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Show ..'.'.."i" 'i MLUvr s&tsQr ceamzzz ini' EW YORK. Fifty millions of dollars enough to buy llHf dy Newport and all of Its COMI4 villas at their assessed OUC&tll valuations is a conservrlc, niorlft ative estimate of the i money that goes every year Into the New York Dwyers. It Is n the I,lnlon of a noted at-"uRAfl! based torney, who is pessimistic rather than 'nils: given to exaggeration. On one side "IM were fees of $750,000 and $1,000,000 earned In single cases. Among the great lawyers $100,000 fees are not un- .ii: tod vH W jj usual. is fron it Uki The fees of the great attorneys In the past seem pitifully small. Ruus u' Choate, even when recognized as one of the greatest of American lawyers, indsu- took cases for $50 again and again. It ii'od"tl was nly toward the close of his career JOrqjTs' that he thought that sum too small. Aaron Burr, a successful practitioner op In his day, accepted cases for much DAHT eis Daniel Webster, in the height of his legal career in Boston in the days ;NIC nor of the Dartmouth college case earned 120,000 a year. Before his life ended iieepim st. Utt he accepted contributions of money from his friends. The same was true , Henry Clay. Lincolns Small Fees, j of riclutia Like Lincoln, both of these famous UUkecttnen sacrificed much to public life. One of Lincolns largest fees while a lawyer in Illinois was a land warrant TEBBE for his services in the Black Hawk war. He took a tract of land in Iowa, )RS opposite Omaha. His fellow-lawyer- s ERS took him to task for accepting small tees, or none at all, saying it demora-Spccithhe profession. Old Abe, as he jjMj -1 was then called, defended two boys on murder charges and would take noth- for it. When he came to New LfULlyork in 1860 to deliver his famous dress at the Cooper institute, an old 1 friend asked him bow he fared in the ;K '! - 1 of the Panama the aged railroad magnate. When Mr. Plant died, in June, 1900, at New Haven, Conn., his estate was worth $17,000,000. The point in the contest was whether Mrs. Plant should receive an annuity of $30,000 by the terms of the will or have the will set aside and get about $7,000,000. The contest depended on a codicil making the heirs of Mr. Plants grandson the residuary legatees and tying up the fortune until the youngest son of the grandson reached his majority. When the case came up for trial, before Justice Leventritt, in the supreme court, Just Beven years ago, lawyers believed that "the suit was a doubtful one. The codicil could be set aside if the will was offered for probate in New York. Connecticut was the only state in which such a provision would be legal. So the case turned on a question of domicile whether Mr. Plant was a resident of New York or of Connecticut. He went to Connecticut a few days before his death, so the contestant claimed, to avoid the New York law and establish a residence in New Haven. Lawyers say that Mr. Guthrie deserved all the credit he got for winning the suit To his persistence in ). 1- mln world. . fnmh Yery well, Lincoln is said to I have a cottage at iForinrhave replied. i Drw Springfield and about $8,000 in money. with "If. they make me evidence that should make tMWfBeward 88 80me ay they will, I shall gathering Mr. Plant a New Yorker and set aside .be able to increase it to $20,000, and the codicil, to his skill in presenting blT'jt ktbat Ia 88 much as any man ought to and it questioning the witnesses, Mrs. wtala owed the $7,000,000 her attorney Plant ha lame Lincolns fortunes were about in said mined tthls condition when be went to the won for her. Mr. Guthrie's fee is been between ten and 14 per to have ,m House as president Whlte .as Mfj cent, of this fortune, somewhere be'rhen New ork lawyers talk of at-- ' tween $750,000 and $1,000,000. A. BR? torneys who have earned big fees they Of the many big fees Mr. Guthrie usually mention William Nelson Crom- has received, the most significant was well among the first. He is a physl the $80,000 paid to him in the proceedclan of Wall street, the new type of to test the constitutionality of of great ings lawyer bred by the growth income tax. It was a case in the corporations, the most skillful reorB ganlzer of wrecked business enter- which methods counted for more than fees, and Mr. Guthries tactics made prises in the legal profession. But his fame national. He devised the i of land among laymen he is better known as method under which the proceedings mltivati the man who earned $1,000,000 when be brought so that they would should State bought the Panama canal. not violate the statute against suits Mr. Cromwell, a small, secretive and to restrain the assessment or collec'.U Thii trather nervous man, has been com tion of federal taxes. He drafted all to a mole for the way he bur the papers and made the opening arny thosiPared rows into intricate business guments before the United States suJems. He combines a legal Judgment preme court. wfih brilliant financial skill. e. . . - prob-mm- IDAHO' Fortune in Single Case. . i;' A man with such a unique genius tUiUltnlght be expected to make exception-alllarge fees. His first big case, for Instance, brought $200,000. This was Railroi'in November, 1890. The brokerage icriptiv firm 0( Decker, Howell & Co. was forced to suspend with liabilities of Urn city,Cfl0C CD, 000. Mr. Cromwell was made