling and the Tribunes exerteu a mighty inllueiice In 1 Rome l hu lIIilltI ribula became moru and i more important The other assemblies lost their grasp on allalr and gradually sank Inui comparative insignificance lln prerogatives were Increased Irom tlmu to time until in Ciceros day II elected lime lesser magistrate and enacted laws plebiscite i which were binding t upon the whole people There was no more class leglslstloii alter hue drawing of the i twelve table by the Decemvirs It was 1 mils 1 If anyone In all the laws enacted What the people shall luve ordained Cully sliall be law I so said the statute The presiding and chief administrative ollkcrs of the stile wire tivo consult elected annually lou I praetor I hail 1 charge ol the ailminiHiritioii ol justice in both civil and riniuiil cases One was called hum 1bIIUI I judge between be-tween citltemt and the other Iraelor 1erlcrlnus ludgu between cituen and foreigners sujoiirnen m Ihu city The praetuM on n ummg olliia were ac customid to in thu Forum 1 the pill ph 1 Ij I wlnih lump would he I I 1 d ii II r I un and till d tl II P i ion i liS I I n I II I V I fm nmnol I I W nil nl I u l ml tlt mm inrip rly 1 cc miI til lit 1 iei 1111 I nr i il 10 hd I i I m I mbgc I nim IngmvimmI norummm tIne rmgmmiatlmmlnntn iioral mil Ihe adralnulralmn of the finAnces of Ihe talc The cenorshi i iss considered an office of Jr1 honor The censors were responsible to no fficer or assembly and espectvllv an emulator ol public morals curled a powerful Influence They could tntltct disgrace irnomlnla on anyone e huce conduct did not square with their notloni of rectitude or duty II a man neglected the cultivation of his fields l or carried on a disreputable trade or reCuId to marry or treated Ms family ither Inc kindly or too harshly or won common agent or guilty of bribery cowar dice etc he might be degraded accordIng accord-Ing In his rank or othr lse punished lint how Ian I In the discharge ol their duties must the reason have become before the eMingulshlng at the lamp of lnl I51 liberty In the death of the republic Such sin u those lust enumerated jpped Ihe virility and mimliood ol Rome and led to the downfall Roman liberty The admlnlllratlon of the finances of the state Included Ihe rigs ulon I ol the trtnutam the property us and tho vevtigana such as the titles paid hoe thin public land salt works mines customs etc which were usually leased out for period ol five yean and also Included the making of the state budget bud-get In 3811 C a taw was passed by which one of the censors might ben plebeian and In MI I IT C both were plebeians lot the lint time In the history oh the slate We have already spoken ul the Tribune and the powers they xerclsed At Ant there were two Hdlles chosen by the plebeians but In 336 II C two others were added selected 1 from the patricians and were called Lumle A dlles The duile ol i the ICdlles were to care for the public bulldinitsepeclal ly I Ihe temples nliend 11 cleaning and repairing the streets tie preparation fur unerals public names an I spectacle thy regulatl of weights and measures markets etc Time Quxsiors originally Iwo in numiKr but i radually Increased till In the lime of Sulla they numbered twenty hid charge I of the public treasury Alter I 411 n C plebeians were eligible lo this office also Tntu kgit jurisdiction In civil procedure proce-dure nl LKei between cltuten was veiled veil-ed in lIme Iraetor Ulbanus of case between citizens and forclgnen In the Iraetor Ieriurlnu ol cases touching the r Irfl Ireanury in the Censors of case irulnc In the market In the Allies but In criminal procedure nil except certain case against rilitiloil which went before the Poniilex Maiimus lexal jurisdiction Iwo I-wo vested in permanent Juries or courts called ipuulonea peipelual These were at least eight in number of ice were presdied over by uJ Premium ant the rest by foremen called judices qu i itionlsl Another class ol ofliclals who were ol great Importance in Mate and wielded a powerful Influence upon the aodal and political of the Komans won the stale priesthood These were divided Into several groups or college the most r Important of which wo the college ol Iontlnce and the college of Augurs The college of I ponliOs was a distinctly Italian Institution and was established far the purpose of cultivating aniline oL II I nYi serving religious knowledge They were thus strictly not a priesthood because be-cause they were