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Show p' flAI Bible QHVERTlOri TilAT REVOLVlIONIZt TJAVAl WARFARE pjSmiMfM fpiffi (iitADY Strvctvre$ fioro Steel csv nm pos5iDif vie or enor-nou- J Vatir Pmure at a Depth IH the OJlAri TO PROVIDE STATIC resistance to y&ve Action for their crews to handle anchors or cables that would enable them to la la posltloni further oft shore. Bedes this, a lightship not Infrequently goes adrift in the bufferings cf winter gales, and so long as tho ship Is missing or until a reller vessel can take its place the dangerous spot must remain unguarded. The modern lightship built by. the government costs about $115,000, while they are expensive vessels to maintain, it Is the contention of the Inventor of this new type of floating structure that all of the points of weakness in the present type of lightship would be done away with through he introduction of his model. A with a flange around its base could be anchored anywhere along the coast and not directly over the reef or shoal to be guarded, but out beyond It, since once anchored ?0ul b no fear of !ts going adrift in a storm. Heavier anchors and chains than an lightship could carry or handle would make this certain, for one thing, and the principle on which It Is constructed would do the rest. Then these floating lights could be built with lanterns, Instead of the present standard, and crews would be unnecessary, since some of the water ballast compartments, which are used to help In sinking the structures, could be filled with Illuminating oil and the lamp fed automatically. Filled In the summer time these tanks and lights would need no attention until the next year came around. With such a structure In use the problem of guarding with a warning light a spot like the Diamond shoals, oft Hattcras, would be speedily solved. There would be none of the difficulty commonly experienced in building a lighthouse on an almost Inaccessible point, as the lightships could be built la harbor and then towed to the point where needed. It is computed that one of these "steady floating lightships could be buili complete for about $10,000. Its Advantage Commercially. While It is declared the Murray Idea can be used to enormous advantage commercially, it is its protective features, as applied to coast defense, that have aroused most interest in other War and navy department quarters. officials have been Interested especially in the steady floating fortresses and torpedo stations designed by Mr. Mur ray. On the great steel caisson submerged in the quiet depths of the ocean is built a special annular revolving deck, fully equipped with guns. Now the turret of a battleship is necessarily limited by the size of the ship's deck and its arc of fire is restricted, but on the Murray fortress there need be no restriction as to size or the number of guns. Again battleship gunners are more or less hampered by tbe rolling and tossing of the vessel, which makes good aim an uncertain proposition, but on a steady floating structure guns could be pointed with mathematical accuracy. No enemy's attacking fleet would have chance against an array of these Immobile fortresses. While their gunners were waiting for their vessels to roll so as to bring their guns to bear, they would be withered by a fire of deadly aim from a deck as' solid as if mounted upon a rock. A fleet running up against these floating fortresses placed several miles outside a city would be destroyed before It got even within striking distance of tbe city itold-typ- e 80-fo- YORK. To dot the coast steel caisson which is sunk down into that the tranquil areas of ocean depths, ith floating lighthouses will be "lamposts of the sea; to far below the comparatively limited have floating fortresses gnd portion of water near EW tor-Vd- o wave-disturbe- d stations permanently anchored ail of the coastal cities; to supply rbors with breakwaters of a mobile pe; to provide the navy with coaling ations out at sea; to furnish isolated uarantine stations to such ports of Dtry as have not convenient Islands their harbors; even to establish re-iwireless stations far out in the rean these are among the possibll-leof William Edward Murrays of the principle of building steel hat he calls "steady floating y 60-fo- a tinctures. It is said by marine authorities that lr. Murray has solved some of the iot difficult problems with which and naval engineers have without success for years. By the Murray principle of iplylng teady flotation, it is held, harbor can be enlarged almost (definitely at a comparatively, low sst; danger signal lights easily can e placed at points on the coast where eretofore lighthouses have been on account of the absence of sck foundations, and last but not ast. cities, shipping harbors, arsenals nd dockyards can be guarded abso-itel- y from bombardment by a large nrelgn fleet, at the same time allow-ibattleships