Show ds r q f a a Sy ew r K t I w 1 I I r t r 1 t R i e r r SI 1 1 x w c w How Hi Voyages America Americana S AWA 4 I is B By y JOHN DICKINSON SHERMAN SHERMAN Is making tentative plans for an elaborate cele cele- celebration cele- cele celebration celebration bration in 1 1025 1023 28 of the one onehundred onehundred onehundred hundred and fiftieth an anniversary an- an of the discovery ot of the Islands b by Capt Copt James 6 Cook It Is to be hoped that such an observance of this discovery Is made and made and on a n t eth scale ecale befitting the importance tance tanca to the United States of the voyaging In the Pacific of this famous English na I navigator For this Importance Is large Captain Cook Coole set setIn setIn setIn In motion forces which had a n much greater Influence on the early develop develop- development development development ment o of America than a casual read read- reading reading reading ing of our history reveals Here Dere Is a n brief chronology of the to Hawaiian Islands useful In connection with this story The Islands were ere probably known to Europeans as early as 15 1527 7 but were put on the map by Cook In 1778 lIe was killed there by natives the next year ear The natives were a semi semi-civi- people of Polynesian Malayo-Polynesian Malayo stock under a feudal system of gov- gov government gov gO government with a king on each of the eight habitable Islands In 1700 King Kamehameha of Hawaii subdued his rivals and founded a kingdom that lasted until 1804 1894 Christianity was In- In Introduced introduced In Introduced from America In 1 1820 0 by mis- mis mis In 1840 1340 III promulgated a n constitution establish establishing ing civil rights In 1852 came suf sut- suf- suf suffrage suffrage frage and a legislature In 1894 1831 there was a R successful revolution against Queen and a republic was proclaimed In 1505 the queen abdi abdI- abdi- abdi abdicated abdicated August 12 1509 13 Hawaii was annexed to the United States JUnE 14 1000 It became a territory Cooks Cook's Several Voyages I Capt James Cook 70 1728 was the theton son lion of a Yorkshire farm furm laborer lie He volunteered In hi the Royal Hoyal navy In 1755 i und and four years ears later was In command of the Mercury at Halifax The Royal Hoyal society selected him to command an expedition to the Pacific to observe the transit of Venus This first voyage to the Pacific was In 71 n On his second cond 75 1872 15 he sailed miles mUes and encircled the Antarctic region from New Zealand to Cape Horn On Cooks Cook's first voyage he had a mortality of 46 40 per cent On his sec see second ond and he had made malJe such excellent and radical arrangements for health that he lost only one man out of or For this link service Bel he was made captain and the Royal society gave him the Copely medal for tor for service ser to humanity and the maritime world Upon the offer of a reward reword of 1100 for the discovery of a northwest passage from the Pacific Cook volun volun- volunteered volunteered volunteered to take command and soiled sailed with the Resolution and Discovery In fn 1776 1770 by way of ot Africa In 1778 1718 he dis covered an Island of the tho group Then be he surveyed sun the Amen Ameri American can coast until stopped by Ice In Ber Ber- BerIn Bering Bering In ing stroll strait The winter of 1770 found him back In the Islands where he be dis dl- dis- dis discovered discovered I covered Hawaii and Maul Maui II lib named the archipelago Sandwich Islands after the Earl of Sandwich Cook was killed In a small affair with natives es on Hawaii over o the theft of a boat Cook landed February 13 In bay with a lieutenant and nine marines to seize selzo the kin king take him aboard and hold him hostage for forthe forthe forthe the return of the stolen boat baat The obelisk which marks the spot of his death was erected In n 1874 Now we e jump from Captain Cook the tho officer of the En English F lIsh navy to John Ledyard an American soldier of for for- fortune fortune fortune tune Soldier of Fortune John Ledyard 88 1751 was was born In Groton Croton Conn studied law went to Dartmouth for missionary training passed several months with tho the Iro- Iro Iroquois Iro and In 1773 went to GIbraltar as asa n a common sailor enlisted In a British regiment was discharged and as u corporal of marines accompanied Cook on his last voyage In 1782 1182 ho he de d- dt deserted from n a man o 0 war at Long lond Thereupon he published from memory his journal of the Cook expo expedition expedition the British ln hn having confiscated the original He lie tried In vain to in- in interest In Interest terest American officials and mer ner- merchants chants honts In a n trading expedition to the northwest coast of North orth AmerIca They did not hell believe eve In his journal journal- journal or In