Show l4 II J 1IO v AmE A x ipiPEGT qt r itt L g8 Q Y 4Li43 u r I J W tJ d jaasaA 01 GreatMtiiici 1 > r l paEtiefc tIN 5 t > < 1 IN EUnOF A it x uci i i 0 q t I H HI illtF 3JEOIJLS i TO THE i t CITIES I J 1 d rcJ I t l Jb2 Gro1dL 1 or G1tIeTh ir Bonders WlttcM With tJeG wth oJ P9Jnl u llseta e Ll t otlling tud T1 lJIIt0 fB J R y > Some MCJTS Sov Our City SoloH j 5 Y 17 = v 1Co rlght 1t9t by < 3 < S McCIure 1 Limited v New York Jan o Dr Alaert Shaw f jji Ke > Yorlc sone of the fbesy recognized recog-nized and most comp tenttaurnor1ties I bn the cons Uctiorl and government I I of modexn cities Although a younjr I Snan Dr Sliaw has already attained l nttion m various lines oC worlc bdn at present not atipointed d fo dJher a s 1lCfof 1eCll tjq St lr Jo 1S c Eok1ns university on municipal con iiiors 3n Europe of which he has made a 3rafound stuGy but beingalso tthe editor of tne American Review of Re e t V tho extraordinary success of which is Targely due to his wise management and personal influence c Ax important work entitled Muni eipal Government in Great Britain will be published by Dr Shaw early JfhJs year to be followed by a similar 4 work on municipal government in continental con-tinental citieJ It has iJeCll my privilege privi-lege to have several very ful1 talks iwitb Djs Shaw lately on his observations observa-tions tired studies of the life and gov c IlIinent of cities and the following per is a summary > ofv the informa IWn he gave me and of the vievr he I J urged Mn lIke Dr Shaw who are worKing ior or toward an ideal city maintain I I 1 I 4 1EIItIf r r DR SIX that the conditions of life in that city should be so wholesome that the average aver-age workmanthere ViI have as good a chance for health and long life in t fart a slightly beLter chance than he vvuld have had by remaining in the country This like other dreams of I these practical itheorists while not lully realized is more fully so in some ciUes of Great Britain and the conti 1 lent than in any cities of the United States It is well therefore that persons per-sons interested in this great effort to make our cities pleasanter and more iTsholesom < places for the toiling mill lions should listen carefully to what Dr Shaw has to say regarding the superiority of these foreign municipal ities itiesThe The Drift of People to the CHIcK In snte of the steady increase in the puiatlon of the United States it is a fa t tha there are large rural districts dis-tricts in many parts of the country f h is p population is today considerably 1s than it was twentyfive years ago There is a vast region in Minnesota Ivvra ana Illinois as large as England tt lr re this condition exists and where the population is materially less than it was in 1870 The chief explanation < f tins seemingly unnatural depletion cf population over extensive farming art is is to be found in the wide in tY lutinn of agricultural machinery dung the last generation the result being that the same amount of land van te made to produce today almost larger crops than it produced a quarter quar-ter of a century ago with the labor of considerably fewer hands machines f liljng the place of menThe l men-The result has been that the populations popu-lations of these rural districts has Sine on increases from year to year at the normal rate while the outlet fr their energies in agricultural pursuits pur-suits has been steadily decreasing Large numbers of men therefore who would naturally have remained in theo 4 the-o nttY PS farmers or as farm hands have been forced to leave the country xbstricts and seek a livelihood in the itowns and cities The larger the cities the greater has been thes influx from ithesp causes the final result being I tat the great American cities have 1 been ami are increasing in population Et a rate considerably beyond what would be called for by the natural law of Increase l Enropeaii Citlct Protent the Same Prolilcms as American These same causes have been at work all over Great Britain and Eu fpe during a similar period producing produc-ing similar effects so that it may be said today that in all civilized countries coun-tries there is a marked tendency for the large cities to absorb the popula tins of the adjoining rural districts There is thus going on throughout Europe and America a regrouping of populations the large towns and cities increasing not only by the natural augmentation in births but by reason of a veritable influx of population from small villages boroughs and the II farming regions To such an extent I 1 fivas this process of rcrouping been alI al-I ready carried that onehalf the entire I I population of Scotland Is living today ru In the large towns while taking the whole of Great Britain it may be safe I Sy stated that threefourths of the entire en-tire population is now living under I urbane conditions w In France where the natural population popu-lation Is almost stationary the census reports for the last two decades show a considerable increase in city populations I popula-tions through a thrinkage in