free rein in the con-u- c of offensive operations Instead of mping them on the defensive close larlners restled g two-third- home. : Idea Is Simplicity Itself. common with every great revolu-onar- In y Invention this Idea of Murrays i extremely simple. As a rear of the American navy said to fie Inventor, after the scheme had een explained to him, "the thing has een staring us in the face for a bun-re- d years and yet no one has ever nought of it before. Its as clear as But aylight and as certain as doom. ie Inventor bad worked at tbe prob-fo- r eight years before he succeed-in demonstrating to himself he is practical engineer that his prln-Ipl- e was a sound one and capable of bsolute demonstration. And, although li final patents were granted only by ur government In July last, bis already has attracted the attention of engineering both In this country and in panada, In Great Britain, France and irrmany. President Roosevelt Is said ad-ilr- d be 3 Interested greatly In a few words, In It :ifp d m tl-- : .LI Steel Torpedo nore or hhi. Liucal do PBB iiL3ihn4 Station. dilated waters, PrTUm which has faced enKnecrs for years and which has remained unaolved. lie discovered how to utilize a well-1,- .. aw of iiRlure. All students of , ... ) tu Bnow that the pressure of ncrplt,il,, directly In proportion Pth. Simply stated, len MWalor'a urray ha designed a JrewM u r,acbe to a depth suf; ror ,b onormouB pressure of 'ncTLV' 'ttater struc-den- t on. of water above ,V:ratulB I1 e self. In addition, before a fleet of . battleships a line of these steady floating fortresses would be like so many eggs pitted against a solid cannon ball. The armor plating on tbe fortresses can be made of Indefinite thickness, and its domed surface would deflect a striking shell off into the harmless air. Impregnable Defenee. Then, too, upon the solid steel floating foundations torpedo stations could be placed, submerged and totally in- - e Mr. Murray has diapered how to keep a floating struc-l,r- e in the steady and unmoved j. the surface. These steel caissons have at their base a wide flange, extending all around and heavily weighted. Upon these flanges the water above rests, pressing down with enor-mou-s weight, exerting at 32 feet below the surface a pressure of 2.160 pounds per square foot, or at a depth a pressure of more than two tons per square foot. The inert weight of the structure Itself and the weight of the water upon It more than counterbalances tbe action of the waves above. Imagine an ordinary tin basin turned upside down and submerged, and you get an Idea of the Murray foundation. Upon this steady floating foundation, then, any desired superstructure may be built lighthouse, fortress or living or storage room of any kind. The whole structure, then. In its steadiness and immobility, might be likened to a floating iceberg. To anyone who has ever gone to sea in the winter time one of the wonders of the deep must ever be a sight of a great Iceberg floating steadily with the current, no matter how violently the great waves beat against its sides. Every schoolboy knows that this steadiness of tbe floating mass of ice s Is owing to the. fact that of its bulk is below the level of the sea. And it Is partly this principle and partly the additional one of adding to tbe depth below water the widely projecting flange of steel that makes Murrays invention so valuable and important In the eyes of all marine engineers. The downward thrust on this flange of the immense weight of stable water is the great secret of the practicability of this invention. Only 8urface of Sea Agitated. Countless experiments by marine engineers all over the world have demonstrated the fact that tbe depth to which the wave disturbance of the surface of the sea extends averages 15 feet. A homely proof of this is to be found in the way In which a diver can work on the bed of the oean without feeling the slightest effect from any motion of the waves over his head. subAnd in many of the long-timmersion tests of submarine craft the crews have sunk below the level In a calm and risen to the surface in a storm without feeling any Indications disturbance. of the above-surfacNot only Is the Murray principle applicable ta lighthouses and lightships and floating fortresses, but to every class of stationary marine structures such, for Instance, as breakwaters and pleri ; bridges across arms of the sea or detached areas of water; submerged torpedo stations whose steadiness. will give hidden gunners deadly aim; floating coaling stations, provision and oil storage dejiots and even hospitals and temporary hotels. Applied commercially, tho Murray Invention may revolutionize breakwater construction. Millions of dollars have been spent in the building of breakwaters in the creating of a good harbor or the construction of. a large railroad and shipping terminal, and iu a number of cases these