not ilevoted to hoi wonhlp of any particular divinity I but i Ihtlr duties embraced thIn regulation of all religious rite and ceremonies both public and privale They decided how the gods should I be worshipped how burial should be conducted and how the souls ol the dead the mimes should be np > eased To I them was enlrusled Ihe care of the calendar Ihe proclamation proclama-tion of f festival dip etc they also were camelot Unit every judicial and every religious act took place on the right day Dr Moranuen says As they had thus an especial supervision of all religious observances it was to thIn th-In caw ol need as on occasion ol marriage testament or arrogatlo thai the preliminary question I was addressed whether the matter did not In I any respect res-pect olfend against divine law Thus wo ci n see as long us the pontiffs were selected 1 Irom I lIme patricians what n powerful 1 weapon they were in the management ol stale aflalrs If a day fur all election had ben selected and il the resulls were nut likely lo be all that the patilciaiu desired It was a very easy matter to proclaim a leslival the 1I < bur b-ur lo declare thai Ihe time waa not propitious and displuased the gods nicessitatlng a postponement until their c driIIIn could gain greater strength or the Influence ol the opposition be broken down Until joo U C the number of Ioiltlfices wan live Including their president the ontlfex I Maxlmus but In that year the number was Increased In-creased to nine four of whom mime 10 be plebeians II 1 Ion ever it wo not until 154 11 C forty I U yean Liter 1 that a plebeian rub Cu ruucmn hun attained I lo the dignity ol Ionlilex Matlmu bulla increased I number to fifteen To the Roman every unusual occur more lund somume special sgnllmceimce aulut dd II revealed I this 1 will nh imeuven concern lug men 1 bus there naturally became n demand for a class ol men who understood under-stood 1 the will ol the gods and could Interpret In-terpret these special manifestations It Is thought tint the Komans learned angury Irom the IE I triiscans and Imported their first priests runt that nation which early Iecallla a tributary lo Komc however I ami augur wire oopponrd to be specially l Iliad with lIme power dlvlnatlo from birth and also needed 10 pass through n certain course ol training the college that lurlher filled him fur the performance of his SIR red duties At lint they were lour in number num-ber nnd 1 were elected Irom among the patricians by the Lomllu Curiala but Ib 11 an u the augurs themselves I hud a right to veto an election that was obnoxious them the < ower to fill vacancies itural by I fell to the college luelf In 307 U C a law wu paiscd I I extending the privl Inges ol this olhcc lo Ihe plebeians I and i immedlitely the number was Increued to iilnewhare it remained until the tune of Sulla l l oil added su more The I modes of uivlnatiou eniplovad h l > the augurs were live culled lImo augurium ex callo ex uvibus I ex Irlpudiis I ex quadrupedibun et dins lImo lirst re lerred lo the inlrepretation ol celestial t i phenomena suihas thunder and light nlngwhich wgrc held In 5cmat reverence lIme second I elated to the males und Illglil ol I birds flue birds which ware considered messengers of the gods were lIme eagle vulture crow raven owl and 1 hen Ol these the first two revealed the dltmc will by their flight whIle the other talked to men through the intonation into-nation of the I voice The augurle ex trlnudils were taken from the sacred chickens the gods revealing their will I through I the appetite ol those pour him auguries I ex quadrupedibns ncrti revealed 1 by lourfooted animals cf lam Instance a dog a wolf or a hare run hd across the path of i Roman and startled l him I li ymmriymummmmuu d emotions he niuitioiiul I n 11 i w augur und the r II > U > P i I to explain It fully 1 i I I I rt t I m ill < ml I the Kud toni ton-I i i in in l v ImiHlutto In e in ii i I > it mclv de c > rvo cu I I ill i in ur r p I I that thry It I D i tj u h I III Ir I iutro3 and Ihelr arl II i my to give coi iiu 1 i iwers alld lIt contradict Iliemselvea III succeunr roiHiillatlons and hold the respect of hc < citlmts as they seem to have done for many yean At Rome auspice wen taken on Ihe summit ol the ripltollne hill where a trIune wan solemnly set apart upon which the augur Mood Me marked oil the portion of the hetvent hi which hIs observations were to be nude wIth a wand and divided It Into right and