assignee. He managed the affairs of the concern so skillfully that he declared a dividend of 100 per cent He was paid $7,222.1$ for this work I The many great cases that have alnce added to Mr. Cromwell's fame were overshadowed by his fee for the Panama canal deal. Busy as he was here. Mr. Cromwell found time to look Into the higher politics of Central and merlca- - How he got track of I Tr)l!'out I the situation in Panama is a mystery When he became general counsel for 2, the new Panama Canal Company in the isthmian route hardly had a friend in this country. He quietly Ft started the campaign to have the I United States buy the property, won over the French bondholders, gained supporters for the scheme in this country and finally offered the United 8tates the option of the canal for What came after the $40,000,000. failure of the treaty, the Panama revolution, said to have been planned in New York, and the hasten is familiar Ing of the negotiations history. But as a monument to the genius of Mr. Cromwell was a fee the like of which can hardly be paral-dlSBelcd In the history of the legal profes ton. It was not a fee, properly speak Ing, but a commission. The largest estimate of it is $1,000,000. In reality Mr. Cromwell's profits have been estl mated as nearer $2,000,000. termed i 6 SupL Hay-Ilerra- Guthrie's Big Victory. . Equally remarkable in its way was (the fee William D. Guthrie received In the Plant will contest. He was of counsel for Mrs. Margaret J. Plant, the widow of Henry Bradley Plant, In Corporation Cases. When you hear of very large fees paid to lawyers by corporations," said the lawyer, "you must remember that the knowledge and ingenuity of these attorneys often make the big combinations of capital possible. The business man goes to the lawyer with the germ of the Idea. The lawyer arranges a corporation that will be legal and able to withstand attacks upon 1L Often the lawyer's original ideas go into the consolidation. The lawyers usually receive a block of stock for their work. It is, to a certain extent, a contingent fee, for its value depends upon the bucccbs of their work. To this class belongs Edward who promoted the East River Bridge company, reorganized the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad company, consolidated the turbulent Attain of the Union and Brooklyn Elevated railroads into one prosperous concern. Among the others the men whose peculiar talents also run to corporation law are Samuel Untermyer and Secretary of State Root. Mr. Untermyer is credited with having received a fee, or commission, of more than $1,000,000 for the deal by which he induced foreign capitalists to Invest money in this country and in the consolidation of the American breweries. It 1b estimated that with his genius for financial law he can earn $500,000 a year and command $1,000 a day for appearances in court Secretary Roots Sacrifice. Lawyers regard Secretary Root as probably the greatest corporation lawyer in the United States. Mr. Root gave up a law practice estimated to be worth from $82,000 to $100,000 a year to take a place in a cabinet paying $8,000 a year. This was when he succeeded Secretary Russell A. Alger of the war department But. most typical of all the corporation lawyers was a man found in a remote room on an upper floor of a William street skyscraper. In appear Canal. ance he might have been a brother of George William Curtis. He is John E. Parsons, a New Yorker born and bred, legal adviser for big corporations and estates, and as a lawyer believed to have the finest practice In the country. Mr. Parsons is reputed to have received one of the largest fees ever taken by a lawyer when he drew' up the charter of the sugar trust According to common report ha realized $400,000 for this service. As general counsel for the trust he also defended it during the attack upon the combination a few years ago. That defense is Bald to have added another $100,000 to his fortune. ' Contrasted with these types of corporation lawyers is the general practitioner. Former Ambassador Joseph II. Choate is a typical example. John G. Johnson of Philadelphia is another. Speaking facetiously of Mr. Choate at a public dinner, Chauncey M. Depew is said to have remarked that only unselfish millionaires could employ Mr. Choate as their lawyer because they would have to give up about all they had to pay his fees. Yet lawyers said last week, indeed, that Mr. Choate's fees were not large with the $1,000,000 Mr. compared Cromwell received in the Panama canal deal, the $750,000 paid Mr. Guthrie in the Plant will contest, or the reputed $400,000 fee to Mr. Parsons for forming the sugar trust Choate In Many Great Cases. Mr. Choate was admitted to the New York bar in 1856. As protege and partner of William M. Evarts he won immediate success, and gained au enormous practice and a very large income. By 1870 he was considered a leader of the New York bar. For nearly 30 years there was hardly a great case in which he was not one of the counsel the prosecution of the Tweed ring, the famous investigation of Gen. Fitz John Porters conduct which ended in a reversal of the Judgment of the original court martial; the celebrated libel suit against Gen. Dl Cesnola, the Tllden will case, the litigation over Commodore Vanderbilt's millions, and the suit of David Stew-ar-t against Collis P. Huntington, to