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Show AXCIKVT rOKTil'ICATIUNS. 1 Tcilliiionjr t) Hie Truth of Hit Hoot of Mnrmun. Thcra would L?, of necessity, a marled tllflerecce letween tho mill Ufjr defense of ancient limes anil the ietemtlicarraeofalimatlmprrir.natilo stroiif-holda of theae tiara of klllnl to mrarlitra anl firotllitlous artillery. The origin of thoatt of fortification la laTolirJ lu obscurity. Tho carllett rerorJiofthe nioit ancient cities re. I resent them ai enclrclej by alia an J foil-. Tli. ancient city ofNIiictrh, built by Mnui, was slaty mllraln clrcuui. ftrence, "an exceeding ureal city, of thrredaia' Journey." (Jon. III.. 1.) It aa surrounded by a wall ouehumlrsd fret highland of so great breadth tbt Ihrterharlota could k abreast nion It. The wall was adorned with 1500 towers two hundred ftst high. Tho walla of Ilabylon wi ra atlll more imUlcloiia. Ttioy were In t'hlcknoa etghly-sosen feet, and thleo hundred and fifty fret blifh with a iomiasof four hundred and eighty furlong. These wallo were surrounded on ttia outside Willi a eaat moat full of water anil lined with I ricks on both aide. Tho design and purpose uf thise elaborate walls, j rotable went further than tho needs of mere Ucfunsu re tiulrcd. Ulmlotuo taia the design of tlio founder of Nluuasli wu to laake that city tho lirir.it nml noblmt illy In the world, Hclf-elorliloitloo was lliiirllicleil motive of Ihn lulld 1 roof lliliylon. ibiichodne2xar wbi tt r tn Immortalize hio iiatutf anl after adornlnx hla cndtal rlly with luiiiiouoiillflttiiand auinttiou ornv muntatlona h bunt forth 111 the pride of hla heart) "la not thll the Krrat lliliylon that I have built for thnliuuae of the kingdom, by the uiUht of ay lower ni.d for the honor of my ma-jeoly." ma-jeoly." (I)tn. In 31).) Aa time paaMtl and rival liowcra were arraytl aalnit ea:h otlur. It lacauieinH-iftaary todefond Invariant cities and liatbnra by high walla a nd atronic foruncatloni. In ihl manner the ancient Oretk cltlM were difendod. Jtmialem, at the lime Vcaiaalan ent hliarmrloUa.U.lt.waa encoif iaaaed with walla an I torn re of rail lrmlh. The art of war, aud the Inwerlul ciijIiik of dealruetion at that nrlyday had mil theau lirso di femu nemaary. Tl.oolt or Jefetna Iim, In Rtnttal, made proRroM wllh that of attack. The weapomof prim. Hire warfare were rude and ilmple, and the achemee of ilefenee were corno-inndlnly corno-inndlnly light and umkllful. The m.lu object of the defenler 1 ln( to prevent the near n 1 nmch of the enemy to hla lllon, (ho elmilut meam la the oltrui!lon called In military rllance the irup.t. ."hla may t n woodili atookade, uf mound uf earth, or a wall of Killd niawnry. Tho Impleat, moat 1011. vculentanJIneipcnalrefomiof aira t la the earth mound. Tuegruunl adjolnlmr It lo du up for IU formation, aulllieultchcr foaae tliua Ictt by the lauivatlou fornii, by ll dith and lroadth, aldlllmial ouaUhH to the t in my'a at proach. H artlng from thla irlniltho parapet, with lu Inevitable ditch, aa tlio elnmentiry foitui of d-fenae, d-fenae, which wero omuionly a aulll clint irotcctlou from the arrowa, allnja, clubs au I liatchobaof wild tur-UrlantrlUo, tur-UrlantrlUo, the aclentlflo ajalrma of modem defiiulva wotka hau been de vrlolied. Ilia now prrttyKencrally known to the ruaillnR ubliu that avaatarva of the Amirlcuu continent la wwrcd with nitlficlal ruouuila of Mrjln aliapr, aim and conatltuenta; belui( round, oval, ai tare, oicaalonally trl annular, and (obit"'"!. Their helglit varlea from a fow Inchia to more thin ninety tool, nud their dlameur from three to about alhouannd faet, NoU"l trivelero. who litve made lhn artllklal lilllwka o'lecla uf apoclil atudy, have Utii aatonUhiil at their vatnumUr and couilnlly if character. They wtre flrat menllone I In