left sections and the omen appeared pro iltlous rummlmr opinIons aerordlng an heyappei ml in one of I rcordlnfo Tin place in I I which be Wood and lbs comspondlng portion ol the heavens wu called a liiiiplom hence came con templatl and our nglish word contemplate contem-plate low I important the Influence In-fluence ol the niNtuta must have been may be aewi i from the fact lhat hardly anything could lake place without their sanction Thy consulted the will ol the gods In national attain theiequest of the magistrate and revealed It when directed lo do so by Ihe senate The election ol 0 inc Important ruler consul con-sul prsrtor dictator every civil officer every religious functionary was Invalid jt the aui > iui were unfavorable I So general could Iurufmmlly engage in battle no public land could be allotted no marriage or adoption certainly among the patricians san valid unless the nuipkes were first taken and the tomltU Cenlurlata could be dissolved at a moment notice a member ol the college of augur put In his veto Thee were several I other nunorprlejl hood the more Important of r which were the llamrns irieats of Jupiter Man and ijuirmus and the vestal virgins I prlisicsa i of Vdt the goddess god-dess of the hearth whose sacred fin must be kepi burning perpetually All ol these were selected by Ihe college of pontifls There were the etUles also n college ol priests twenty I In number I elected for lIfe from the most noble lamillts I who hail lo perform end sacred = rite accompanying declaration ol war ned treaties of peace or alliance UulI four Fellatio accompanied by n speaker called a pater iwlratu were sent by the senate to foreign nations to demand satisfaction lor Injuries levelved dlll They were clad In priestly I robes and ri In Iront of them wire carried holy herb satmhaul which Ihe consul or praetor delIvered to lliu In the Capitol afler having touched with them the loiehead nl lIne paler pairalus Thus equipped they entered the territory ol the foreign nation and to the Ant Inhabitant they met the herald repeated the follow I Inn I Ml rIh ln i Hear me j Jupllerf Hear me god ol boundaries And ihou sacred oracle ol right bear I an the messenger ol tbe Roman people I cumne II In alt J Justice and my word nulenerune hi truth If it In against right and I my conscience lhat I demand those persons and these things to be dellvertd up lo me the messenger of Ihe Roman people may Jupiter ever permit me lo return Into my country The same proclamation was made to those they ma HI Uw ItI ie ol tho principal city and finally in Ibe Forum before Hit maglstrales II no itislactlon was given 1 within lhumIythunrmn da s they i ctol Hearken lj JollIer and I thou Janus uulnnus I and all yi god ol heaven earth and the lower regions ilu I take you I witness that ihli I to nation Is unjust and v lolates right I How I 1 tlIm we avenge outraged I drl hI Our rncr3 old men will decide and deputed The result wa reported lo the semtc nnd within a few days the pater palratu eturned to the frontier blaring javelin will a biHiil end stained null blood 1 I and cart It Into the enemy territory this I was the declaration ol hostilities threatened lire and blood l burning and slaughter In later time when the Roman territory hid been widely extended ex-tended thIs last ceremony was per Conned in Rome itself A small portion 1111 ol round near the temple of llellona hwarh wan let aside for the purpose and ii il T diflI Ir called the Terra hoslilis the enemies country At least two of the etialen Ihe paler pntratua and tin herald who bore ilie herbslud to be present I i at the formation ol Ireatie of alliance Thus we sw how closely both the national and International of Rome were linked with Its religion this latter was the foundation of tIme former Koine really had no conslllullon until the election of the Decunvirs and the grating of ttlWm twelve I tables I 450 llu C llclore that time hue regulation uf customs cus-toms Ihe laws were practical in the hands of the priests The gods or rather their representatives turned the wheels of state and woe be to that cnlien or official who sought to clog them Cicero ays Our alienators were never wiser or helter Inspired by lIme I I gods than when they sealed lint the same person should I preside over religion re-ligion and the government of the republic re-public lly ilih means magistrates and pontills unite to save the slate Ihe results ol thIs yslcin were excellent and 1 