mention only a few of them. Mr. Choate is said to have received fees of $100,000 on a number of occasions. When he was named as ambassador to England by President McKinley in 1898 he had earned a fortune in his 42 years of practice amounting to something over $1,000,000. At that time his income, chiefly from his law practice, was estimated at $100,000 a year. It is said of Mr. Choate. that he would probably be richer If he had devoted himself to corporation rather than-- a general practice, but that he would only do so at the sacrifice of that excitement and Interest which he finds as an advocate. John G. Johnson of Philadelphia Is generally recognized as one of the greatest lawyers in the country. He once declined a seat on the bench of the supreme court of the United States because, he said, with his Income of $100,000 a year he would be reduced to poverty if he agreed to become a Justice at $8,000 a year. Mr. Johnson has since been paid $100,000 for a single case, like the Northern Securities litigation, involv- - Lau-terbac- story told of Mr. Johnson in this connection is especially characteristic of the man and his ways. An estate worth about $45,000 was badly tanOn one side gled and in litigation. were the women of the family. They knew nothing of the business. The property was all they had for their future support On the other side was a claimant with shrewd lawyers and apparently the better of the case A , d At the first hearing the decision was against the women. There was still a forlorn hope. A great lawyer could save the $45,000 for the women. Would Mr. Johnson undertake it? There were two discouragements to such a plan. The evidence was unusually complicated. To disentangle the facts would be worth lawyer's fee that would probably leave little of the estate. Nevertheless the womens lawyer took the papers to Mr. Johnson. He said he would read them overnight. It was one of Mr. Johnsons peculiarities that by ignoring details he can reach the very heart of the controversy in the shortest possible time, then express the gist of it in a few simple words. The next day the womens lawyer called on Mr. Johnson. I'll take the case, he said. He did so and fought the case through the county and appellate courts. He saved the $15,000 for the women. "What will be your fee, Mr. Johnson? one of his clients asked. "I will charge you $1,000," he replied. When the women recovered from their surprise, they were rather hurt. They were proud, and felt that they were an object of the lawyer's Mr. Johnson was stubborn charity. about it He insisted that his services were worth no more. Fees Past and Present A lawyer who is an authority on the question of fees, drew an interesting comparison between the altered standards of fees, past and present "The lawyers of the old school, he said, had a very moderate notion of fees. When I was a student under Mr. Evarts and Mr. Choate $250 seemed to be an average fee and $500 the exceptional fee, with a tendency to charge women little or nothing. 1 think Mr. Choate's fees all his life have been much less than is charged or supposed to have been charged in exceptional cases by men like Guthrie and Cromwell." t The lawyer continued: "Always what seems a large fee to the legislator is really a small fee down here. Expenses are larger. Loss in other business Is many times as large as in the districts. "As to contingent fees, there are In the many popular misconceptions. first place, many a monopolist would go unwhipped of Justice, as the courts have said in their opinions, but for the fact that the poor man who has no money or the man of moderate means who feels he cannot risk money can employ cotinsel on a contingent fee. I personally believe that no provision in our statutes is more American, in the better sense than the provision for a contingent fee. Every lawyer of standing, in some shape or another, makes his fee contingent in part or entirely upon his success. No modern lawyer would think of charging a full fee on a failure, except in the rare case of & client whom he never, expects to see again. I know that some charge too large a contingent fee, but many charge only 10, 15 and 20 per cent., and some charge as little as five per cent in rare in stances. How Rewards Are Fixea. A student went to James Russell Lowell and said: Professor, I think you have marked me unjustly. 'Sir, said Mr. Lowell, with his grand courtesy, I would not willingly wrong you; will you tell me how you think The student you should be marked? set forth his views, and Mr. Lowell admitted them. 1 think It has been the common practice of such men as Mr. Choate and Mr. Evarts to ask clients their view about their fee and to fix the fee largely accordingly. And then, even more than with the medical profession, it is the custom oi lawyers to make low charges to the poor and unfortunate, and to charge women little or nothing. But the surprising fact remains, as one lawyer said, that of the 11,000 or 7,300 of lawyers, fully more than $3,000 make not do them, a year. Yet at this estimate, the 7,300 attorneys earn nearly $22,000,000. The 25 lawyers making $100,000 each put another $2,500,000 into their pockets. Allowing $5,000 each for the 3,600 practitioners remaining a conservative estimate they would add $18, 375,000 to the expense bills of litigants. two-third- ing the Union Pacific merger. But lawyers say of him that he' will also take $100 cases with $5 fees to right an injustice or punish crooked dealings when the victims are poor. Attorneys also say of Mr. Lautcrbach that in the same spirit he will lose a fee rather than have a client leave his office smarting under an injustice. Put Cause of Justice First. for FACTS FADS FALLACIES Largest on Record Was That Paid William Nelson Cromwell for His Part in the Purchase Dr. Hudson, that Intuition is instinct of higher growth. 