him In 1784 1184 Ledyard was In England and France vainly endeavor endeavor- endeavorIng endeavoring ing lug to or organize a similar trading tr ex- ex expedition ex expedition In 1780 1756 with the assistance of Sir Joseph Banks he be set out on foot from Stockholm o ostensibly ten fur for Arctic exploration lIe He arrived ed In Sl Petersburg early In 1787 1187 but at was arrested and deported reaching London with difficult difficulty Ife He died under mysterious circumstances about 1700 nt nt at the head of an exploring expeditIon of the African association The truth was that Ledyard had u abig big thing triangular trade New trade New J Eng Eng- England Eng England ng- ng land to the Pacific Northwest with I trinkets and notions to China with furs back home with silk ellk and tea For Cooks Cook's last expedition had this experience The sailors bought hought furs to keep them warm from frolO the natives of the northwest cost st They traded trifles for seal skins and aad sea oa otter skins Touching at China time the furs commanded extraordinary prices time tho Chinese ha having haIng Ing no heating In their homes and no woolen cloth A vermin vermin- vermin Infested Infested sea otter skin was worth u a uI hundred dollars dollins Th The sailors were I with difficulty restrained from seizing vessels for another trip to the Ameri Amerl American American can coast for tor a full tull cargo of furs In- In Instead In Instead stead of ot returning to England In 1784 1184 Cooks Cook's own j Journals were made public And then the New Eng Eng- England Eng Eng- England England land merchants who had set Ledyard down for a liar sat cat up and took no- no notice no notice tice Boston Salem and New York merchants put In and Septem September ber her SO 1787 two vessels sailed from Boston Doston the ship Columbia Copt Capt John Kendrick the sloop Lady Washington Capt Robert Gray In August Angust of 1700 the Columbia sailed back Into Boston She was under Captain Gray Captain Kendrick had bud chosen to trade shIps was making Canton trips and was vas try try- trying trying ing Ins to buy up all the Northwest from the natives Hall to tho the Chief Gray was received like liko a conqueror lIe was marched up State street In a procession side by side with PrInce In helmet and cloak of scarlet and yellow the feathers feathers the first Ha Ha- HawaIIan Hawaiian wallan ever seen In the United States Gov John Hancock gave ga a dinner to sixty to whom Gray related hIs hl all all- adventures ad ventures Yes things were as Led Led- Ledyard Ledyard Ledyard yard had said And the Columbia had been the tho first American ship at the Hawaiian Islands and the first Ameri Ameri- American American can ship to sail around the world And quite as Important to the New England merchants the voyage had paid 1 So as John Ledyard lay dying In n Africa his Pacific Northwest dream had come true For the Columbia was wag sent lent right back And thus began this triangular trade that was to enrich the seaboard of the new nation Consider now some of ot the results ot of Captain Cooks Cook's last voyage and let your our Imagination run free tree On the second voyage of the Colum Colum- bin bla Captain Gray discovered tho the Co Co- Columbia lumbia river Figure the effect of that on the Oregon question of of halt half a century later Time The Americans had a practical monopoly of ot this triangular traffic The Russians were barred by Chinese law v The Tho English were kept out by bythe bythe bythe the conflicting privileges lIeges of two great eat monopolies The East India company held the exclusive right to trade with China but could not send Its ships to the AmerIcan Northwest for furs and I would not allow the South Sea com com- company company I pany to do any trade with China So j the Americans combined with the flue Rus Russians sinus and the Russians worked south I olon along the coast conat until the Monroe lonroe Doctrine Doc Doc- DocI Doctrine Doctrine I trine of ot lS 1823 was necessary to stop them John Jacob JacOl Astor a ft financial and commercial genius attempted to found n a city at Astoria In 1810 to cut out ont ot of othis this triangular trade the long and dan dan- dangerous dangerous voyage oage around the Horn Fig Figure time the Influence of this advance ure are guard on the march of the Amp American J people acrO across 8 the on continent on the Mexican war and the occupation of California on the building of the thet t transcontinental railroad on tho the dig dig- digging digging ging of the time Panama cann canal And finally figure what the posses posses- Blon slon of Capt James Cooks Cook's Sandwich Sand Islands Island means ans to the United In the Pacific as a naval base baRe and pro protection to the coast const of the mainland With and t-and It and a n we fleet fleet we are safe |