silulory ns long use vlrlut etpietas virtue anil piety went hind In hand 1l II and were the chief I charactcrlsili s ol the men and 1 women of Rome but when oriental customs and the spoils 1 of con nhmmnrt I letan to sap I lIe lila and morals 01 the city the priests brawn rharlsees I and the social and political structure bean to totter and lead an ignominious existence lleautlful temple were built lothe various god and goddesses the must celebrated ol which was probably lhat 01 Jupiter Cipltollnus on the capitollne hill To thin Roman of early times the god did not have a tendency to take upon themselves human forms as did the gods of Greece The Roman godj wcie maiifestallons of phjslcal 1Ir r phenomena whose potter he I fell l and cared but as civlliialion advanced nnd Greek influence became more and more fell Ihe Italian gods assumed more definite defi-nite forms and Imitated their Grecian brothers and 1 slslers while many new deities were conslanlly Import Irom Greece until Rome was filled with tho temples anil I worship of according to varro uw gods A general 1 returning rui ri from i sueeestful campaign a proconsul returning laden with the riches ol a province or an nmultlou cltlien deal Ini lo win favor and I perpetuate hilt name would dedicate a temple to some deity md alter the list of Italian divinities wu exhausted Grecian niyihuoxy wu drawn upon to provide lImo uicupant ol the shrine Mars was the pation god ol Koine and represented manly itrengtli tIme SaSh were a college 1 of priest i connected with t the woruliiu of this deity Iraditlon sais that Minn the second king of Kome received a peculiarly shaped shield blue auulc from heaven and had Ihe artist Mjiiiiinin make eleven others just hku it The Mill twelve lrmummrl her were then iiMituted 1 to cure for these shields In thin mouth of Msrchn month especial devottd to Mar Ihe f feast of lIme god was eclebr ited Clad l In lIe toga plcla loga with an ornamental border and In lulfntmor with time toga priiolcxla I Arl toga with purple border worn ibove and tied 1 madablne knottanil carrying a sword und a lance and I tin iclebrated iiuul these priests umhinmI through the Mi 1 in o uim pro i n dnncini i 1 it d I 111 C hdore l every 01111 i loamy and 1 I < Mtintn ir I shield null II irhnrnti tl nua ure 01 anoj s II n tin worms ic nmua ci tag 3ucie I Vontinmil Jrom lace Jtn I Ij LIFE III ANCIEnT ROME IW I of which bAd l In a liter period become I 1 ncomprehenslhle lo Hie priests them 11 I civet These notim celebrated Janiw tJ Jupiter Juno Mlneryi and Mara he teannsdrJ dJ nmos of I departed dtlten Man added t these as a mark of Hie greatest dls I I tmctlon During the mot of the month i of March these process > m were celo t Irated dally the rlesla reluming nt I evening to the mansion of tin bain H II ol which there vereteeral In Rome i where they enjoyed a feast celebrated ro r for ID lumptiiouinen Another Rreat fealival WAc the Saturnalia I II J H Satur-nalia In honor of Saturn River of fruil I j ful harvent Tlua was an old 1 Italian In Btllullon and occurred on December to I III During the republic lasted only one I dayi but thai day the pjople Rave I themselves to all aotH of mirth and j 1ki pleasure up Social r and clan dlsllnctions 1 wire either et wide entirely or leaned I le-aned The ilnve a t down to banquet In Ida lord a clothe while the lodI walteil upon him Call were made enl I urn compllmmu and prtacnta eichana t ed Hera the nlavea inut have ob h mined a taste ot real libttl and the ioa plr rl j mailer rendered t belter able to appre elate what servitude really waa and allhouali hla freedom In opming the 1 way to license waa baneful neverlhe leu It muat havebrounhtauoutaiirealir j I u > predatloa and aympathy belween men I and tended lo draw claim cloaer toE I I E < laitMt Ihe two headed god of en I trnnon and the threshold waa a die II tlnrtlv Konmn conception and hat no Ii I parallel In Greek mythology Thor Th-or blp of Veita did much to preaerve ursln purity at Koine while the hunott 1 I aid lo Juno accomphahed the aame re I MM for the chaallly of the Roman matron lortuna lurtune waa nlto held In Brent reverence and waa njiulh honored I with a temple 1 I 1 lutardi lays Whell ahe entered Home she folded herwlngtaaalign lhat ahe wished to remain I But ue find In the Uoman religion no fervor divine aspiration and no > hllu aophlc rellectlon Oroaa superstition meeu one on every lull I I 1 he form or I color oOt the cntralln