| Show I 1 THE BASIS OF RIGHT AND OF RIGHTS BIGHTS social are tho the pro duct of two tiro ideas that of right and nd that of ant authority hority la in teles I 1 and republics the idea of right pre pe tais in theocracies and autocracies that bat or of authority the idea of right is i founded on ilia lh idea of duty doty 0 to o god and requires that br liberty to complete it duty is ia the faculty of doing freely and if il 11 ec essary forcibly that which is ia imposed on man by god namely to develop his nature and become really that which ho he is il virtually III it I 1 have hare a right to tho the fruits of my toll toil it is because to provide for the sustenance of my life lit li a duty I 1 owe to the giver of my lifo if I 1 lave hae a right to freedom of worship it is because worship is b a duty d I 1 owe my creator I 1 tidemand liberty of speech and of tho press because became it is my duty to toach teach what I 1 believe to bo be the truth and II 11 if it il is il my right to live and be to have and do these things because it is ia my duly d a ty I 1 certainly have the rig right lit to the lib jib erly to lire and be to 14 hare bare and do them this admitted thebe consequence ii follow 1 all rights righta aro are equal for god goa being llie lie author anchor olour of our nature tad and the nature or one man being identical with irilli the nature or of another man and right being the faculty of developing his bid nature without contradiction or constraint the right of one mao must be ednal to tho the right Ofa of another GOLber mm man 0 2 all infringement of rights is immoral ral for the rights of man being of cirmo origin n and given for a perfect purpose interference ence with these rights is interference with the purpose of god and is therefore a 0 orlund crime against god if it bo be objected that tin his s corollary makes legal penalties immoral such as imprisonment for I 1 theft heft and execution for mardir I 1 answer oo no these are arc not immoral to society but they are immoral to lo the criminal rn initial for it is he be who deprives himself of liberty or life by his big N liob igia lion ion odthe of tho rights of others 3 all primitive tights rights are morally inalienable by primitive rights are meant those which belong to a man in virtue of his being a 06 free intelligent creature as distinguished hom from those acquired in society y I 1 have a right to tho the development of my reason that is a primary right r i 1 I t I 1 have a right to the be property inherited from my fatti father er that is a secondary social right primitive rights havet have their beir title in tho the nature of man they aro are I 1 the circle in the iiii iii i of which each ir ocl h 0 o of birth whereas the others othen are an in ex teng liou and suppose an exterior fact in an act which produces them if these primitive rights righta come from god immoderately sad and I 1 am bi ble immediately to goil god for their ex crollo arc iso and if without their exercise I 1 cm am unable to accomplish my functions in ia the world tho ibe development of my nature it is evident I 1 cannot stir stirred reu der them without treason to rny my creator crealor creder the author of my tight right 1 I xo no primary rights are arc opposed to each other CAPT for if god is tho the source from whence all rights flow he is ia the conciliator of all nod and every mans malls rights being held on the samo same title tille as my own it if they seem to coni con ciuc I 1 roust must rectify my moral sight eight by I 1 the be in ia him I 1 shall lind find that all are arc equal and all agree it is my duty to exact even by force respect for my own primary r right i andini anil it is a my duty duly without compulsion to respect the primary rights of every one eke cle the primitive rights of il ft roan are fire firo viz I 1 to freely dispose of lis bis person ato 2 to hive have a good reputation 3 io to believe BI as he thinks proper 4 to give free expression to ilia his co convictions 5 to appropriate to by labor what is to 0 o his sustenance uste nance grant that rights are equal and it follows that for one man to exercise authority over another without his big con betit is an immorality WHAT IS 13 11 luthor authority tty has been defined as the person whether natural or moral in ia whom reside all llo ilia necessary for assuring tian ring the community tranquility and nd ily in the family tho the first society possible for man this is is the le or of this the man father and abil is ia in fact agg ba the prolongation over individuals of the right of properly A authority ily over the child by virtue of his bin right light of ownership owner aln p in ia tho the sub aub stances of which tho the chill child is id composed bat this thin right i is nt not to be extended to tho the exclusion of the ides idea of liberty paternal authority can only bind achild a chaij till it a into a man because with adolescence the bla of tho the child become level with t chob h ose of the father and od the to 0 o which has been given a real value c called ailed authority tut bority has boa disappeared tho the emancipation announces itself by ten tea tali tati TC and then itself strong in ia the lenac of his hii own rig As tho the son eoa freely contracts an alliance nl na thu this alliance alli