1 think there Is a. great gulf between them; that the animal possesses Instinct only, while man possesses both instinct and intuition; the instinct resident in the spinal cord, or medulla oblongata, or the solar plexus; the intuition, a soul faculty. God breathed into his nostrils (man the breath of life and he became a living soul." Whether you accept this Dealing with Personal Magnetstatement or not, the fact remains ism, Telepathy, Psychology, that man Is either an evolved brute Suggestion, Hypnotism, or an Involuted spirit and Spiritualism. The New Thought people are of the opinion that the soul is located in the By solar plexus. I fear they are very apt; EDWARD B. WARMAN, A. M to judge from physical symptoms,' Eminent PtrchologUl and and, thereby, get the solar plexus and pneumogastrlc nerve slightly mixed. If the soul has a local habitation a fixed habitation in the human PRACTICAL PSYCHOLOGY. body, I would prefer giving it a room abdomrigher up than the Psychology and metaphysics are not inal brain. As God cannot be located in any interchangeable terms. There is as much difference between "psychology particular place in the universe, but Is and metaphysics as there Is between omnipresent, so the soul of roan (a intuition and instinct, between per- spark of the Divine) is not located In any parllcular part of the body, but, sonality and individuality. The metaphysician tells us that permeates the entire being. Is God a personality? I think so. "mind is that undefined somewhat as opposed to nonentity." When asked: But you should not confound the Never terms personality and individuality. What is mind? he answers: matter. What is matter? "never Our friends know us Individually but We few, if any, know us personally. mind." sense the one's of may the science personality is the (by Metaphysics mind; psychology, the science of the sixth sense), but it cannot be by the ordinary senseB. PersonIf we regard metaphysics as soul. the science of the mind, we should ality is felt; individuality is seen. We. designate which mind. Has a man may feel God's presence, we cannot two minds? Most assuredly; as dis- see it. We speak of one's "strong tinctively separate as day and night. personality," also, of having a peretc. Thcso One is the mind of the body (the sonal acquaintance," function of the physical brain); the terms signify much more than indiother, the mind of the soul. The one viduality" and "individual acquaint-- ' ance. is mortal; the other, immortal. Is roan made in God's image? That These are sometimes called the Anconscious" and subconscious, but, as depends upon your view point. No. Psychologicalsuch, the terms are misleading inas- thropologically? Yes. much as they suggest two phases of ly? God Is man's inspiration. Man Is one mind Instead of (as they should) As the soul is Imtwo distinctively different minds. God's expression. Herein lies the root of the whole mat- manent (Indwelling) in the body but ter; the very cornerstone of "the does not depend upon the body for Its new psychology." We are not dealing existence; in like manner God is imwith a duality of mind, but with dual manent in the universe, but does not minds. For that reason I much pre- depend upon the universe for his exThe universe Is not God fer, and shall hereafter designate istence. is but a part of, or (that Pantheism) and the them, objective subjective. The objective" mind is the func- an expression of God.. We are not tion of the physical brain. . Its media God (that is new thought) but a part are the five physical senses. It comes of God. Therefore, In the words of The Deity is a with the body, develops with the body, the late Dr. Hudson: perishes with the body. It controls divine immanence without pantheism, all voluntary motion. It depends and a personality without anthroupon the body for its existence. Its pomorphism. As regards the tendency to substi It reahighest faculty is reasoning. tute nature for God, I would say, insons deductively and inductively. The "subjective" mind is the func- stead, that God works through nature, tion of the soul. The soul is a dis- and nature is the spirit of God at tinct entity, and as such possesses in- work. Will not the study of psychology independent powers and functions, having a mental organization of Its own. terfere with ones religious beliefs? It does not depend upon the body for That depends. As for myself I can its existence. The highest faculty Is truly Bay that nothing else has ever intuition. It is the seat of the emo- given me so true an insight into the tions and the storehouse of memory; character and teachings of Christ, i. e., in fact, the memory Is absolutely per- as he taught them and as he lived fect Everything you have ever read them; but we must recognize the fact or heard or seen or said or thought is that there is a wide difference in Theology Is not necesregistered In your