Show CONGRESSIONAL CAMP CAMPAIGNS OF PARTIES ALIGNMENT t 0 A Vu A NEW r r t. t By Frederic J. J Haskin I I I general movement md for greater THIS TUg I popular participation In n government ent Which h began legau gan at t the tho close tho-close lose cloe of the war Val A I of 1812 1512 and arid which won its itt first firstI national election In 1826 gained comP complete com com- 1 P I I tt control of or the federal government In I In that thaI year Andrew Jackson P C Calhoun wore were the Demo- Demo Republican cand candidates for prest wi i c i I dent leUt against John Johnt Quincy Adams an and t 4 Rush Hush hard nominees nom t t Ines Ine's of the National Nation Nation- M al Republicans t t f During DurinA the Adams administration all allt allt t. t of the political I t In the i f W leaders country coun coun- try c to be f and L.- L. l loyal loval members j. j true true- representatives of Ih the historic Democratic Dem Dern- z Republican I part party In the i V r. r half of that a admin admin- i L i the parties M i in congress were Id t usually designated r as Adams and anti anti- Adams As the campaign of or 1828 1825 approached th the opposition to the adminIstration administration admin admin- centered upon the support of Jackson and became I known as Jackson on men The Adams men mn unwilling to limit their allegiance to on man assumed the name National Republicans Tho The JacI Jackson son men then claimed sole title to the old party name of Democratic leans The word republican appearing In the title of or both parties gave save ris rise to lo confusion confusion sion slon and aud the Jaclson men dropped it and retained the title Democratic which still endures The old Federalist element clement flocked to the support of the Adams- Adams Clay faction but to them the word republican republican republican lican was offensive Therefore it happened that while the opposition to Jackson was formally l known as the National r Republican party in practice its members were weYe caned called Whigs s and after after- a few years cars the party officially adopted the old English appella appella- tion Lion In the campaign of or 1828 tho the Demo Derno Democrats Dem Dern- o rats and md Whigs faced each cadi other In ma a square fight fi ht and for the tho first time In Inthe Inthe inthe the history of the country there was a general national political campaign The principal issues which had divided the old Federalist and Republican parties partie hinged upon questions of foreign policy polley The republic had severed Its Us political connection with Europe but its internal commerce was not self supporting and ana It was compelled to lean upon foreign trade for or existence The first sharp division resulted from the Jay treaty with England England Eng Eng- land and from that time until the war of 1812 foreign commerce and foreign policies determined the issues upon which the people divided The embargo and non acts of the Jefferson and Madison regime hated as they were by the commercial interests afforded a complete protective system which encouraged home indus Indus- Pennsylvania especially began to tri tries s. s build up manufactures being beins followed by Now New Jersey New York and New Eng Eng- land The invention of the cotton Kin gin inthis inthis in inthis this country and tho the improvement of spinning machinery in England created such a demand for cotton that slave lab labor laborin r rIn in the cotton states became immensely th the the- financial interest St of pr profitable arn need of the tho south did not discover the investing money in anything except cotton cotton cot cotton cot cot- ton plantations The result o of the war of 1812 the overthrow of Napoleon thebe the tho beginning be of the th long peace in Europe Europe the rapid growth of the tho United States bel between be between be- be and the development of the territory l tween the Alleghenies and the Mississippi all operated to mal make e the republic more independent nt of foreign affairs In the meantime the Federalist party had collapsed and the Republicans were in entire control of the tho government by virtue of their position with respect to foreign policies Then for the first time tune domestic problems arose and pressed for settlement In 1816 at the behest of Pennsylvania congress enacted a protective protective pro pro- tariff which resulted In further stimulating the A American merican industries The strict and the latitudinarians latitudinarians again clashed upon the question of whether th the thc federal government possessed pos POK- the power under the constitution to appropriate money for roads canals and other internal improvements Henry Clay who had come into national prominence in the young Republican revolt revolt re revolt re- re volt of 1810 placed himself at the head of or the thc pro progressive faction He lie formulated a prot protective tariff doctrine which he named the American system He was heartily In favor of internal improvements improve improve- m ments and he ho was so thoroughly devoted devoted de devoted de- de voted to the business of advancing ad the material prosperity of the country countr that he deprecated the Injection o of purely political questions into the national forum Thus he always was ready with a compromise measure to stave off orf the final reckoning on political questions that he might save sae his industrial program from disturbance protectionist because he believed believed be believed be- be J He lie Ie was a that protection would enrich the north he was for internal improvements because they would they would develop and enrich the west est and he ho was for slavery because it would enrich the south He lie flattered himself and the country agreed with the slavery slav taken him that he had forever cry ery question out of politics by the Missouri Missouri Mis Mis- compromise of 1820 In his ardent young Republican da days s 's he had defeated the tho bill to the thc Bank of oC the United d States but the panic of 1816 caused him to change his mind and Inconsequence In Inconsequence In consequence with his general faith in the U material future of the country he became a a. staunch