the peasant J peas-ant POpu1tion In Germany where the population is increasing quite as I rapidly as in the United States the same engorgement of the cities at the t expense of the rural districts has been 1 constantly noted Berlin is increasing j In population as fast as Chicago is while German cities which rank in size with Denver Minneapolis and St Paul are increasing even more rapidly tluw those American cities dtr Bonier WidenIVitli the Growth J or Popultiuno a It might supposed that ibis great Influx Qf an outside population into be Jarge cities swould cause such a 0 c U w 6 9 s L f I odIfl theater to > ser1eHslyrin rfi J i pt the comfocjt and whole oeneiu of dtyrlUeA Siath i not tie ica rbreqbe oC the V y fi signs i l i thei pr shifting of povulatiqi tiThg Ahe1Ltht t ihegtt fc themr i s t hae sRWtt a llsndcncy < to j pred out and enlarge their limits < W < grear thantietcndencyof peo pie kv crowd m mtt h Old Jtrfvr4UWAy fol 1 instance contained ii area of 1235 square hllesj and JthiH this regioaf ithirty years ago was a populatioii o I5WGM Tfr day this regi ii has only a population of 5r9 ff00e although aa stated befotf the T0al popu5ati0n of London is in thj neighborhood of I 000lMip That m ail that 2000000 irOntloners are not 3iyjRg In f London proper sti all but in s Greater London whMhwill < 3oubtet pile flay be incorporated in-corporated into The jrvetropolis and is already includedundersthe municipal police Therirea of thiy Greater Lon > I tlon is enormous nbUless than GOO square miles this showing clearly the I tend ncy of the Incoming city pboula lion ± o resist being pack ed together in confined areas jqiti I i Grow By Taking OB New Leaguer AnOther enpoura ing1 tfatt nbtejl to tbe recent mpidgrowth of cities is that the accretions inppjiration come chief Jy In vthe jut r P t o ItSe territory as far away as possible from theold city at the L center jDaliins Cksriag CroSs Station is the center of LondOn ft would require a radius not less than fifteen miles long to describe the circa cir-ca inference which wouldi indue the Greater London of today The areas immedfeely ahout this center have shown a maiked anil Con tant falling gff in population so that where the population at present is about 1000 000 three year ago it was 4250000 and in a still narrower area where there is now a population of only 35 000 there was thirty years ago one of 100000 iMeanwhilej in the outer belt the population is rwIng at the rate of 50 per cent per decade and as this belt already contains 200000 people one arrives aft rather a startlins conclusion con-clusion hy calculating what the other opulation would amount to in 100 years if the same rate of 1nerease should lC continue Adding1 50 per cent for each decade one fin s that the population pop-ulation of D dons outer belt would Be 10000000 in 1940 49000000 in 39SO and 111000000 in the year 200D This would give London in the next century three times as large a populatign ds aOl England has to3ay But fa is highly probable thatsome tiling will happen to change the ratio o growth before that Curo s result comfe to pass Liverpool has shown even a more marked tendency to throw out Its population pop-ulation from tenter to circumference j I the city proper having shown a falling off > of 6 per cent during the past decade de-cade while the outer toelt which will one day 39 a part ofGreater Liverpool has been increasing at the rate of 60 per cent per decade In Berlin Paris Vienna ana New York the areas at the center incluSang what might be called the inner 1000000 has shown neither increase nor detereasv in the past Jten years Twhile a rapid increase has been observed in the outer 2000000 or 3000 mn v Sewage How it Is IJisposcJi of lu A Dcr I nOne > n-One of the chostimporCant problems i to Jba solied iy modern IlnuniC paUtl sis s-is that < of the disposal of the great cftys sewage The model olty in Europe I Eu-rope in this respect is Berlin with its wonderful sewage Harms famous allover all-over the world The German capital had to face unusually difficult corrdi toons in Ithis matter there bIns no river available into which sewers might discharge i Accordingly the government decided to urchase large tracts of land several miles outside the extreme city limits and attempt with certain modifiications the plant of sewage arming so ally aQvocated by Victor Hugo and so generally < prateticed > in Japan To accomplish > this the city I I was divided into ltTTelve districts each containing radial center to which were made to converge the arteries and veins ofthe local sewerage system At each of these radial centers buildings build-ings were erected with powerful pumping pump-ing apparatus capable of forcing the sewage through long tunnels leading underground to the sewage farms The discharge from the pipes is treated with slacked lime iron and other chemicals chem-icals and is then passed by endless chain otf buckets through1 a series of vats until there has been complete precipitation pre-cipitation of the solid part or sludge 1hp