UTD by Carver, and the next wrldr who In. terrateil hlniailf In thla rrawarih wai Hartf, who vlalteil thoielu the valle)a of IhoMlaalitlpil, the Uhloant the Mliaourl rlvirslu 171)1. llrcikviirllgM lirhla "Vlrwaof Ixjulihtia" wrote of them III Itll. .Later Mni'M.Hillrr and Davla vlalted and exoavjled over two hun Ireil of the m jundi; ntut their descriptions, titibliabed by tho Kmllh eoulan Inalltutlou lu ISH at.d 1817 wero tho List RUldo wllh ritfnrd tn thco riuiarkahlereunlDBof a (tit rare up to fjUlte rucint tllni, w heu these silent but profound wltnrsareof the llvi-s ami cuatuma of those long lost racis havo Ucn mailuthe Ihemo of many dlitlu gulslml wrltirs. Jleildiathe localities already men Honed tumuli have lntn discovered In the Wyoming Valley, and 011 tho I aula uf the Vatoo and I'tnius-ie riven; on thesl.oiesof Lake Ontario aa Ut as the til. Lawrence: In the western districts nf Ihn HUln uf New York; la tho KtatiB of Missouri and Mhwlsslpi I, Michigan, Wl.conaln, Iowa, ihraika and JuUlans: the valloaoftheArkaisatand Jledrnirs. AIm near Carthage. Ala. n remark, able group uf muunua have liesn found, but the emuinknienls of these are gradually dlsapearlmr benaa'h the encroachmsnui of the plow nud barrow. Very anclunt mounds ct cti1lar form aud character exlil all along the coast nf the Uulfnf Mexico, n aching floni rjorlJj In Texas The Indiana tall Ihcnl C'akhay, or Ited Houses. There are some n markaule mounds lu Vuca Uu and Chiapas which wtre inouldor log from age at thi r!anlsh comiutst. A nolo worthy fact Is that Ihelr number diminishes as the Alhnllo ocean Is resetted. They are taru wtst nl the llocky Mountains, and seldom found In Itrltlah Amrrlcn. They aru In California and On gun, but are smaller small-er and feaer In number. Mounds are aald to occur on the shores of flrrat Hilt Lake. They aru very numcroua oloug the coast of Ccutral America, and of Costa Itlca, Vancouer Island, IVru, Ilraxll and tlio pauiis of l'aui gonla. This e proofs of tho resenio of the ancient racia In tho localities named are larllcularly Interesting to the student of the fro hlstorlo annals of America coutalnej lu the Hook of Mormon, as they confirm In a remark, able manner the authintlclly of that venerable race. Tbo number, variety and remark able tharaclir of these tumuli arowi consldi rable as to distinguish tho two. 1 le who formed tlum as "Mound llulldera." Ohio anara to have been one of the prluclsil centres of mound builders. Tho number contained within the an a of this rjtale, cannot Ivcstlmatedat less tban tin Ihouund, autlt has been inlculsted that their total length would liuover three hundred milts. (fVOcou In lliucTtJl, vol. i, p. 732.) (ntheHiateof Sew Vork, there aro (wo hundred and fifty enclosures te. senibllng our modern firttflcAtion.. (S'ulcr's l.'rpurt tl lcabaj .Ifuasuul ISjO. vol. S, pT.'l.) In mi are.1 of llfly mil. a, oil the Isirders of the titstia of Iowa and llllnol,two thouaanl five hundnd moun Is linvn lei 11 counted, (.loierlcafi .Ii,-iiialli7ll, p.o'J) There li no doubt tint Ihn vast and lrnunetrsblef riaU,lnboth .NcrtlisnJ Hnuth America, cover numerous mounds; anl It Is said by antiquarlana who deplore the fact, that ever) w hi ru a much griater numltr Ihan thosedls cnvendliae lm destroyed by culo n'stsku I farmers. (tcNifaforto.loierf. CO.li.fl) lany attempts have been made to classify or group the earthworks In order toasslal the Intucstix! aluHm, tut It has proved au almost Inilsisalble task to avoid lliscruracles. Ihu fob lowing aro sxlmene of cliiaaiilcstloii: 1. Lefeuairo workit ". Hacrrd en cloauris, X rimpli's; 4. Altar mounds; ti. rirpulcbral mounds: (1. Mounts retre.enthg criminals. (Squier.) Mr. Hhoit lu his work "North Aim r. leans," ji. bl, gives the following IMt 1 l.uclosuris (a) Tor defvii.i ; (b) for rrllslous iuriicH-s; (c) mlaccllaiiious. : MiUiids (a) Of sacrifice: (h) fur It mple sites; (o) of se ulchre; (tl) uf uli. scrvatlon. Works of defense sii m to he re. k-nrded as the ullert for whlih the irrratret uumUrui mounds weru Lullt. I'roni rciorta made ly dlallugulaheil explorars iu the l'eabudy Munum and the HtnlthsonUh Initllutlon, we learn that n iiicciselon of entrenchtd campa and fortifications are to bo met with In the whole sjacn acinr at I lift the Alleihitulia from (lie llocky mountains. 