and often eI em alie of the liver of the sacrificed victim Indicated In-dicated tho w 111 of the god A groan or a peculiar movement of the animal I 1 while dyinK might carry with terrible I consequence A misstep the flicker of a dime or an Involuntary sadness I J coming upon one wai the voice of a K < xl to the Individual The llirlnuni n little 1111 on n branch of coral huiic ubout the neck was worn by children at a charm ijralmt the evil eye A arl or t II re mire protection ngalntt spells aaya liny 1 I Is to apt Into ones right shoe belor putting it on heir form ol wo hli wcru exceedingly ritualistic On Important oceaaloni the consul reads a lurmula n print reads It niter him while another prieat tee that alienee mid proper decorum nre maintained main-tained and a muilclan play n llute to charm the deity flie omission of n word n mlaatcp or any nolso I would break the i n nnd 1 spoil It all I lh Koman did not love his gods 110 fiared them They did not live In him I nnd purify till I Me or elevate I hl soul rII l 1 r rI Ills worthlp was always I with the ur pose ol propitiating them Ucero I tells us lhat the Uomans entered their sanctuary lull ol alfrlhl a > thoutli their temnle were the cave ot a bear or a dragon leoile observed religious cereinonlea to make birgalns with the Lods to draw up contracts In due form V o see ol Ihe sclhtli I alllln In In I which Ihe tods weru consulted from Ilie statement 11 Ilantus He who has nude the I I coca propitious alwiya Kalns alJlge iirutlla ll was Ihis spirit of self I n aggrandizement wis Ihe curse of 1 Kerne Men could fight lor her glory If and the extension ol her boundaries I but they learned to fatten on the spoils and wlien these wcro exhausted r they l > were w lime lo Iced on their toorer and I I weaker neighbors I Yet there Is I one phase ol the Itomtn religion that carries w tm It an element I worthy ol admlrMlon This was the I worship of the 1 enales or Inrw ilia household gods andthcaouls ol Ihcir dead ancestors Ihe 1einurci These spirits dwelt about Ihcm and Ihe good were called Manea Ihe bad Larva rhe 1 lavu 1 gave bad 1 dreams and wire propitiated I by throwing black beans jo kb rI over tlio shoulder and mriklnic bronz vessels rtiey were the evil vcniu Inc Manea were ever near lu lend n helping hand They werethe gool nniiels ol the Konians and delighted lu llieir prosperity pros-perity and reclltudo lvery home lui I rc i lt its ancestral t hearth wlure I Huso shidcs weru worshiped Ihe lather ol tha family always diiccling ant leading In the ccremonlts hough 1 these cire monies famlhea weie iluaely welded and the p irenls respecled and r olicjcd nnd by the dnjiliy ullaehod to tne falhera In the senile und amon Ihe t I i f magistrals wo aee Ihu ri iect liiat WHS tendered lo old ate Oruy hairs ind I the wisdom that cornea tlirouili eirs Ia experience ever received Lieut deference defer-ence In Kepubllcan Koine unerals were one ol Ihe tnosi Im I ponant ccremonl earned on In lha clly At firnt time weru nl public ixpense but later tl uy wore conducted entirely by tilt relativei I I unlea > a public funeral was Iven I as Io mirk ol la topeit i i and honor Ihe body wuu ciiibuhni I r re placed on an Ivory couch m Ihe uiriii u of Ihe house and there lay in slate lor seven day 1 hepiuceasiou was formed al the house of Ihe deceased und pro cced to Ihe I orum in the lorriioon w lien tho streets were lull of people It WHS U led by musicians and bv women who chantei plaintive aoiigs lly the twelve tables ihe musicians weru Minimi lo ten mie the women weru fordiddcn tear Ihelr I hair or dlsfiguru their iienum ed f 3ullI I lu Alter thesu came Individuals who wore i wax masks and Impersonated the un i cestora of the family These were followed if follow-ed by Ilie bierwhleh waa carried by the i nearest nlallvea or by the alavea who 1rbly Oal 1r Ivnll Ind been nudo free by tho I last will of the deceased Actora also lormoJ part ol fe tins proceaslon reciting th virtue anil exploit ol the deail an < l 1 entertaining tho crowd Clients freed muinmlilivc telletl thu cuncourse I nnd tnethlnU I MO th tlneviuble snul boylbringinK up the reur On reaclntiK I the V orutn Ithe bier wa deposited beloru Ihu rostrum the all cestors took their seata in HID cumt chain and a relallvu mounted Ihe IUI I liunm and delivered a funiral oratlot 1 rom the I arum tho procua iunpro tecded the place ol burial or crenu tlonwheresacrihceiwereieiformcdiin the body laid in