limnrl trniHrm nrnv iHrrmfHf fn the state of impure water is allowed Ito I-to flow from the rails into irrigating ditches dug in the ground The sludge I is discharged from the vats into troughs built on stilts sometimes half I a mile in length with a steady decline I sufficient to allow the1 mud me product to slide easily to the bottom There it is received in parallel trenches two or I three feet deep anti perhaps a hundred yards in length As soon as on0 of these trenches is filled to within about six indies of the surface a corps of workmen spade it full of fresh earth while the troughs are shifted to allow I I the sludge to discharge in the second i trench formed by the earth taken to fill the first By this system of close parallel trenches filled to a considerablt depth a Single acre of land is made to receive au enormous amount of sludge the thickness of the earth covering I I preventing any unpleasant odor from 1 affecting the people in the vicinity I When a field has been treated in this way it is allowed to lie idle for a year at the end of whcih time complete absorption ab-sorption into the soil has taken place and the ground can be plowed up < with no unpleasant results Sewage jo Longer Ui Tax But n Profit This system1 of sewage of farm has now been on trial in Berlin long enough to denronstnate its unquestioned superiority super-iority over any other system To begin be-gin with the financial results are most satisfactory A tax on each householder house-holder for the renvoxal of sewage together to-gether with sums retelved for crops raised on the farms has iniade the department de-partment more than selfsupporting indeed in-deed there is imson to believe that 1nl a few years when the extensive orchards or-chards have reached their maximum of fruit production this department will become a source of substantial income to the government Already for several sev-eral years the tax levied has been growing steadily less and less and may ultimately ibs done away wiffii al together to-gether Elaborate statistics show that the workmen engaged on the farms enjoy en-joy excellent lipallh and altogether the advantages of Ihe sewage farms t I > 1 r rf I have becottie raPP tJfat ths Bex lift farsiS are Toelng fljiliKfeA 1rt many I par af4fj Europe nGsbW Jtf Parts < wh reine dreadful < oM sfeinsu of cess j J1buWed to 3 > e JMimieilh out in thet rugjhtjiwill eaoit b abndtned 1 P L M4nieli Breau ot Statis J j I ti r fLer lesson American munlcipali > tte i ay tearnfrom Germany 1in re me3bo > iheii c bureaus 4 f statistics lth > tfchaTac1fceiv4Stic patSen e and sag sa-g > y Treilectei yscerortlie German authorities have gathered together and alassified tire most diyerse mterial With facts of even cwwtelvaMer atature 1 tendiny to siew the reIa ie advam tayes f Qiff tit conaitlonsbf city1 life > 7 r r t r i K c t > j h < r f 1 oj I i rJL 1 jr UTI u I WI J y h Roar of an Ordinary Tenement House Washing Day For dnstarace the1 German cities have I statistics showing the relative ffe quency of deUas when peopls live on Che sunny or shady sideT of the stretts when they live on the third or fourth flour of houses when they are more or 1 less crowded together an a few rOOms II It has been shown for instance tint the death rate among families whlcth I live together in one room is not two or three times but seven times greater than the ordinary death rate From a I careful consideration of these statistics toy experts interesting conclusions have I hem dralwn the results being shown I in elaborate regulations for new buildings I build-ings Cellars and garrets are prohibited prohibit-ed the ceilings must be of a certain height there must bejSumoient paces forcourt yardJanav1certiin ratio must exist between the VidtGil of the streets and the height of the houses Doctor Shivws Su scstlons For Better Bet-ter Tenements Dr Shaw regards the matter of new building regulations as one of the most important in modern cities and thinks that great relief from overcrowding in the tenement sections will be furnished furnish-ed ultimately by constructing the houses of a block around one extensive courtyard pleasant with trees flowers flow-ers grass and fountain like a public I park He would have city ordinances prohibiting the unsightly clotheslines the washing to be done in separate laundries maintained either by the city or charitable institutions A marked change in the present aspect of a city block is thus destined he thinks to be wrought by the building of houses whose roofs shall be not only uniform in height but so constructed con-structed as to be pleasant places for recreation and for the enjoyment of pure air The present difficulty in the way of such roof arrangements is the chimney question which will bethinks be-thinks be done away with by the gradual introduction of gas as a fuel among the poor as well as the rich Suggestive Uvperimcuts in City Gns Factories I Already many cities in Great Britain Brit-ain Glasgow Birmingham Sheffield Leeds and Blanches ter have made I the manufacture