noco is is the meal leil of lis ilia in ia dependence A new domestic society spears app a now government enthrones I 1 itself self by the embers or of th the first hearth and nd over it that protection lich the th amad chi old age ii in ill the sacred acred nm name of love tod and city the new family is u a complete unity ily and must therefore be equalito ul another unity of like nature MORAL AUTHORITY authority Au thorit r is of cl two tiro kijoji moral se aad a effective the former ope operatic ratio by bt tho the latter ay by iy compus compain sion ion only authority can only devolve from god because authority aul hority beio but a prolongation of the h idea dea of T right ight I 1 rid nd and only having right or oscr er niad man god alone cao can exercise moral authority over oter man anin authority is ia L the notion i on of 01 god gal upon mans con belt lic i it I 1 is an ap appeal pp eat to the conscience confidence along alone to recognize responsibility it 11 sea tho the power inthe in the person upon pon whom it ii imposed 0 of ob obedience edwrice iche if lie will ii jf if it in ampon sible for mao adao to resist it it is Is riot not moral it is in effective Oc cliTe its ili modi of oper atigo is ii not nol ite it is alivo granted that gods action on roan rasa is i purely pt moral it follows that any delegation or of authority over man bof ariy god must be partly moral also B lio As 0 0 h hai not in ile fact eli Is I 1 an n 11 authority the y over at man interfering c wih ith h hia liberty so cic c ic be hs lie arra trins knitted a 1 co also ath a th ly itic the it lai an V thereof hereof y 0 bo he el cicro erciso iao of il il god could not transmit such euch authority au authority thorit y without contra dieting dieling himself for if mn min is ia a moral being be h is ia to god if irresponsible to god lie ho must have anve liberty that is ilia faculty of ciarcia ing I 1 C his hia right it if then god hm ban commissioned on I 1 boned some men to curtail the lib hb arty of won uon in general to impede them in the exercise of their duty ile ho has impressed a duty duly upon man and interfered with its ill accomplishment which would be self stultification AUTHORITY by y effective authority is i to be understood der stood the authority exercised by min man over man maintained and expressed pre sad by force it cm can only derive from mm man As A all men have not equal strength and power to maintain ina ionin their rights they delegate their force to s government to do it for them belo being solely delegated force t orca it can only express itself by compulsion on i it tb begins eging where moral authority aul hority ends end if men were 0 eo o impressed with theirs their that there was no risk of in gement of each others liberties there lucre would be no need for cf fictive ft authority U tho rity it is therefore an evil but a necessary one and p productive I 1 a tive of good it is ia sod and quasi moral when it guarantees guarante es tho the r rights of man illegitimate and on I 1 immoral when it assumes the power to I 1 violate those rights it is limited in its action to the declaration or of the relations between nun min m in and man and to their preservation for man bein being responsible to men as well as to god goa in all of bis big social lariat note acts he be can delegate the AdJUSt adjustment reent of his relations with liia his fellows to any government that kees him h im anti and that government will exercise authority by virtue virtud and only by virtue of such buch delegation la Tabi bit arnt religious gets acts man is medireck directly to god he cannot de delegate leste t the he a adjustment ji 5 ament of bit big rel relations to a to toi another other A jor for that wield bt bato a a n has no authority to do again roan real Is ia r responsible es to man as an well its aa to go god d tor lor the performance of his a duties to his big fellows non interference hii wilh h the rights of 0 property properly rights is of labor freedom of person he can and most maat delegate do legato them because social organization is ia a necessity requiring toe concurrence of all the duties antics he owes directly to god worship and prayer ra c r he cannot delegate or alienate ke he al alone 0 ne can execute them and he be alone is responsible for their execution government can exercise no authority in matters of religion it is ia over matters pertain ing to the regulation of society that government can exercise a justifiable authority for are the only ones man can confer and be can confer them only to enable e himself to have liberty anti and government govern od c t to t a have b 1 I MACI ANDr ann RIEST the rho three o social institutions ol 01 0 soldier magistrate and priest the first representing defence the second justice and ilia abird third ind are of 0 spontaneous and universal hii growth in the civilized state proof if hoir n necessity 1 anity man feeling that he is not the first cinie cange and that god is tho the principle of all human action biente himself bi by the soldier and magi mag istrate I 1 and god D bythe by the priest abali ish inh the priest and you abolish ilia lie principle which is god also lur for ve Us ceases to bo be witnessed to thi priest maja appear aa sorcerer or wherever there la is any let ic cf f