breakwaefters, after much time, money and fort had been expended, have been declared Insufficient and unsatisfactory. These breakwaters have been built up from the bottom of harbors by the of dumping In of enormous quantities sysThe cost. Murray rock at huge with tem, it is declared, will do away entirely. construction this expensive secThe Murray breakwater is built In inan resembling section each tions. verted vessel, the upturned keel doing of the the work of breaking the force projectgreat the and Inrolling waves held steadily by ing bulk underneath water. the of the pressure Of Value for Lightships. claims of One of Mr. Murrays chief however, invention, of tl value the and another, to lies In its application structurmarine picturesque, e's lightship. As lightships now are lor then, I. ln.po.-tb- t. height a at greater Hrt a to carry feet above their decks. In be anchored they must always over ahlch shoal or reef close to the since It la not nosguard, aland they force of wave dlB no8r tIle ,urace ilmpiest application of Mr. Mur principle provides a buoyant lem of providing a large number of battleships for the defense of the coast and the protection of outlying islands belonging to Uncle 8am will become less pressing. Tbe Island possessions of the United States will be considered snfe, guarded by a cordon of floating fortresses, and tbe general adoption of them along the American coast is apt to change the European viewpoint to a considerable extent. No foreign nation will be eager to rush DEFENDS HIS CLAIM. A DE8PERATE Gen. Miles. Amos Chapman was years in gov- peril and exposure, writes Mr, Randall Parrish In "The Great Plains, one of his most heroic deeds wns performed while he was bearing dispatches for Gen. Miles from his camp on McClellan Creek to Camp Supply, Indian Territory. Tbe dispatch party consisted of six men. Early In the morning, after a hard night's ride, they were suddenly attacked near the Washita river by a band of over a hundred- Kiowa and Comanche warriors. Capt. Dodge thus describes what followed: The first Intimation of the presence of Indians was a volley which wounded every man in the party. In an instant the Indians appeared on all sides. ; Dismounting and abandoning their horses, the brave band of whites moved together for a hundred yards to a buffalo wallow, a shallow natural depression in the pr&lrle. Chapman and Dixon, being but Bllgbtly wounded, worked bard and fast to deepen this depression, and Into a fight with so well protected a as soon as It was sufficiently deep to afford some cover, it was occupied, country as tbe United States. and the work continued from within. of new The inventor of this system Smith had fallen from his horse at marine construction Is an American the first fire, and was supposed to be and a Californian engineer, by birth, of Scotch descent. It is asserted by marine authorities that his discovery means a definite step forward in the world's progress and that his inventions are the most momentous since the substitution of steel for wood in naval construction. - MADE IT CLEAR. And Without the Use of Any Englieh," at That. Pigeon Numberless are the tricks which newspaper reporters play upon one another to relieve the somber grind of their calling. Two young men, employed on a morning paper in a large American city, were detailed one day to call upon the resident Chinamen and "interview them respecting some Immigration measure then pending in congress. One of the two reporters was a beginner, and the other, an experienced man, naturally assumed the management of the matter. "Billings, he said, after they had Invaded several laundries without any important result, here Is a tea store. I wish you would go in and talk with the proprietor. I want to know what he thinks about Chinamen voting. Ill go on and have an interview with tbe man who runs this cigar shop next Remember to use tbe very door. simplest English at your command." Tbe young reporter went inside the tea store, took out bis note book and thus addressed the proprietor, who happened to be alone at tbe moment: "John, bow? Me me Telegraph, John! Newspape savvy, John? News-papprint things. Un'stan'? Me want know what John think about China1 man vote, see? What John think same Melican Chinaman vote all man? Savvy, John? Vote? What e think?" The Chinaman listened to him with profound gravity until he had finished and replied: The question of granting the right of suffrage to Chinese citizens who have come to the United States with the avowed intention of making this country their permanent home is one that has occupied tbe attention ef thoughtful men of all parties for years, and it may become In time one of paramount importance. At present, however, it seems to me there Is no exigency requiring an expression of opinion from me upon this subject. You will please excuse me. The young reporter went outside to