of gas a municipal i monopoly and in several of these cities notably in Glasgow the municipality 1 muni-cipality is renting gas stoves to poor people at merely nominal rates This Dr Shawregards as a most needed reform re-form in American cities since the I municipality can supply cheaper and better gas than any company there being no desire to carry on the manufacture manu-facture at a profit I Glasgow has in this respect taken a step farther in the right direction than L sSs jsa 1 J fcv K UL i Jisi 2 N = y c r BACK YARD OF SOME MODEL TENEMENT HOUSES IJT NEW YORK I any other city in the world Its municipal muni-cipal ordinances provide for the illumination illu-mination of the entire tenement house legion with abundant gas jets which are placed not only in the narrow streets and courtyards but in all the private stairways The expense for this illumination is borne by the city a special tax for this requirement being be-ing levied upon the owners of tenement tene-ment house property It is conceded however by the residents of Glasgow that so far from being an added burden bur-den this system of public lighting in the dangerous and vicious quarters has resulted in a decrease in crime and in the necessity of guarding against it One gas lamp in a tenement district I dis-trict may be said almost to equal one policeman in general utility I Another admirable feature of the I 40 r Gasg n1al sirsteiui tiie nLntnane bl1q engers fi ciinhg itTe nen Mrkf eit1 1 1fr enly a lj llhemtlJe S ait women hve takn I prominent part ifc this rJtsetV1 f Ia f inspeetorsof tdaetht f homes nd reporting esraterlyj tri i t quartrs r Ml4 > The Problem i > f Traaisit in Orent 51 i t r CItics fl Another v stly > important u question 2n great modern cliiesjs that ot trai s portatlon JC is f questionuiot ony 3if contverilencc but of health and public morality JQk If the slums of a city can be emptied into th6 uburbs then he1uin iu tioaisdisr psed > ofw The L r t tI < eaiest way to ibring about ten mext house reform is to tempt the swatrms of poor people dwelling in the ever crowded districts Nto tar up their abode in the less < thickly settled regions re-gions outside fcheJcity la Berlin the laws as to the building of tenements in suburbs are exceedingly strict the idea being to make impossible in the future such conditipns of overcrowding in houses as have caused so much trouble in the past Of course in order to maintain a population of several millions at considerable con-siderable distances from the centres of labor and industry it is necessary to have a system of rapid transit which shall be vastly more efficacious than the best that has so far been introduced intro-duced in any American city In the first place American cities are for the most part laid out badly for rapid transit of this sort The checkboard system of streets while doubtless the most convenient for limited areas is entirely inadequate for a city which iso is-o cover several hundred square ires There must be for popular convenience in such a city not only he system of rectangular streets as fjunl ir the upper parts of Marihuttan island but ill addition to that system of radical avenues and concentric boulevards ass as-s seen in Vienna The ideal city would resemble a cheekerbpard < upon which had been painted a wheel with a hub nthe centre and several circumferences circumfer-ences or circular boulevards The accompanying ac-companying sketch illustrates tlife The radical c avenues diverging from the central hub would serve as the great arteries for The rapid < transportation transpor-tation morning and night of many I thousands of people residing in the outer circle Therevvwould also be a secondary system of transportation along the checkboard streets for the convenience of people thaving shorter distances to go Dr Shaw is of the opinion that a city should either operate oper-ate its own street railways as is done in Glasgow or should at least own ithe tracks as is commonly the case throughout England Doctor Shaw CoiUiclcsit That All the Problems Will Be Solved It is encouraging to know that Dr Shaw is firmly convinced that there is no need to be ara med at this tendency ten-dency of inner districts to empty their populations into municipal centres He I relieves that modern science will be well able to meet the new conditions and solve any unfamiliar municipal problems that may be presented He points to the encouraging fact that although the population of London has increased from less than 3000000 which it was thirty years ago to nearly near-ly 5000000 at present there has been a reduction in the annual death rate from thirty in a thousand to nineteen or twenty in a thousand which means that half tt million lives have been saved by sanitary improvements in the past ten years This lower death rate while showing a fairly good average av-erage is still somewhat above the death rate in the rural districts and will doubtless be brought down to that lower rate with the introduction of better municipal conditions CLEVELAND MOFFITT |