a sarcophagus 1 turn I al II dn Ii oraraewalled iii with brick or th ashea were deposited nil urn ami laid away In tho columh iria Onuies mu iladltoilil contemt came lo lIa i cele Crated in honor of ihe dead Ihulu tladitonal fijil it I aild lo have ben i icnentcd r t by the BOIIH ui the eldt Imituiathlifuncrilm i 1 lUll L lues contest i In honor cf tho Icail cem anything but coirilstinl and yet toll Uomans they were fur they thuui1 lint tho Mann lovtd blood 1 unrrals wtru offn usid nt a mean sf otirucliin attention to a family um winning the favor of people so much iolhal resirictiuns had lo be placed pon tliein by Ihe state Herealsoas In evoy nation II here lib rty Is I respected the home waa the unit lere centered the good clliisns chief merest and from it radiated those In uencei lhat made the Koman youth revere the Rods respect authority An1 I oehlsfatheiland That home In Ihe jrly days was H vajry ttmplo allalr con sting of one large loom called the rmm but ai wealth and clvilitalion wltll their ciinaniuenl req ilrimienm m reaaed other rooms wim uddedtlllit appeared at Ihe elegant town t house ur tiiespaclout country villa 1 hey were anally only ons alary in height but as pace became valua 1 ile In Koine they I 1I eral stories the lUt 1 lIIl c ry opular In many locah II The authority of the husband and fathr was supreme The wife and illilren I were hla properly The nur lr aIrrc lI age ceitm jny called conlarreailo waa ery simple and consisted of lIe be olhed partaking of a symbolical cake ilacingja Roman coin the as upon a oil mce on the 1eiiiles al Ihe inreahuld I of n I u1 n = o Jr thII fell according to law mlu me hands of her huiiMnd Her relation lo her urmer home became aevered Ilie ouseliol I gods ol her husband lie cme her household gods Until the laUer days ol the repuulic divorce was iknown Ilelow the Uw the father had Ihe lower of tile and dealh ovr the household but lie guarded Ibe honor of hl < wne wild jealous care and lonla was a sacred placu lo him The I Mnlllnn of Ihe wile and mother was ODe ol honor and respect rile lares I loved domestic virtueannd the Manea II ere pleaaed with concord In families i Cato say U is better to bo a good l I lusuand than a great aenator Thu lay from aunrlae to aunset WAS IvIJed Into twelve luru culled horae hours t The seventh hour always be kun at noon The dally program ol a tell todo Koman was nbiiut aa follows n Ihe morning olten before rising his ienta or II he was an oflicial h clerks also called UHHI him In Ihe atn 1111 of Ills house lo pay tlfir respects id receive Ibeir lavors or Instructions r the day On nrlaing ha partook ol n I re iklaat jaulaculum nhkli lonslsled 01 bread dipped in wine or seasoned with aalt Krpei olives cheeae milk anil eggs alter which I i he devoted him sell lo the busmen ol the day If llns took him upon the street tu the I orum arkel or any other locality lie waa ccompunleil by his crowd larger or mailer according lo his wealth mil In luenci of cllints Iliese clients were Irollleo who had sworn him heir I aid 5 I I nll7 0 i K > n them Hut what u strange iMvesty HI manhood A bilif chapter in the nstory ol the aristocracy ol wealth and Ihe misfortunes of the poor lhat became comedy Al the rid I of Ihe sixth ro edr > ur luncheon praudtum con istlng of both hot and cold dishes was erveu Then n nap was Indulged In If uslnesa permitted followed by tliletlr xercites and n isitto Ihe bjtlt when to enjoyed hla 1 repealling ablution t und ngaged in coaversation until I ahout the nlnh hour when the cena Ihe dinner And chlel meal of the day was citen Al all tlmea the poorer classes I 11 l hielly on porridge madeul a UrinacdTV ubslance tar ador which they IM 01 Iso ns bread and vegetables udtfK abbateoniinslurnlp ridishus leelts gallic cucumbers pumpkins meluni etc Meat was oaten only on teslivi occasions In early limes the food am rr1 rII cooking arrangements of even the belter classes uero very simple and the si ivts nnd Ihe masters puilook of the fctnio loll but alter the conquests In Aili Minor and Greece the wealthy took o I eastern waja and were no longer MtM I lieil with Ihe wholesome Invigorating uod of their fathers Varlout meats were demanded experienced cooka uero engaged at high price and Ihe iomiti III began applying himself r to ticking tick-ing his palate lull Mere In special I iltmand aome varieties commanding fibulous prices Ihe large itutllm mullill was considered a ieat dainty II one ol four