re-and leaned against a lamp-pos- t cover from a sudden faintness thatj had seized him. Ills comrade had pur posely "steered him against" one of the best educated Chinamen, in tbei United Slates. London . Successful Life. A successful life Is rather hard' to define, for the definition varieB at different times and under different conditions, and yet in the midst of iriWLSR. TWms this material age there has dwelt a mwe tyfipirnv.vt woman. She has not successful Is dependent upon visible, and the steady platform from large means, she which the torpedoes were flred would her own labor, and she lives a simple, make tho aim of the men behind cer- retired life; she is .totally blind, and we question whether there are tain and true. These fortresses snd yet who In present peace of mind,, be could many protected torpedo stations and exalted vision of faith, have atfrom torpedo boats and even submatained unto all that Is desirable in rine boats by heavy barriers of steel life so nearly as Fanny Crosby, the with each. Then, netting surrounding who at 88 years of age fields of mines laid between, the utter hymn writer, of human happiness. fleet queen reigns of any attacking destruction Inlversallst Leader. would be certain. with these lined Any coast, too, Owns Much British Land. could confortresses steady floating The marquis of StafTeiJ, who Is In would and sider Itself amply protected, his twentieth year, Is heir to the most tied close of battleships fleet no need extensive domain, If not the largest to home. All ocean going vessels of rent roll, enjoyed by any subject of war could be permitted to roam about More than 1,000,000 Edward. King offensive operations and enter upon in and Scotland are unacres England fortwherever desired. Tbe floating der the lordship of his father, tbe duke or little machinery have would resses of Sutherland, while the marquis of other mechanism to bother with, and Dreadalbane, who Is probably (he next the to men guna lerve only enough in tho kingdom, largest proprietor would be required. are does not own half that amount of Murrays Inventions If Mr. laud. the prob government, the adopted by A M 15 ernment employ as a scout on the plains. During his life of constant Tlt-Blt- ft CHANCE. 8tory of A.nos Chapman, Scout Under CHINAMAN Rand Insista Ha Was First Volunteer In War of 1. Dr. Now, Boys, Keep Thoee Redeklne Off." t; Emigrant Money in Italy. Some students of emigration in Italy profess to believe that the large sums of money annually sent back by the emigrants to their families, or deposited in the postoffices, more than compensate for the evils. Certainly the money sent back is a real benefit to the country, as we have already noted, but would anyone be so shortsighted as to contend that any amount of money can repay a people for the breaking up of family life, lowering of moral standards and consequent physical degeneration? '.Man does not live by bread alone, especially when that treat' is got at the expense of national mortis. The prophet of old is right. "Righteousness exalteth a nation, but sin Is a reproach to any iieople." Antonio Mangann, In Charities and the Commons. Lost Her Own Case. Annie Hall of Cincinnati, laughter of the Arctic explorer, recently defended her own case In a law-niand it is necessary to relate the tact that she lost it. The case was lefore the supreme court, and the man .ho took the other side made the lest vase at least, so the court de-- i Miss t, Ids Submitting a copy of an affidavit which states that he volunteered as a soldier In the civil war at Batavia, N. Y., "within ten minutes after the receipt of the telegram announcing President Lincolns call for volunteers, ' April 15, 1861," Dr. Charles F. Rand recently made reply to the statement of Mr. J. T. Ford, which appeared in Mr. Ford claimed the Sunday Star. that the honor of being the first volunteers in the civil war belongs to the National Rifles of the District of Columbia, and not to Dr. Rand, as claimed by him. In reply Dr. Rand says: Mr. J. T. Ford has Riven accurately my record except In two facts which I feel It Is necessary to explain. Mr. Ford says I was enrolled May 1, 1861, and mustered In May 13 at Elmira, which is true as far as mustering in goes. Batavia is a small village and we did not raise a company in one day. May 1 62 men were mustered, nd we were two weeks in raising the company. We could not be recognized as soldiers until we were mustered in, We bad which was on that date. at that time no place in tbe service We waited and bad no assignment. to see If there was a vacancy In some regiment that wanted a company to fill out. At last news came bat the Twelfth New York volunteers, at Syracuse, needed us. and wo ' were mustered into that regiment May 13, as Company K. My claim as the first volunteer in the war of tbe rebellion has never been disproved and never can be, unless some one can give