subjective mind. In terminology. the case of one rescued from drown- sarily Chrlstology, nor is churchianlty ing (and I speak from personal expe- necessarily Christianity. When Nathaniel asked: Can any rience) the curtain is tbruBt back and the objective mind receives a quick, good come out of Nazareth?" he little The thought that from that hamlet should panoramic view of a lifetime. subjective" mind controls all the si come one whose teachings would inlent, involuntary and vegetative func- fluence the minds of men for all time, tions. It is amenable to control by and whose code of ethics would abide suggestion. Being intuitive. It rea with man and become the moving power of civilization. sons only deductively. I am frank to admit that the study It (the subjective mind) performs its highest functions when the ob- of psychology" has caused me to jective senses are in abeyance under change some of my earlier religious ordinary conditions, however, the beliefs, but at the same time it has increased my religious faith In the objective" mind has the floor. Fatherhood of God and the brother8oul and Body , On the material plane we have been hood of man. A man's belief, said the late given a material body to serve material purposes. It is merely the tene- John Fiske, is a part of the man. ment of the soul; therefore it were Take it away by force and 'he will better to say: "My soul has a body." bleed to death; but if the time comes not my body has a soul." The soul is that he no longer needs it, he will either slough it, or convert It Into paramount I look upon the soul as a spark of something more useful." What we really need is more rationdivinity, and as such it possesses all al thinking. Ratlpnal thinking, howthe potentialities of the Divine omnlscence, omnipotence, omnipres- ever, has a different effect upon difence; these, of course, only in the de- ferent temperaments. Rational thinkgree of the spark to the whole the ing may lead to a belief that we are soul to the All Soul. of developing into an amalgamation Then, with this premise, we may forces that will be called God; or that logically conclude that man is Immor- we are atoms of a central force called tal. Let us put It In the form of a God, from which we have emanated, and to which we shall return; or that syllogism: there is no force that can properly bo The soul Is a thinking agent A thinking agent cannot be sev- called God. , It Is, however, of the first imporered into parts. That which cannot be severed can- tance that rational thinking should lead to rational living bad to the not be destroyed. Therefore the soul cannot be de- moral and intellectual heights where the heart of kindness and the mind stroyed. The belief in immortality has at of reason rule the conduct. Rationleast this much in Its favor the neg- alism is undogmatlc and regards all ative cannot be proved. If immortal- religious questions as open. Not until the brain of mankind has ity Is not true, It matters little whethbeen cleared of the theological weeds er anything else Is true or not. There have been many attempts to and tangled undergrowths can the locate the soul. Because It cannot be higher ldealB natural happiness and located; because the surgeon cannot universal love bo realized. find It and dissect It with Mb (Copyright, by Jostpli U. Bowles.) scalpel, the materialist declares there Is no Emperor William's 8alary. soul, and there Is no God; therefore What salary does the emperor oi the materialist has no difficulty in ac- Germany get? asked a Herald reOn this point I porter of Dr. Ernest cepting evolution. BIckler, of Berquite agree with Felix Adler: If we lin, at the Raleigh. aro descended from an anthropoid ape Not a cent as German on the physical side, we are not de- Ills emoluments all come to emperor.as him scended from him, In any strict sense of Prussia, and his yearly reveking of the word, on our rational side; for nue Is a very handsome sum, but the as life Is born of life, so reason is born amount Is one of the state secrets. of reason; and if the anthropoid ape The fact of his being at the head of does not possess reason as we pos- the German empire does not better sess It, it cannot be said that on our the king to the extent of a dollar, rational side we are his progeny." though there Is a certain amount givIt strikes me that If there Is a miss- en him to bo used, only, however, for ing link in the chain of physical n charitable purposes. All of his many there Is surely a mlsRlngllnk caRtles and estates were his inheritin the chain of rational evolution. ance as king of Prussia and would The highest faculty in man is Intu have been his anyway If the consoliitlon (soul perception); the highest dation of the had never been empire faculty In the animal or in the ani- effected. He Is an enormously rich mal nature of man Is InBtlhcL Ido man and manages his great Interests, not think with my friend, the late with good business ability.- Mungo Park." Berliner Tageblatt, reviewing a Wizard of 7 ke of biography published recantly Thomas A. Edison, tells of the trlalH Imposed on the Inventor because of the unwarranted connection of his catch-pennnovelties. name with anecdotes are Some of the retold, and the scientist is constantly referred to as the wizard of Mungo Mr. Edison formerly lived at Park. y well-know- Menlo Park, N. J. cog-Inze- d evo-lutio- |