pounds l commanding one thousand sestertii forty dollars while one ol lx pounds w H sola lor six Ilion land 1 seiliml f 140 Another favorite uII m aiiityvviis t the muriena u surlol Iy saltwater I salt-water eel 11 caught ivarticularly In the trails I ol Sicily and Tarleatui lnorderl fiav nih i l iS at hand sill lull punds were constructed Iu 1 cullui hid a canal dug through a ridie ol mountains near the sea in order lo supply hia lull pond l with aalt water lunensius Ihe orator nlso had cele rated piscinae nnd I liny rclatca tha I ho shed tears nl the death ol one of Ills nunienc Antonlna Ihe wife uf Urn ni Ii sail lu hiuo adorned n luorlto iili of Ihe I anna kind with oarrlngtl f lui tlitsc are only II Ilia cchum 01a cranls Ih1 w ill turn 1 no breeding and taming of hoh hecallle II lalOllle l31Ullle 111I thoa who hut lUau tnno und inotie linn common > ensu mid love lor humanly Ity Vel an uverdalmineas can hardly ho laid at the door of the Konun Ilia Koat tin one lint developed to Its lull lelght in Ilia tlmu ol the empire wa glutlony Chairs and conches were numerou and oiton ilegint In design In brume or carved uoud The covirmgs were rich riik furs and I cuiliioiu Ine drna o t the Koman waa rxivedingly pliln I am I si uple A man wore an under 1InlllIl t called n tunic a sort ol n looee bloua re icImiiE about to Ihe kneua and ion line alHiul Hie wilt Uvor inn Im threw th tuga a plain piece ol cloth with edge Ui I nmed I I oil t lu 1 an oval It watabuu thne timia Iho height ol the man x elusive of the head In length nnd abou Icu the height In wldih Till wi hunK Irom the lilt shoulder and draj > ei about the body auns lo leue the ngl arm net ll wn nude uf phln whit cloth Only real Rom ins were allow I ui to wear lite togi and lor ripubllca I days u vviw consutired n mark ulro1 disrcupect tu appe ir in i public without II i Evelllho I boo wore it but theirs wa called Ihe tog i praetexli because It han ha-n purple border At about sevenec tho boy laid aslda thlt logi praciexl and donne I I the manly toga lag i vlrili or Itbera I tin wlilto I I garment jev tug I rulcxti was ulto worn by the chic innglsiriles and priests I I Tne aennlor andknlglitswore tunics with a purpl r border the lormeru > lni one wide 1 1 strip wlitta the latter were required I lo eu pluy two narrow ones Koman Udtea also I wore the toga i pillt u it wis culled 1 an I laid I taido th ullii prictexta cm becoming nmrrlui l llenealh I this were worn two tunica a Inner close fitting one lhat reiched Iho knees and an outer one that Howe about Ihe feet but waa driwn through 1 glrdlo at the want until ll Jut i touches l Ihe ground I his olten had a rlehlr ornamented border about the baton Matrons usually drape 1 n loldt l Ihe pill i Irom the head m the furm of 11 veil or wore nsep irate veil w Inert las cnedtolhaheid hunt down tho bck III grac ful loldi lite nutfruU 1Id In all th 59 garments wcro Ilinnel am linen Tho lad < 1 took le31 care In i dreslir tho hair several claboral styles appearing lu statues and carving Hair ornam necklace and rich cameo and jewelled rings seem to have been quite cummon llr icelew and ear rlnga were also worn Two pearls be aide each other Seneca complains with a third on top now go lo a single pendant I Tne extravagant t fools probably prob-ably think I their i huibandi are not nnffl clrntly plagued without their having two or three h rttages hanging down Irom their eari Kepubllcan ladies J however I how-ever never loaded 1 themselves down with jeweln They left mat barbarous practice for their degenerate listen nl the empire M rrors ere made of polished f metal Mirrors of glais were unknown and glaia was used very lightly II at all Tor lighting purposes Another Important phase nl Roman life was the public games Time were In honor of the gods lo win their favor or to render thanksgiving lor past favon or Instituted by wealthy officials lo pluse the multitude These consisted consist-ed l ol racs In the C rnis Mailmut a I contests and various bloody Sladmtorial ghts In the amphitheater nud scenic representation In Ilie theater file Circus Cir-cus Maximus was a beautiful athletic field juit outside Ihe city The races were ihirlly chariot races and consisted ol from ten to twelve In a day Alh h J tgs also appeared lint athletic contest never were so popular ns they were in l reecu They did not aatlsly the fierce oman spirit The glidUlorlal contests were first ntroduced funerals In honor of the