better evidence than I can show. When that is done I will gladly yield the palm. Men. a number of them, claimed to have volunteered Immediately after Sumter was flred upon, whtch no doubt Is true, In which case they were three days ahead of me. They There were enlisted In the militia. no volunteers at that time. I did not volunteer until war was declared, and volunteers called for by President Lincoln the 15th of April, 1861. The militia was called Into Tbe service before I volunteered. Third battalion of tbe National Rifles, which was called Into service April 9, was six days ahead of me. This claim Is good I acknowledge the fact, but it does not In any way Interfere with my claim. They were already In the service before tho war opened. "I hope this explanation will convince Mr. Ford that I was the first vol- unteer in the war of the rebellion. 1 think the war department records show no volunteer whose medal was dated previous to April 18, 1861, the date of my medal. I will also yield that point If better evidence Is produced than that here presented." Infernal dead. Chapman said: "Now, boys, keep those Infernal redskins off me, and I will run down and pick up Smith, and bring him hack before they can get at me. Laying down bis rifle he sprang out of the buffalo wallow, ran with all speed to Smith, seized and attempted to shoulder him. "I lay down," said Chapman, "and got his chest across my back and bis arms round my neck, and then got up with him. It was as much as I could do to stagger under him, for he couldn't help himself a bit. By the time I bad got 20 or 30 yards, about 15 Indians came for me at full fpeed of their ponies. Tbe boys in tbe buffalo wallow opened on tbe Indians, and Amos ran for It. "When I wag within about 20 yards of the wallow, he continued, "a little old scoundrel whom I had fed 60 tlnieB rode almost onto me and flred. I fell with Smith on top of me, but as I didn't feel pain, I thought I had stepped in a hole. "The Indiana couldn't stay round there a minute. The boys kept it red-hoso I Jumped up, picked up Smith, and got safe into the wallow. "'Amos,' said Dixon, you are badly hurt.' 'No, I am not,' said I. "Why, look at your leg! and sure enough, the leg was shot off Just above the ankle-joint- , and I had been walking on the bone and dragging the foot behind me, and In the excitement I never knew it, nor have I ever had any pain in my leg to this day, t THE ARMY CAT, Known That Tabby la Regularly Enllated. Not Generally When MaJ. Gen. Merritt sailed from San Francisco he asked the government authorities for three cats to take to Manila. Frobably tbe trio of American felines are now teaching Yankee habits to their misguided fellows of the islands, for It was MaJ. Gen. Merritt's intention to send them ashore when he landed. The cats came from the commissary depot on Jessie street, San Francisco. It is not generally known that the government spends several thousand dollars annually for the maintenance of cats, bnt the accounts of the United States depot commissaries prove it. In every storehouse there are from one to five animals, and their rations are provided as carefully and regularly as those of any of the soldiers. They are not fed on scraps nor are their individual tastes disregarded, as are those of the enlisted men, but they are allotted so many pounds of choice bee? or auy other delicacy their palates may desire. Of course, they may have as much game as they wish, and the storehouses seldom fall to furnish an unlimited supply of rats and mice. That the rats save many times ther cost of support is well known, as such supplies as crackers, cheese, bacon, flour and meal are much sought after by the rodents. All carry cats. Their usefulnets is never moie apparent The writer was than on shipboard. crossing from Antwerp to New York, on the steumsbip Southwark when he was awakened by the sudden bIoik plng of the ship, an occurrence which in happening generally means something serious. The passengers rushed on deck, half dad, and were disgusted to learn that a rat having crawled into the cylinder had caused tho halt. Such an accident on r in time of action might a be fearfully paid for, and an active cat is its only preventive. San Francisco Chronicle. men-of-w- mid-ocea- n man-of-wa- Japanese the Style. the moment to have everything Japanese, and In one respect this may be commended, and that la In tbe arrangement of flowers. These arranged In the simple style of the orient, a spray to a vase, might have something to do with decreasing the extravagance that has been characteristic of floral displays for the last few years. It is quite the fad to Berve rice cakes snd tea, preserved ginger and the other things to which the Japanese are partial. The Retort Apropos. Old Moralist Remember and mate nay while the atm shines. It Is tho fancy of Thoughtless Youth Oh, go to grass. Halt more American. I |