'Ihe sllia tor thise ramtinrls. stockades ni.d tnnthea were evldeutly ctuscii ly rslis vsaiialug ingluiiilug skill and military acurueu In a marked di. grec The tuitions selected were such as would utlllsi natutal tond. tlons and aleantsges. Thus rojee. tlous, promontories, cuilmncts, nnd espe ially thejuncllon of rlvere were flaid utxin as atrateglo ioliila, arid many of these scl lions lear Wltuesa loanliitelllrcncethat would dn honor to tho molt famous of modern military cxrerla. All the defensive remains are found In Ihu url(hborhood of watercourse, and In close proximity lo in.iuy of them are the rtmalns of vlllsgis and towns, which they evidently were In lended to I rotect. It Unremarkable fact that lma Incidental In-cidental sites of ancient cltira have Uetilltihid upon as most fivorable situations fir such moderncltlesas Ht, Louis, Newark, IVrtsmiiuth, I rank fort, New Mexico and rainy oth r Hefircncals made to thess furtlfled clth sin numerous 1 laces In the Hook of Mormon. Alma speaking of Ihu great (Jeuiral Moroni u)s. "lie had leen strengthening the nrmkeof theNribltes, and erectlnr; small forts. r 1 Ucis of result, throw Jug up banks nf cnrlli rouiil atmut to enclose his armies, and bull ling walls of stone to cLdrcle thi m about, round aluut their rltles and tlio bur Irrs of Ihilr lands." (Alma xltlll, H, 0 1 'Andlliauie t pass that Moroni did not slop making ripiratlorn for war, or to ilerchd hla olu nsnhi-t Ihe Lamaultea; for he csiired that hla armies shoul I commence lu digging up heal of earth round about all the cities, throughout all tlio land which lu t vetted by tho Xephltes. (Alma I., 1.) In corroboration ut the statement that stone waa aomttlmea used lu the Nihlt forlincatlona. the author of "rrehlab rloAmitli,a"ssis. "Ill itnu. villa, twi Ivo miles from Chllllrothe, Is one of Ihe moil curljuaf irtllled 111 closures In Ohio. It ot.uIes the summit of a sleep hill, Ihe walla a rare enough lulsncrare of stntie. built up without cement. Themouu 1 billdirs used thu material! at hand. Whvu stones were abuudaul they tiled tbem up wllh eirlh to make ihilr walls, Isit three stouea ore never tarnvel or dressed, nor are tlieycvereetnentedwlthmotarr.Hi'Veral InatanciB may U nuded, lelablj a stone fjrton luck lllvir. niar Man tlicsU'r, femieair, In wlih h the walls are of uuworkeit stone, ditaibid from mlghtioilng reeks. At Ihe eutraneu twu lilouuds eall be made out, whlih are sill iosd to liave leeu pials of ob re rvatlon." ( I'. 89 and foetuole ) With rigsrd lo thu area of some nf the dcfcrislvu earthworks, and the vast extent uf some cennsed satema of fortifications, we have the testimony uf sevirat reliable aulliotltlif. Hunter eliscrlUsau ancient fortrcn 011 1 orl Hill, Ohio. It Is luilt uiuii an cmliioncu uvttlooking u stream called Taint creek. The walls enclose an area 1' ouu hundnd and ilevcu ncrcs. T in re are ami le avldencra thai thesiAce prulecled was oicuple.1 with human habitations. Mr Cox reiiorted In IS7I to tla Amclhin Association, Hartford, Conn i A remarkable ancient stone fort lu Clarke county, Ohio. Tho sce covered by the foil Isuulynbuut ten acres, but the works are remarkably stronj and skilfully built, rha hill Un which It stands fa wsahtd at ItsliaaebythuOhioaliJtlio 1 