defender of the bank and therefore therefore there there- f fore re an ally of the money power But unfortunately for Clay there were i Important political questions which could not be compromised and which in the minds o of a great majority of the people than tho the economic were ere more important and fiscal questions which Clay thought to make the paramount issues In state after state the ruling classes had been compelled by popular r revolutions to grant new constitutions which extended the right of suffrage which abolished or re reduced reduced reduced re- re property qualifications and which embodied reforms demanded by the new Democracy The oligarchies overthrown In Jn the states were ere not clearly different in form from that small number of men menat menat menat at Washington who had assumed the power po and authority to select presidents and administer the tho affairs o of the govern govern- ment It was inevitable that this general general gen germ eral Democratic revolution should attack the tho national government Defeated in 1824 by what they wore were pleased to be believe believe believe be- be lieve a corrupt bar bargain aln the new Democrats Democrats Demo Demo- with a war hero for their leader gained control of congress in lS 1826 6 and of the pre presidency two years later The Whigs under Adams and Clay unable to combat openly the Democratic demand mand for or popular participation participation- In government gov gov- o.- o. sought to create a diversion by bya a II strong South American pOll in pursuance pur 1111 of the Monroe and nd In Insisted Insisted Insisted In- In upon a protective tariff tarm and In Internal Internal internal In- In Improvements The Tho rho protective a doctrine alienated the tho south but as H the theD D Democrats were careful not to commit themselves cg on the tariff it it did did- not succeed sue suc CONI Ceol In uniting the thC north Although at this distance It Is' Is clear that tho the administration of or the second dams Adams made a most excellent re record ord for Itself the people of that day dar looked upon Adams as a Federalist in disguise who Bought to build up p an aristocracy and to todo todo todo do by Indirection what his father rather had failed fallerI to do by hy direct methods The Tho Adams administration was without Its Ita own volition forced into the position of or representing the th aristocratic idea as a opposed opposed opposed op op- op- op posed to th the Democratic concept pt of gov gov- eminent It was a a. remark remarkable blo coincidence coincidence coincidence dence that In 1828 John Quincy Adams received ele electoral toral votes only from tho the same states which were carried for his father In 1800 while Jackson carried all the Jefferson lefferson states of or 1800 and all of the new states which had been added to the tho union with the time exception of Maine which was of course Included In Massachusetts Mass lass in 1800 It is furthermore remarkable that while white the Adams Whig party was successful only in ew England New Jersey Delaware Dela Dela- ware l Maryland land and a part of Now York the sectional division of the was not yet t apparent Both Jackson and Calhoun wore wens from slave states and both wore were lar largo e yet the Democratic ticket carried Pennsylvania by more than two to one and received 73 of Its votes otes from the thc free tree states dams Adams received a total of oC three eighty electoral votes of which nine wore from slave states so that In the free states the Whigs cast but one more cl electoral vote than the Democrats This fact was cited by Thomas II 11 Benton to show that In 1828 almost a decade art after r the tho Missouri compromise there was no hostile hos boa tile tilo sentiment at the north toward the slaveholding states The rhe new Democracy did not Intend to limit its demand for control over the offices to those chosen by vote ote The They demanded that the representatives es of the oll oligarchy archY holding federal offices by appointment appointment ap ap- ap- ap should be removed and that their places be fill filli by representatives of the people Before the end of Adams Adams' administration and after It was known that Jackson certainly would succeed succeed suc sue to the presidency the Democratic senate to confirm nominations made by Adams and ever every place possible possible ble was held open for the incoming ad ad- ad ministration Vh Whan General Jackson gotto sot got sotto ot otto to Washington before his Inauguration he was literally b besieged by hungry office office- seekers More because of the temper of his party part and outside pressure than because because because be be- cause of his hs ow own desires Jackson turned out the old office holders and appointed his own partisans in their place Thus was created the spoils system and thus was established time the Influence e 0 of federal patronage in national politics which has been used by every president Since that time But there was aH trouble troubIe ahead The tariff question was becoming acute am and threatened to assume the form of a sectional sectional sec see dispute The agitation for tor the purchase of ot Texas w was s bringing the slavery slavery sla sla- sla- sla very cry question Into public attention One or the other of these purely sectional issues must have hare become time tho principal issue If It had not been baen for a personal persona conviction of General Jackson In his hist t first message to congress ai against the advice and In opposition to the will Of his cabinet and of his most trusted ad advisers advisers ad ad- he made an attack upon the Bank of the United States The bank was not at that time a political Issue but Jacksons Jackson's attack made It so Instantly the country was plunged ed into a R. great reat political poll tI tal struggle between Jackson backed by the new Democracy and b bj by the machine of New York and Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Penn Penn- sylvania on the one hand and ana the Bank of the United States backed by money mone power on the other Tomorrow Tomorrow Congressional Congressional Campaigns VII VIII Growth I.-Growth Growth of Sectional Division |