lanes This seems loluve been an truscan Institution and n relic of Ihe custom nf making human wcrtficss In I74H t1 I lamlmiH nrranied a fiihl laallng 1 three daya In rumor bl his I deceased de-ceased father Seventy four gladiators were hired lor this purpose This ted tolhedetelopmenlofgladlalorlalKhooU 1 here the baser ulicens and slaves trained fur these fights n1 I which became centers of crime nnd miserable scheming that WM a menaca lo the alai Ihcae cuntesit In republican day look place In the circus or In the Forum but In Ihe last daya of the republic and Ihe firat day of the empire amphl theaters Iwgan to be built Ith great expense and duplay Die I ollstum Is I a good representation of Ihe Ihe theater was R comnaratlvely late evelopnient at Home I he first were ude of wood and pulled down after wrformancos were over Hie theater 01 Tompelus bull In 95 II C wai Ihe hnl slone Iheater and would eat 40000 l > eope Dial of ScauiU 51 II Could C-ould seat Koooo people Its stage wn waa three slorlea high and cull allied jta marble columns The fust aloy r walla were coated with mirble Ih iccund with Lla nnd Ihe third witli > 1 ties ol kilt metal There w ere 30 uuo ironie statues between the columns allli many other decorations Hut the ilava were coarse comedy and far Irom duialing or elevating in their tenden d es The c ire and education of the young fIII s no d liildren was entirely In the hands of Ih le mother and the leaped in which he waa held la well Illustrated by the lories of Uurlolanus and C liar Most of the teachers were Greek laves or Greek Ireedmen who wtib I lied schools after obtaining their lib 0 rt > Hoys and girls received Instruc an In tneaame schools and learned he advantage of coeducation Ihe clilel aublecie studied were Ihe Iilln ml Lireek languages rhetoric and music Latin adaptation of Greek authors I were first used as textbooks but when Ciceru and Caur and Vlriitl i appeared they quickly became tlio dally companions of the pupils as they allll t are today I the twelve table1 were committed I to memort nnd as Ilie bay approached II minliood he acconi panlocl Hie lather tn Ihe 1 mum and Ihe market where he heard theueiliiien of Ihe diy and learned how I lu mingle I hd the al l rrna Sons of wealthy Komans usually went lu Athens 0111 I the Lireek cltlea ol Ilia eat 110 pursue J their university education Theo are soniu ol the many phase > I Koman life and although wa have seen many tiling In Ihe hie ol the Koman ol which we cannot appiovc neverlheleas there remain not u few trails that we would be ilad 1 tu see engrafted on the national l character of our uvvn eounlry Would l that hla aimilicily an I stern lute nIY he I rellfL I rl ty r I rl I Ilia fidelity tin which lie perlormel tlie common civil and household duties i ra vvoilhy ha admiration nd Ciimmendition of my atc Their frugality lenipcranee I ustlce rectitude courage alhl I energy ml only hUd them tu be the fineo citlten soldier the world has known f > ut also made I them ihe men whu couli i I return from Ihe held take up tho atlurs of slue andmarhal them with equal nealanl success they era Ihe eln rlnnall who could pluw in their paternal Held I lead an army to victory or hoi I the rehu uf > uiu at Rome und fIVe uine all the glor > As lung IIH tin 51 veallh t remained I In t thu hand of ma IIY i Illd 01 Ihv low nd mn wora jiiwillug to oppress Ihelr weaker or more unlurtunito brothers liberty nnd iciee abode At Rum bin whin men came ta enema how they could become wealthy and live In luxury without thouglil ol Ihe misery and l dutress they were bringing upon others In < UHLSO these lair eindiuea veiled Ihelr uict In horror ilisappolntnnnl and sorrow and SOUIIII oilier unr climes 1 hey are with us ludiy but Ilia length of Ihelr sojourn and Ilie exiinl ol tha LleSJlni 1 tney elve derHiids upon wlielher we are willing tu btiut sellith lies uut ul our hearls and really and pricltciiiy believe that all men uro brutlieiu and that l01 I rules Ihe unl verso We occutuually hear the id momllona uf Ihesa luvmg matron and listen lu Ilie rumblings llial threaten their devamire Komu heard listened and turned aside la cuci greater iuur > tu revel and u drown the sound in pleasure Mull wo follow Homes ex uniplif May we over bo able lu say of our liihcrland us Cicero said ol Rome I lira Is my religion I hire my rniv and 1 the inces of my fathers 1 tmd In tills pi ico an Indolnublu chum which pe Ird < 4 my h anll oothlh my Vll |