ourtexiiMllecrtek. Thlshlllrlsialno hundred and eighty feet above the tleur, and on that side presents nlm s. ptrrs-iidlcular walls. A break or fault whlih ecrura Is defended by a wall event). fire feet high, built if rough itonca without ruortar. The side not prelected by water have u dcepdltcli dug. Other c-arlhwutka situated In Itosa county are described hy the tame author, and known as Clark's Works. The ridges eneloe two hnndrnl and sevcmy.flve feel by one hundred aud seveuty.teven In a rulldt.griui, and a smmro covering an sn-a ofalitmi acres. It required Ihiiomllllniicullo feet of earth lo eimttmct these forts. Whllllcety, "On the Wesinbs and Choraetrruf Ihe Mound llulldars " Manyeif these works nro itinimled with cacti other with a skill which Is vi ry rrmarknble Apilrr Is of the olulou that a continuous system of I 'Miricatloiis stretches 11 lagonally across theHtaleof Ohio, from the icurcis of the Alleghali) aiidoflhicjuHiuehannn, liitbeHiatenr New Vork, tu tie Wa. bath river. There are tlireei forts 011 the Hi e of the (neat MU.nl Hirer, one at Us muuth, another ut Cnlrraln, and still another at Hamilton. Ileyvnd this laal point other works extend for a dlitanretf six lull along ihn river, prolectiug Ihe IrllsitatlrB of Ihe llitat Miami on thu north and writer ranked In succession as far as Dayton or l'i us, so as tn comr h tn the line of defense. All thise olnU aru Isolate'd rnouuds, rntatly situated tini hills commanding au extensive view, A mound oil Ihe Ohio called Ihe Mb amlaburgh mound la a good specimen nf tlu-xi signal stations, as they are rurml lo lava be II. It Is now alii) eight feet III height, and eight hundred and sixty-two fm t In clrciiu. feiencu at Ibe baae, (Hliolt. "1'ho North A rnerli sns of A ntliuily," p. SJ.) There Is another lolly eminence called lookout Mounlnln, ashotlills. tamo from Clrelovlllr, uf thu raniu character. Ofiourse thn ravages of time and III" per rtur.1 attrition of Ihe ileni-nti have lessened eonalderably the altitude oriheeolervatloii lovers, while Ihe I readlhof the base Would be profajr. tloustily IlienasiI by the waihlng down of the earth. tort Ancient aflords oneofthebest exatnlcBot Ihu magnitude and lui iortaticof thesoeirth'Mfirka, anl Ihu amount of work anil skill employed lu the defensive opcralluui of tho inouud build, ra. Them am numerous exrlhworks iwhlch, while they can scarcely lx tailed military forts, were evidently lermstienl defeiiM-s against un eeer priscut dauger. Thty occur nioatly In the Western mat. It Is certain that the walls end ed tho habitations, tomlat and other ap isirtenantea of man's flxe.1 abode. A r.gubr form anl style eharaclt rlu-d Ihcm all All the figures art tisrfecf, and all I leacjusl. wlili right angles! A remarkai le example Is found In Ihe Hcl ilo valley, Newark it Includes an octlgon covering an area fifty seven acres, a s jare or twenty nerea and two clri lesof twenty nnd thirty acre ru-ifiecllvily. ru-ifiecllvily. The walls or the largest clnle are twelve feel high, by fifty feet wide at their tsast , they are role'ete.l by a trench Id the inside eovtu fret Iitp by thiriy.flvu feel wide. According Accord-ing tu a surviy riiaJn by I'oloiiel WhiUlrse), the whole of th.e Works occuiiy an an a of Iwelvu miles square. Tho large entrai tea are defended bl lopes thirty five f.et high, an I trniiliistlilrt-.n fietilwi. On thtvn abanloiinl ruins, forest Iren liavo grown to a sreatagi; others irrce.ed them, as their glgantlolruuks, nuw In a stale of ilccuruisialtlou. larnr witness. "Man, actuated by motives unknown tout," says Nadallbac, "fled from thsse Irenes where everything testifies to Ills liuwrrand his InlelllKiiiiss, the vigor uus vegi tailon of nature Is the onlydlfti which has ebdureel " (fYo-lr. ,1al., f. 100.) Jonx if, Ktiwt. |