in god to hemi heat witness or of god is s his hia function thil functions or of soldier and magi 1 ir lut the game functions divi dedi for if the tha magistrate bar haac no force lio lie is ial nothing go eo also if the soldier lave have not justice he is only bleul force theme two functions united constitute temporal authority if I 1 the lie temporal authority lie not determined sad the magistrate magn and soldier become priest wo we have hate nil an a anlo u cracy or trampling on legious to rights righta if the functions or of I 1 tile priest bo be not determined and be b be becomes co men soldier aul aud nur wt will have a theocracy tra raiB pling on 00 all ri jl it la is one or nr I 1 40 pro besses that all peoples hive have lol belt their liberties lt in the family the father is il the superior nu being at ones once soldier me g and priest or of the lh lucid commonwealth orlis As s the tha fataua grows into the tribes tribe by ell cz pension rr or or both bocht lbs 11 1 men mca most remarkable for physical perfection statue strength beauty aad talent become chief or Ms mag and nd elium to re for intellectual moral exaltation aud and spiritual impulse become Da naturally rally f the put ri i was neither an 90 autra ybor a theocracy at first it was u a democracy io not in form la in which for I 1 native alys ky ity and it a willin griesS to out in 1 to it were the chief exer aisea his hia SlIt hority allely by the con COD sent bent of the tribe he was waa bound by obligations ir if he be disregarded them his bu authority was waa withdrawn when the cateri found means cf consolidating their power poirer and aad lulling a hereditary right the liberties of the lh 11 iriki ilia buffered ed equally was this true I 1 in the lh case of ol 01 the priests the chief or hierarch was no longer bound by obligations obligation sand and their immediate sup supporter lecat m a a feudal arnt or graduated h hierarchy i er bior mutual protection the chiefs united and elected one of their number ling by degrees the horo hero datary principle plo crept in ia here a alsta lo 10 0 the crown passed from father 1 to t s goo 0 n and the liberties of tho the cli chicca 1 efa suf mif or tho the priests elected coo of their number pontiff to whose office although not dot hereditary gradually attached a prescriptive right to supreme authority and the tha liberties of anfe inferior bior pr brict ct of ling kings chiefs toil peoples P les suffered tnt THE CONDITION of it is made clear by history that soldier sad and magistrate on tho the one side and priest on tho the other aro are tho the re iti tes of tho the liberties ples subject 0 to o the condition thit that there here ha be no encroachment by either cither on OB tho the functions of the other tilt that there le bo no confusion of powers and nd that anat each exercises lis liis office een con band and within the A strict of his hia E but this theory which jusLi at the ilia bar of cf reason is of col comparative in ly modern growth ond and is te the 0 matur Z reaction action from the theocratic and uto auto ertic absolutism of the p lif against Is which hichi the instincts of mon man revolt 4 in former times as aa history a shows almost s t a all it priest hooda hoods have andelt t to 0 unite temporal power with spiritual power and when they ed a a theocracy has haa beer been lie ho result almost Almo stall 11 governments have endeavored to lo unite the spiritual power powei if with the temporal and whoa ahey hive bare succeeded an autocracy has ha e the result with the latter we be have a not now to do wilk A is 19 in ID a theocracy there is neither jaa individuality divi ivida duality ail nor originality there is is hot bat a community in 1111 organization and a law i it I 1 is IB in an infallible absolute 1 all pow arrul niver il lal and immutably government exercised in the namo name of i divia divinity ity by religious chiefs interpreters of the bo divine command ministers and top of god clod upon earth IT mek FREE willit supposes as itil metaphysical principle tile the action co of god ever man for I 1 tho accomplishment of i his law since it exercise a this ih n co act ion only bialy bythe by tha name dime and nd the tha authority of godfoy tile tha cie cution of his h li design 1 31 A awry 0 o b y c will the basis odthe of the christian chri alun system which allows man maa freedom of choice between right tied and wrong god leaves man breo to abuaf his liberty 1 if f ho be will even when he rei ives to dowlong do wrong god does doea not lil draw I 1 from him the me muscular ocular power and force to accomplish tho the cut but a theocracy endeavors to force a man to do right in spite pita tor of gods witness it WHERE IT RAS HAS ilien it is not to bo be denied that in the earlier sta stages of 0 civilization theocracy false in principal as it ia n hn hit played a great grid and beneficial part it 10 has taught cohesion fostered cionco cit once 1 arli arl and literature perhaps I 1 might aay my civilized of stielf the world twice over certain it is that peoples who like the he egyptian si oos I 1 aw and persians had bad in an in tell igent sacerdotal caste to rate acm ibm rose ratio rapidly into powerful nationalities while those hose among whom tico cracy could not obtain 1 a foot foothold bola have |
